1. DBMD - Anthrax - General Information General and technical information about anthrax from the Centers for Disease Control. Also includes Category Society Issues Biological and Chemical Terrorism anthrax......anthrax. For comprehensive CDC information about bioterrorism and related issues,please visit http//www.bt.cdc.gov. Esta página en Español. What is anthrax? http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/anthrax_g.htm

Anthrax For comprehensive CDC information about bioterrorism and related issues, please visit http://www.bt.cdc.gov Frequently Asked Questions What is anthrax? Why has anthrax become a current issue? How common is anthrax and who can get it? How is anthrax transmitted? ... Where can I get more information about a recent Department of Defense decision to require men and women in the Armed Services to be vaccinated against anthrax? What is anthrax? Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis . Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals. Why has anthrax become a current issue? Because anthrax is considered to be a potential agent for use in biological warfare, the Department of Defense (DoD) has begun mandatory vaccination of all active duty military personnel who might be involved in conflict.

2. Anthrax Bacteriology Lecture by Kenneth Todar, University of Wisconsin Department of Bacteriology. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lectureanthrax

Bacteriology at UW-Madison Bacteriology 330 Home Page Bacillus anthracis and anthrax Introduction The anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis, was the first bacterium shown to be the cause of a disease. In 1877, Robert Koch grew the organism in pure culture, demonstrated its ability to form endospores, and produced experimental anthrax by injecting it into animals. Robert Koch's original micrographs of the anthrax bacillus Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus, which is found in soil habitats around the world, and to Bacillus thuringiensis, the pathogen for larvae of Lepidoptera. The three species have the same cellular size and morphology and form oval spores located centrally in a nonswollen sporangium. Bacillus anthracis. Gram stain. The cells have characteristic squared ends. The endospores are ellipsoidal shaped and located centrally in the sporangium. The spores are highly refractile to light and resistant to staining. Bacillus thuringiensis is distinguished from B. cereus or B. anthracis by its pathogenicity for Lepidopteran insects (moths and caterpillars) and by production of an intracellular parasporal crystal in association with spore formation. The bacteria and protein crystals are sold as "Bt" insecticide, which is used for the biological control of certain garden and crop pests.

3. CDC Anthrax Home Centers for Disease Control presents .pdf fact sheets for health care providers. Gives details about the disease, recommended treatment, and how to recognize symptoms. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Anthrax/Anthrax.asp

CDC: Anthrax Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis . Although this rare disease is typically caused by contact with infected animals or animal products, B. anthracis has also been used as a bioterrorist weapon. Anthrax is not spread from person to person and can usually be treated with antibiotics if diagnosed early. This page is located at http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax

4. MEDLINEplus: Anthrax Obtain news updates about anthrax, plus resources, such as guides, FAQs, prevention and training, plus treatment and documents in Spanish, or Espanol. General/Overviews. anthrax (Patient Education Institute) requires Flash plug-in. anthrax Frequently Asked Questions http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html

Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Anthrax Contents of this page: News From the NIH General/Overviews Diagnosis/Symptoms ... Women Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Anthrax You may also be interested in these MEDLINEplus related pages: Biodefense and Bioterrorism Infections Poisoning, Toxicology, Environmental Health Latest News Antibiotic Used Soared After U.S. Anthrax Attacks (03/19/2003, Reuters Health) Gene-drug Company Says Developing Anthrax Antidote (03/18/2003, Reuters Health) Combo Treatment Effective Against Anthrax (03/11/2003, United Press International) More News on Anthrax From the National Institutes of Health Anthrax (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) General/Overviews Anthrax (Patient Education Institute) - requires Flash plug-in Anthrax: Frequently Asked Questions (National Center for Infectious Diseases) Also available in: Spanish FAQs about Anthrax (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) What is Anthrax? (Nemours Foundation) Alternative Therapy Bioterrorism and CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine): What the Public Needs To Know (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: Anthrax

5. Nature: Focus On Anthrax Focus on anthrax Recent events have confirmed that bioterrorism is no longer a threat but a reality. access to the latest scientific information about anthrax and other potential bioweapons, Nature has put together http://www.nature.com/nature/anthrax

Focus on anthrax Recent events have confirmed that bioterrorism is no longer a threat but a reality. To provide wide-ranging access to the latest scientific information about anthrax and other potential bioweapons, Nature has put together a special online focus on this issue. This focus is made up of two research papers on anthrax toxin, as well as a collection of research, news and feature articles from our electronic archive. The causative agent of the anthrax disease, the bacterium Bacillus anthracis , secretes a toxin made up of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), oedema factor (OF) and lethal factor (LF). PA binds to cell-surface receptors on the host's cell membranes. After being cleaved by a protease, PA binds to the two toxic enzymes, OF and LA, and mediates their transportation into the cytosol where they exert their pathogenic effects. In addition to these Nature papers, this special focus also includes research from October's issue of Nature Biotechnology . Mourez et al . describe the isolation of a synthetic peptide that blocks the action of anthrax toxin in an animal model. These research papers are complimented by a news feature which looks at the threat of bioterrorism and researchers' attempts to counter it, and a collection of research, news and opinion articles from our archive.

