1. THOMAS KYD THOMAS KYD. HISTORICAL CONTEXT. New York 1967. Kyd, Thomas. The Spanish Tragedy.Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd LTD, 1968. Murry B. Peter. Thomas Kyd. http://english.ttu.edu/grad/Geiger/Summer98/Project3/TKyd.html

THOMAS KYD HISTORICAL CONTEXT Although most people attribute the "revenge tragedy" to Shakespeare and other Elizabethan playwrights, Thomas Kyd was the originator of the revenge play. Thomas Kyd was born on November 6, 1558. He befriended another contemporary playwright during the Elizabethan period, Christopher Marlowe, who had a tremendous influence on his work. The two playwrights were interested in writing for the public stage, instead of fiction to be published in books (Roberts). During the 1580's Thomas and Kyd along with John Lyly and Robert Greene formed a group known as "The University Wits"(Roberts). The group's primary interest was in writing plays that would be performed before English audiences. They were among the first "writer's club" or organization of that time. Shakespeare joined a similar "troupe" of writers and actors that traveled and performed their plays before audiences, but "The University Wits" were the earliest of their kind. Many magnificent works emerged during this time for the writers of "The University Wits". Thomas Kyd wrote the Spanish Tragedy, which is considered to be the first of the English Renaissance "revenge-plays" (Roberts), including Hamlet. The Spanish Tragedy was one of the most popular plays of the seventeenth century and many imitations soon followed. In fact, Shakespeare and Marlowe are believed to be copiers of Kyd's original revenge tragedy. The English loved these revenge tragedies, although many critics suggest that they did not fully understand the context in each, and the Spanish Tragedy written by Kyd is still being performed today.

2. Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd. One of the most popular plays of the whole period covered by Shakespeare'scareer was The Spanish Tragedy, probably by Thomas Kyd*. http://web.uvic.ca/shakespeare/Library/SLT/drama/kyd.html

Book: Chapter: Thomas Kyd From the edition of 1615. Reproduced in Shakespeare's England One of the most popular plays of the whole period covered by Shakespeare's career was The Spanish Tragedy, probably by Thomas Kyd* . Kyd startles with spectacular stage devices adopted from Senecan drama: There is a ghost which urges on the figure of Revenge, in a manner roughly similar to the beginning of Seneca's Thyestes, where the ghost of Tantalus and a Fury exclaim upon the horrific doom which is about to destroy Tantalus' family. . . Senecan Irony? There is tragic irony in abundance, particularly in the final scene where the King of Spain and the Viceroy of Portugal witness a play-within-the-play ( The Spanish Tragedy was written before A Midsummer Night's Dream or Hamlet ); the onlookers think that the acting of their nephew and son is particularly good in their deaths, but discover that the stabbings are in earnest. More horrors There are other Senecan horrors, the only real difference being that in Kyd's play they take place on stage rather than being reported by the nuntius ("messenger").

3. Thomas Kyd - Wikipedia Thomas Kyd. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Thomas Kyd (15581594)was a British playwright. He had no academic background. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kyd

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Thomas Kyd From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) was a British playwright. He had no academic background. He was closely associated with Christopher Marlowe , with whom he shared lodgings in 1591. The Spanish Tragedy: or, Hieronimo is Mad Again (1592) was published anonymously, and it gained immense popularity. The play introduced a new kind of central character, an obsessive plotter, and it set a the pattern which later revenge-plays followed. See also the The Count of Monte Cristo The play contains extensions: Ben Jonson is known to have been paid for the additions, but the additonal passages in the 1602 edition do not seem Jonsonian. The alternative title was was given to it in 1615. Kyd is believed to have written a lost Hamlet Edit this page Discuss this page Older versions ... Recent changes It was last modified 00:37 Oct 21, 2002. All text is available under the terms of the

4. Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd Created by Timothy Harris (AKA Hyde Harris). THOMAS KYD isa Los Angeles PI of high principles and low assets who appeared http://www.thrillingdetective.com/eyes/kyd.html

