81. Botulism botulism. botulism is a paralytic condition brought on by the consumption of anaturally occurring toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12150_12220-26493--,00.html

Skip Navigation Michigan.gov Home DNR Home Links ... Research Projects Botulism Description Botulism is a paralytic condition brought on by the consumption of a naturally occurring toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . It is an intoxication rather than an infectious disease. The bacterium is widespread in soils in North America and elsewhere in the world. The toxin produced during growth of the bacterium is one of the most poisonous substances known. We recognize two forms of botulism, type C and type E, affecting wildlife in Michigan. Distribution Type C botulism - Type C botulism occurs principally in waterfowl and other birds living in an aquatic environment and causes tremendous losses, most notably in waterfowl in the western United States. In addition to North America, it has been reported in birds in Europe, South Africa, Uruguay, and Australia. In the Great Lakes region, it was first identified in 1936 in ducks on Green Bay of Lake Michigan and, in 1941, in Monroe County marshes along Lake Erie. In Michigan, outbreaks occur in ducks and shorebirds whenever conditions are favorable for botulism. There have been reports of botulism along both coasts of the lower peninsula and on many inland lakes. Devastating outbreaks have occurred in game farm pheasant flocks in the U.S. and Canada, though not yet in Michigan. Type E botulism - Type E botulism is connected with consumption of fish and occurs mainly in gulls and loons, to a lesser extent in mergansers, mute swans, grebes, and shorebirds. It now appears that any birds or mammals susceptible to botulinal toxin run a risk of becoming poisoned if they scavenge dead fish. Evidence for this lies in the fact that type E toxin has been identified in a bald eagle, wood ducks, and muskrats having fish remains in their digestive tracts.

82. Your Health Botulism YOUR HEALTH botulism. WHAT IS botulism? HOW IS botulism SPREAD? Generallythrough contaminated food containing the botulinum toxin. http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/hlthconn/items/botulism.htm

'Your Health' Home 'Your Health' Topics About This Site Dictionary ... Links YOUR HEALTH: Botulism WHAT IS BOTULISM? Botulism is a rare disease caused by a toxin produced by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum occurs naturally and can be found in soil, water, animals, contaminated food or agricultural products. The toxin produced by C. botulinum is the most potent toxin known and can affect humans, animals, even fish. There are three kinds of botulism that occur naturally: foodborne, wound and infant botulism. Foodborne - rare, potentially life threatening caused by eating food contaminated with botulinum toxin. Wound - unusual, rare. Occurs when an open wound becomes contaminated with the bacteria, which produce the toxin which is then released into the bloodstream. Infant botulism - typically in children less than a year old, as a result of eating bacterial spores and results in toxin in the intestines. One form of human-made botulism is contracted through inhalation.

83. Public Health Fact Sheet - Botulism Public Health Fact Sheet botulism What is botulism? There are three maintypes of botulism and all 3 types are uncommon in the United States http://www.state.ma.us/dph/cdc/factsheets/botulism.htm

Bureau of Communicable Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance STD Prevention Related Sites Centers for Disease Control Contact Information Bureau of Communicable Disease Control State Laboratory Institute 305 South Street Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 Alfred DeMaria, Jr., M.D., Assistant Commissioner Tel. Fax Search the DPH Website Public Health Fact Sheet - Botulism What is botulism? Botulism is a muscle-paralyzing disease caused by a toxin (poison) made by the bacteria (germ) Clostridium botulinum . The bacterium itself is not usually harmful except for infants and certain individuals. There are three main types of botulism and all 3 types are uncommon in the United States: Foodborne botulism occurs by eating foods that contain the toxin. Infant botulism (also called intestinal botulism) can occur in infants who eat the bacteria, which then can produce the toxin in the infant’s bowel. Children under 1 year of age may be at risk because they do not have enough “normal bacteria” in their bowel to prevent this from happening. Wound botulism occurs when a wound is infected with the bacteria, which can release the toxin in the wound.

84. Botulism Antitoxin - BNF botulism antitoxin A trivalent botulism antitoxin is available for the postexposureprophylaxis of botulism and for the treatment of persons thought to be http://bnf.vhn.net/bnf/documents/bnf.2540.html

BNF No. 44 (September 2002) General information and late changes Guidance on prescribing Emergency treatment of poisoning ... Nurse Prescribers' Formulary Botulism antitoxin A trivalent botulism antitoxin is available for the post-exposure prophylaxis of botulism and for the treatment of persons thought to be suffering from botulism. It specifically neutralises the toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E. It is not effective against infantile botulism as the toxin (type A) is seldom, if ever, found in the blood in this type of infection. Hypersensitivity reactions are a problem. It is essential to read the contra-indications, warnings, and details of sensitivity tests on the package insert. Prior to treatment checks should be made regarding previous administration of any antitoxin and history of any allergic condition, e.g. asthma, hay fever, etc. All patients should be tested for sensitivity (diluting the antitoxin if history of allergy). http://bnf.vhn.net