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7. World Map Map offered in conjunction with the World Health Organization shows which countries have epidemic, endemic, or sporadic occurrences of anthrax. http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/whocc/mp_world.htm

Click on any area or button for detailed occurrence data. View as monochrome This site is best viewed with a recent version of either or Microsoft Internet Explorer and using a monitor resolution setting of at least 800 X 600. Last updated 25 Jul 2000 WHOCC Home Page Contact the Director ©1998, 1999 World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Public Health

8. ANTHRAX VACCINE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM - The Official DoD Anthrax Information Web The Official DoD anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP) Web Site. Your definitive source for Category Society Issues Biological and Chemical Terrorism anthrax......The Official DoD anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP) Web Site.Your definitive source for information about anthrax the http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/

9. Cipro (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride) For Inhalation Anthrax Contains informational pages from the FDA. http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/cipro/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Drug Information Search Cipro (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride) for Inhalation Anthrax Cipro (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride) is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. It does not work for viral infections (for example, the common cold). Cipro is approved for the inhaled form of anthrax after an individual has been exposed. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients and adolescents less than 18 years of age have not been established, except for use in inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). Information on Cipro for Consumers: Questions and Answers Cipro (Ciprofloxacin): Use by Pregnant and Lactating Women Message to Physicians and Health Practitioners on Cipro Scientific and Regulatory Information (Approval Letter, Label, and Scientific Reviews) ... FDA Issues Cyber-Letters to Web Sites Selling Unapproved Foreign Ciprofloxacin (November 1, 2001) Cyber Letters to Web Sites Selling Cipro Search the National Library of Medicine's database, MEDLINE, for journal references on Cipro.

10. JAMA -- Page Not Found Extensive article in the Journal of the American Medical Association.Category Society Issues Biological and Chemical Terrorism anthrax......JAMA ARCHIVES Select Journal or Resource, http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v281n18/ffull/jst80027.html

Select Journal or Resource JAMA Archives of Dermatology Facial Plastic Surgery Family Medicine (1992-2000) General Psychiatry Internal Medicine Neurology Ophthalmology Surgery MSJAMA Science News Updates Meetings Peer Review Congress The page you requested was not found. The JAMA Archives Journals Web site has been redesigned to provide you with improved layout, features, and functionality. The location of the page you requested may have changed. To find the page you requested, click here HOME CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES ... HELP Error 404 - "Not Found"

11. MMWR Weekly Current Volume Terrorism Preparedness Compendium. Smallpox anthrax Other Terrorism related Reportsand Recommendations. Smallpox. Back to top. anthrax. November 15, 2002 / Vol. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/indexbt.html

Publications MMWR Weekly Current Volume Past Volumes MMWR Recommendations and Reports Current Volume ... MMWR Terrorism Preparedness Compendium Smallpox Anthrax Other Terrorism related Report s and Recommendations Smallpox March 21, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 11 Notice to Readers: Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, 2003 Download .pdf document of this issue March 14, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 10 Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, March 410, 2003 Download .pdf document of this issue March 7, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 9 Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, February 25March 3, 2003 Download .pdf document of this issue February 28, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 8 Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, February 1824, 2003 Notice to Readers: Availability of Maxi-Vac Smallpox Vaccination Software Download .pdf document of this issue February 21 , 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 7

12. World Book Not Found - DiscoverySchool.com Describes this severe infectious disease that chiefly affects animals but sometimes occurs in people. http://school.discovery.com/homeworkhelp/worldbook/atozscience/a/024100.html

All DiscoverySchool Students Teachers Parents We're sorry , but DiscoverySchool.com is no longer offering the World Book A-to-Z Encyclopedias. For information about subscribing to World Book Online, go to www.worldbookonline.com Site Map About Us Feedback Discovery.com

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14. ANTHRAX N.F.W.S. - Official Web Site http://anthrax.com/nfws.htm

15. BrainPOP - Health, Science, Technology Animation And Educational Site For Kids. Animated movies tells what this disease is and where it comes from. Also includes answers to kids' questions. http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseases/anthrax/index.weml