Thomas Kyd Created by Timothy Harris (AKA Hyde Harris) THOMAS KYD is a Los Angeles P.I. of "high principles and low assets" who appeared in two very good private eye novels in the seventies. He's a Vietnam vet and young widower, a fallen liberal, and a guy just trying to hold on, and he does it all in a fashion that may seem familiar: At one point, Harris, who made no secret of his ambitions to follow in Chandler's footsteps, was being bandied about in the same breath as contemporaries like Greenleaf and Estleman. His second novel, Goodnight and Good-bye , is particularly recommended. But he seems to have got lost somewhere down the line, and instead went into film. He also wrote novelizations of films such as Steelyard Blues American Gigalo and Heat Wave Heat Wave 's of particular interest, because it's a pretty decent P.I. story itself, although it doesn't really have a P.I. in it. The original screenplay was by Herschel Weingrod, who became a screenwriting collaborator with Harris. Their joint efforts have produced Cheaper To Keep Her , a P.I. flick starring Mac Davis as

5. Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd (15581594). The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd. A Synopsis Exactlywhat it purports to be, a scene by scene summary of the play.-MJM. http://library.marist.edu/diglib/english/englishliterature/renaissance-authors/K

Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) "Perverse Justice in Kyd's Spanish Tragedy University of Georgia: A class web project by graduate student John Nettles. Includes a bibliography.-MJM The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd. A Synopsis : Exactly what it purports to be, a scene by scene summary of the play.-MJM Thomas Kyd, from Shakespeare and the Globe: Then and Now , Encyclopedia Britannica: A short, but well-annotated, version of Kyd's life. Better than most such things.-MJM Thomas Kyd , Texas Tech University: A brief background essay about the author by graduate students Mindy Schlabach, Dustin Davis, and Jacob Allen. Broken up into three parts: Historical Context, Literary Significance and Bibliography.-MJM Thomas Kyd and The Spanish Tragedy , University of West Alabama: A biography of the writer that includes an assessment of his famous play. You'll find discussions about the play's critical reception, its sources, the theme of revenge and the issue of Machiavellianism. A useful bibliography completes the file.-MJM T he Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

6. Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd. The dramatic reputation of Thomas Kyd (155894) rests uponhis only surviving play, The Spanish Tragedy (written between http://www.english.vt.edu/~swenson/shakespeare/backgrounds/playwrights/s.geo.kyd

Thomas Kyd The dramatic reputation of Thomas Kyd (1558-94) rests upon his only surviving play, The Spanish Tragedy (written between 1582 and 1592) although he may have written other plays, including an early version of Hamlet. The Spanish Tragedy, an early revenge tragedy, features a ghost, madness, plays within the play, thundering rhetoric, and a blood-and-guts conclusion. It was extremely popular, and greatly influenced Shakespeare and other later dramatists. Back to Playwrights

7. Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd. Thomas Kyd An introduction and list of his (2!) plays. Thomas Kyd. Bornin 1558, Thomas Kyd was educated at the Merchant Taylors School in London. http://www.drama21c.net/writers/kyd.htm

Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd An introduction and list of his (2!) plays. Thomas Kyd Born in 1558, Thomas Kyd was educated at the Merchant Taylors School in London. Although the details of Kyd's life are obscure, it is known that he shared a room with another playwright, Christopher Marlowe . Not as poetic as Marlowe, Kyd's brilliance came from his understanding of the requirements of the stage and his instinctive grasp of the tragic form. Ben Jonson called him the "sporting Kyd," and it is believed that by 1589 he had written a lost Hamlet sometimes referred to as the Ur-Hamlet which was probably the model for Shakespeare's tragedy. Kyd's best known play, The Spanish Tragedy (1589), was nothing less than the most popular and influential tragedy of Elizabethan times. Inspired by the tragedies of Seneca , it tells the story of Horatio, the only son of the marshal of Spain, who falls in love with the beautiful Belimperia but is murdered by the Prince of Portugal and by Belimperia's brother Lorenzo who wants her to marry the Prince. Before she is whisked away by her brother, Belimperia manages to send Horatio's grief-stricken father a letter using her own blood for ink, and the old man soon sets out to avenge his son's death, feigning madnesslike Hamletto avoid suspicion. In its day, The Spanish Tragedy was even more popular than Shakespeare's plays, and it continued to be performed throughout the Elizabethan period.

8. Thomas Kyd - Acapedia - Free Knowledge, For All Friends of Acapedia Thomas Kyd. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Thomas Kyd(15581594) was a British playwright. He had no academic background. http://acapedia.org/aca/Thomas_Kyd

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9. Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd (baptized Nov. 6, 1558, London, Eng.dc December 1594,London), English dramatist who, with his The Spanish Tragedie http://www.republika.pl/gppriv02/kyd.htm

Thomas Kyd (baptized Nov. 6, 1558, London, Eng.d. c. December 1594, London), English dramatist who, with his The Spanish Tragedie (sometimes called Hieronimo, or Jeronimo, after its protagonist), initiated the revenge tragedy of his day. Kyd anticipated the structure of many later plays, including the development of middle and final climaxes. In addition, he revealed an instinctive sense of tragic situation, while his characterization of Hieronimo in The Spanish Tragedie prepared the way for Shakespeare's psychological study of Hamlet. The son of a scrivener, Kyd was educated at the Merchant Taylors School in London. There is no evidence that he attended the university before turning to literature. He seems to have been in service for some years with a lord (possibly Ferdinando, Lord Strange, the patron of Lord Strange's Men). The Spanish Tragedie was entered in the Stationers' Register in October 1592, and the undated first quarto edition almost certainly appeared in that year. It is not known which company first played it, nor when; but Strange's company played Hieronimo 16 times in 1592, and the Admiral's

10. Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd. Thomas the Tank Engine Friends MAGAZINE SUBSCRIPTION. Kid Thomas The New Black Eag. Memento. The Spanish Tragedy (New Mermaid Series). Thomas Kyd. http://www.artistactoractress.com/author/k/kyd_thomas.html

Thomas Kyd New Orleans: The Living Legends, Vol. 2 [LIVE] Very First Recordings A.I. Artificial Intelligence (Widescreen Special Edition) American Pie 2 Collector's Edition - Widescreen (Unrated) Rat Race O Brother, Where Art Thou? Memento The Spanish Tragedy (New Mermaid Series) Thomas Kyd Beyond the Spanish Tragedy : A Study of the Works of Thomas Kyd (The Revels Plays Companions Library) The Spanish comedy; or, The first part of Hieronimo; and The Spanish tragedy; or, Hieronimo is mad again Thomas Kyd's Mystery Play : Myth and Ritual in the Spanish Tragedy (American University Studies IV : English Language and Literature, Vol. 29) The True Chronicle History of King Leir : 1605 (The Tudor Facsimile Texts) Jeronimo, Marschalck in Hispanien : das dt. Wandertruppen-Manuskript d. Spanish tragedy Authors: K ArtistActorActress.com

11. Thomas Kyd Books Thomas Kyd Books. The Spanish Tragedy (the Revel Plays Series) By Thomas Kyd, PhilipEdwards (editor). Wandertruppenmanuskript D. Spanish Tragedy By Thomas Kyd. http://www.american-webshop.com/Thomas-Kyd

American WebShoppe God Bless America Singer Index Author Index Top Selling Accessories ... Photo Thomas Kyd Books The Spanish Tragedy (the Revel Plays Series) By Thomas Kyd, Philip Edwards (editor) Two Tudor Tragedies: Gorboduc/the Spanish Tragedy (penguin Classics) By Thomas Norton, Et Al (paperback - December 1992) Jeronimo, Marschalck In Hispanien : Das Dt. Wandertruppen-manuskript D. Spanish Tragedy By Thomas Kyd Spanish Tragedy 1592 By Thomas Kyd (hardcover - September 1993) The Spanish Comedy; Or, The First Part Of Hieronimo; And The Spanish Tragedy; Or, Hieronimo Is Mad Again By Thomas Kyd (author), A. S. Cairncross (author) The True Chronicle History Of King Leir: 1605 (the Tudor Facsimile Texts) By Robert Greene (editor), Thomas Kyd (editor) (hardcover - June 2010) Chiropractors Dentists Vision Care Allergists ... Massage Therapy Search WWW Search American-Webshop.com American-Webshop.com

12. Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) Biography plus links to all of his works currently in print.Category Arts Literature British 16th Century kyd, thomas......Biography of the Elizabethan playwright thomas kydplus links toall of his works currently in print. Click Here. thomas kyd. http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc25.html