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16. A N T H R A X - THE METAL BAND: OFFICIAL WEB SITE Official site of the longstanding metal band featuring news, MP3s, tours, message board, merchandise, and e-mail. http://anthraxtheband.com

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17. CNN - FBI Picks Up 2 Men Suspected Of Having Deadly Anthrax - February 19, 1998 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/US/9802/19/fbi.arrest.update/

COMMUNITY Message Boards Chat Feedback SITE SOURCES Contents Help! Search CNN Networks SPECIALS Quick News Almanac Video Vault News Quiz FBI picks up 2 men suspected of having deadly anthrax February 19, 1998 Web posted at: 2:35 p.m. EST (1935 GMT) NEW YORK (CNN) The FBI has taken two men into custody in Las Vegas after suspecting them of developing the deadly biological agent anthrax, top FBI sources told CNN on Thursday. The men, who are believed to be U.S. citizens, were picked up Wednesday night, after "FBI agents were told the two men had biological agents," the source said. An FBI official said that the two were charged with plotting to use a toxic biological agent as a weapon. FBI officials found an unknown substance at an undisclosed site, and dispatched the FBI Hazardous Materials Response Unit from Quantico, Virginia, to examine the material, the source said. A spokesman for Nellis Air Force Base, near Las Vegas, said authorities impounded a vehicle at the request of the FBI. The spokesman gave no further details. CNN was told that five U.S. Army specialists have gone to Las Vegas from the Army's Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. Four of the soldiers are with the Army's Technical Escort Unit, and one is a lab technician specializing in chemical and biological threats.

18. Anthrax Fact Sheet Information about the possible casualties if anthrax is used as a weapon.Category Society Issues Biological and Chemical Terrorism anthrax......anthrax Fact Sheet, 1999 Fact Sheet Info. Perhaps more insidious is the specterof autonomous groups with ill intentions using anthrax in acts of terrorism. http://www.hopkins-biodefense.org/pages/agents/agentanthrax.html

Anthrax Botulinum Toxin Plague Smallpox ... VHF Anthrax Fact Sheet, 1999 Fact Sheet Info Bacillus anthracis , the organism that causes anthrax, derives its name from the Greek word for coal, anthracis , because of its ability to cause black, coal-like cutaneous eschars. Anthrax infection is a disease acquired following contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products or following the intentional release of anthrax spores as a biological weapon. In the second half of this century, anthrax was developed as part of a larger biological weapons program by several countries, including the Soviet Union and the U.S. The number of nations believed to have biological weapons programs has steadily risen from 10 in 1989 to 17 in 1995, but how many are working with anthrax is uncertain. Perhaps more insidious is the specter of autonomous groups with ill intentions using anthrax in acts of terrorism. The Aum Shinrikyo religious sect, infamous for releasing sarin gas in a Tokyo subway station in 1995, developed a number of biological weapons, including anthrax. Given appropriate weather and wind conditions, 50 kilograms of anthrax released from an aircraft along a 2 kilometer line could create a lethal cloud of anthrax spores that would extend beyond 20 kilometers downwind. The aerosol cloud would be colorless, odorless and invisible following its release. Given the small size of the spores, people indoors would receive the same amount of exposure as people on the street.

19. Terrorism Law And Policy - JURIST Information on antiterrorism law, counterterrorism policy and legal issues relating to bioterrorism and anthrax. Includes news, statements, reports, hearings, commentary and bibliography. From JURIST, at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/terrorism.htm

SEARCH TERRORISM LAWS, REPORTS, HEARINGS, BRIEFINGS, PAPERS... LEGAL CHRONOLOGY/ARCHIVE: September October November December ... Terrorism and Terrorists Advisories, definitions, groups... Counterterrorism Policy Statements, hearings, agencies... U.S. Anti-terrorism Laws Anti-terrorism bills, orders... World Anti-terrorism Laws Resolutions, conventions... Civil Liberties Anti-terrorism law and civil rights... Bioterrorism: Legal Issues Law and biological weapons, anthrax... Commentary Expert perspectives on events... Bibliography USA Today Hot Site; Govspot.com Site of the Week; Yahoo! Pick of the Week; Congressional Quarterly Scoop. This guide is a service of JURIST: The Legal Education Network JURIST@law.pitt.edu LIVE TV FEED C-SPAN MSNBC AP NEWS BULLETINS Voice of America CNN Fox News BBC News ... Radio Pakistan MORE NEWS update PRESS BRIEFINGS Live! MSNBC C-SPAN White House Justice Department ... 10 Downing St. [UK] United Nations

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