Thomas Kyd Born in 1558, Thomas Kyd was educated at the Merchant Taylors School in London. Although the details of Kyd's life are obscure, it is known that he shared a room with another playwright, Christopher Marlowe . Not as poetic as Marlowe, Kyd's brilliance came from his understanding of the requirements of the stage and his instinctive grasp of the tragic form. Ben Jonson called him the "sporting Kyd," and it is believed that by 1589 he had written a lost Hamlet sometimes referred to as the Ur-Hamlet which was probably the model for Shakespeare's tragedy. Kyd's best known play, The Spanish Tragedy (1589), was nothing less than the most popular and influential tragedy of Elizabethan times. Inspired by the tragedies of Seneca , it tells the story of Horatio, the only son of the marshal of Spain, who falls in love with the beautiful Belimperia but is murdered by the Prince of Portugal and by Belimperia's brother Lorenzo who wants her to marry the Prince. Before she is whisked away by her brother, Belimperia manages to send Horatio's grief-stricken father a letter using her own blood for ink, and the old man soon sets out to avenge his son's death, feigning madnesslike Hamletto avoid suspicion. In its day, The Spanish Tragedy was even more popular than Shakespeare's plays, and it continued to be performed throughout the Elizabethan period.

13. The Spanish Tragedy (Kyd) Contains an essay addressing the issues of justice and revenge in the play, and its role as a precursor to Shakespeare's "Hamlet." by John Nettles. thomas kyd's The Spanish Tragedy (c. http://parallel.park.uga.edu/~jnettles/kyd.html

Perverse Justice in Kyd's Spanish Tragedy by John Nettles Why did Kyd risk public censure and official punishment by having two of his characters meet their demises at the end of a rope? It is precisely because the noose is a symbol of temporal justice, and Kyd wishes to demonstrate just how fickle such justice is when placed alongside the cosmic. Both hangings in the play are perverse, Horatio's because it is a murder rationalized by a contrived social order, and Pedringano's because it is state justice wrongly applied. The murder of Horatio in the arbor is abhorrent and terrible, but it is also quizzical. He is hanged and stabbed by Lorenzo, Balthazar, Pedringano, and Serberine. It seems that stabbing him would be not only sufficient but more expedient to the killers than what must be the arduous task of subduing him and hauling him up on the tree branch, a curious way to kill a man unless one considers that Lorenzo and Balthazar are making a point. Horatio is the son of Hieronimo, the Knight Marshal, functionally a civil servant; Lorenzo is the son of the Duke of Castile, and Balthazar the Prince of Portugal. Early on in the play, the King of Spain notes the difference in portfolio: But nephew, thou shalt have the prince in guard, For thine estate best fitteth such a guest: Horatio's house were small for all his train. (I. ii. 185- 7)

14. §16. Thomas Kyd’s Early Work. VII. Marlowe And Kyd. Vol. 5. The Drama To 1642, Read an essay focuses on kyd's early works, which includes his play "The Spanish Tragedy." The dramatic career of thomas kyd covers a shorter period than Marlowes; and, despite the great popularity and http://www.bartleby.com/215/0716.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Cambridge History The Drama to 1642, Part One Marlowe and Kyd ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes Volume V. The Drama to 1642, Part One.

15. Thomas Kyd: Plays Click Here. Back to thomas kyd. thomas kyd's Plays More questions about thomaskyd? Ask Jeeves! Back to thomas kyd. Back to Moonstruck Drama Bookstore. http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc25p.html

Back to Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd's Plays: The Spanish Tragedy Arden of Feversham Find more UK plays at the Internet Theatre Bookstore Get 4 theatre books for $1 at More questions about Thomas Kyd? Ask Jeeves! Back to Thomas Kyd Back to Moonstruck Drama Bookstore

16. English 434 (Renaissance Drama) Backgrounds And Contexts Student projects for a class on Renaissance Drama, including papers on Ben Jonson, thomas kyd and John Webster. http://virtual.park.uga.edu/~cdesmet/434groun.htm

Title Page to the The Spanish Tragedy Cultural Contexts: Class Web Projects Elizabeth Carey, Tragedy of Mariam Elizabeth Carey's Source in The Tragedy of Mariam John Heywood, Fair Maid of the West Racial Tension in Fair Maid of the West Ben Jonson, Volpone Venice as Setting in Volpone Hermaphrodites in Volpone ... Volpone Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy Perverse Justice in Kyd's Spanish Tragedy Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus Doctor Faustus as a Magician Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker, The Roaring Girl Crossdressing in The Roaring Girl John Webster, The Duchess of Malfi Female Rule in The Duchess of Malfi Lycanthropy in The Duchess of Malfi ... The Duchess of Malfi These web sites were constructed by the members of Christy Desmet's English 434 and 634 (Renaissance Drama) classes in Spring 1997. Return to Renaissance Drama Home Page

17. KYD, THOMAS kyd, thomas (15581594), one of the most important of the EnglishElizabethan dramatists who preceded Shakespeare. kyd, thomas. kyd http://45.1911encyclopedia.org/K/KY/KYD_THOMAS.htm

document.write(""); KYD, THOMAS blasphemies “ of Marlowe came before the notice of the Star Chamber, Kyd was immediately arrested, papers of his having been found “shuffled “ with some of Marlowe’s, who was imprisoned a week later. A visitation on Kyd’s papers was made in consequence of his having attached a seditious libel to the wall of the Dutch churchyard in Austin Friars. Of this he was innocent, but there was found in his chamber a paper of “vile heretical conceits denying the deity of Jesus Christ.” Kyd was arrested and put to the torture in Bridewell. He asserted that he knew nothing of this document and tried to shift the responsibility of it upon Marlowe, but he was kept in prison until after the death of that poet (June 1, 1593). When he was at length dismissed, his patron refused to take hun back into his service. He fell into utter destitution, and sank under the weight of” bitter times and privy broken passions.” He must have died late in 1594, and on the 3oth of December of that year his parents renounced their administration of the goods of their deceased son, in a document of great importance discovered by Professor Schick. Kyd’s works were first collected and his life written by Professor F. S. Boos in 1901. Of modern editions of The Spanish Tragedy may be mentioned that by Professor J. M. Manly in Specimens of the Pre-Shaliespearean Drama, vol. ii. (Boston, 1897), and by J. Schick in the Temple Dramatists (1898). See also Cornelia (ed. H. Gassner, 1894); C. Markscheffel, T. Kyd’s Tragodien (1885); Gregor Sarrazin, Thoma,r Kyd und sein Kreis (1892); G. 0. Fleischer, “ Bemerkungen über Thomas Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy” (Jahresbericht der Drei-KOnzg. schule zu Dresden-Neustadt (1896); J. Schick, “T. Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy “ (Literarhistorische Forschungen, vol. 19, I9oi); and R. Koppel, in Prölss, Altengl. Theater (vol. i., 1904). (E. G.)

18. Kyd, Thomas encyclopediaEncyclopedia kyd or Kid, thomas. kyd or Kid, thomas, 1558–94,English dramatist, b. London. The son of a scrivener, he http://www.infoplease.com/cgi-bin/id/A0828447.html

Trace your family history with Ancestry.com All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia Kyd or Kid, Thomas Kyd or Kid, Thomas, , English dramatist, b. London. The son of a scrivener, he evidently followed his father's profession for a few years. In the 1580s he began writing plays. His literary fame rests on The Spanish Tragedy The Spanish Tragedy is notable for its exciting action, splendid rhetoric, and complex delineation of character. Kyd is believed by some scholars to be the author of an earlier version of Hamlet, which Shakespeare used as the basis of his play. In 1593, Kyd was accused of holding unorthodox religious and moral views; he was arrested and subjected to torture. Although he extricated himself by implicating his friend Christopher Marlowe, his reputation was severely marred, and he died in poverty the following year. See studies by A. Freeman (1967) and C. L. Barber (1988).

19. Thomas Kyd - Encyclopedia Article From Britannica.com Biography of Elizabethan dramatist thomas kyd. Includes a synopsis of "The Spanish Tragedy." http://www.britannica.com/seo/t/thomas-kyd

Search Thomas Kyd at Britannica.com for the Web's best sites, news and magazine articles, and related products. To view the complete article, sign up for Britannica's premium service - Kyd, Thomas (baptized Nov. 6, 1558, London, Eng.d. c. December 1594, London), English dramatist who, with his The Spanish Tragedie (sometimes called Hieronimo, or Jeronimo, after its protagonist), initiated the revenge tragedy of his day. Kyd anticipated the structure of many later plays, including the development of middle and final climaxes. In addition, ... Need more? Complete articles are available to premium service members. Information on site licenses is also available. About Us Advertise With Us Syndication International Publishing ... Help

20. Kyd, Thomas. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 2001. kyd, thomas. 1558–94, English dramatist, b. London. The son of a scrivener,he evidently followed his father’s profession for a few years. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ky/Kyd.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Kyd, Thomas

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