85. Botulism - EU botulism in the European Union. The epidemiological pattern of botulism in Europeancountries seems to have been relatively stable during the last decade. http://www.istm.org/news_share/199901/botulism.html

Travel Medicine NewsShare - 1st Quarter 1999 Botulism in the European Union Introduction Botulinum toxin was first described as a potent neurotoxin in the late eighteenth century. Currently three main distinct clinical and epidemiological botulism syndromes are described - foodborne botulism, which results from the ingestion of food contaminated with performed toxin; infant botulism, due to the endogenious formation of toxin by germinating spores of Clostridium botulinum , in the intestine of the infant; and wound botulism, caused by organisms that multiply and produce toxin in wounds contaminated by soil. Seven types of C.botulinum (A to G), distinguishable by the antigenic characteristics of the toxin they produce, are described. Types A, B, E and rarely F cause disease in humans (1). Changes in dietary habits, improvements in food preservation techniques and in industrial food processing, and awareness of the risk of botulism have made botulism a rare disease. Nevertheless, following several outbreaks of botulism this year in various European Union (EU) countries (cases of botulism associated with the consumption of mushrooms and vegetable soup in Italy, shrimps in France, fermented fish in Norway, and cases in the United Kingdom), Eurosurveillance has taken the opportunity of surveying the current epidemiology of botulism and its surveillance in the countries of the EU. Discussion The epidemiological pattern of botulism in European countries seems to have been relatively stable during the last decade. Surveillance is usually based on mandatory notification. Under-notification, although not estimated, may be important in some countries.

86. Botulism, Infant botulism, infant. Treatment is supportive care, and the complete recoveryrate for infant botulism is stated to be 98% or better. http://www.drhull.com/EncyMaster/B/botulism.html

Help for sleepless parents Encyclopedia Index B botulism, infant Search botulism, infant This is a syndrome recognised in recent years. Clostridium botulinum (the causative germ) spores are found in the soil and specifically in all honeys. (They may also be found in light or dark corn syrup (Karo) but in much lower levels. Current literature casts doubt on corn syrup being a source of infection.) The baby with infant botulism may have a history of being fed honey, but sporadic cases without honey ingestion are more common. Initial constipation is followed by profound weakness and floppiness, poor feeding and a weak cry. The illness most often strikes in the first six months of life, although it may occur up to 11-12 months and has even occurred later in immunocompromised children. Treatment is supportive care, and the complete recovery rate for infant botulism is stated to be 98% or better.

87. Current / Fact-Sheet / Botulism Fact Sheet botulism, pdffile (16 Kb). Contact botulism is not transmissiblefrom person-to-person. botulism as a biological weapon http://www.vbs.admin.ch/acls/e/current/fact_sheet/botulismus/

Fact Sheet Botulism pdf-file (16 Kb) Toxin from the pathogen Clostridium botulinum Occurrence: There are various naturally-occurring forms of botulism including foodborne botulism and wound botulism. Another artificial form of botulism appears in the form of dust (aerosol) of the botulinim toxin, called inhalation botulism. All forms of botulism result from the uptake of toxins in the body. It does not enter the body through the skin. Identification: The apparent neurological effects of all forms of botulism are ptosis (drooping eyelids), diplopia (double or blurred vision), and often abnormal dilation of the pupils, dysarthria (speech difficulty), dysphonia (hoarseness) and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). Dry mouth can be another symptom. With increasing paralysis, loss of control of the head, hypotony (circulatory weakness) and general weakness become the most important symptoms. The toxin does not cross the blood-brain barrier, and the patient shows no signs of confusion. If left untreated, death occurs due to respiratory failure. Diagnosis: Toxin, antibody: immunological test (ELISA, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), results within hours;

88. Botulism Toxin: Friend Of Foe? understand, botulism Toxin Friend of Foe? ventilation. The cause of thisfoodborne illness was due to botulism toxin (botulism Outbreak, 2001). http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$87

Science Education Science articles that you can understand Botulism Toxin: Friend of Foe? Posted by Tracey Ogrin , 7/31/02 at 12:35:36 AM. In 2001, an outbreak of a foodborne illness affected the lives of 14 people living in Alaska. Within 24 hours after eating fermented beaver tail, the people of the village experienced dry mouth, blurred vision, nausea and fatigue. Respiratory failure almost took the lives of 2 of these people, who were luckily saved by intubation and mechanical ventilation. The cause of this foodborne illness was due to botulism toxin (Botulism Outbreak, 2001). This same toxin that almost killed two people was actually a "lifesaver" to a 52-year-old woman. For over half of her life, she has experienced chronic migraines. Due to the botulism toxin, the migraines have miraculously disappeared (Gupta, 2002). How can this be possible? The same exact toxin that almost killed two people significantly enhanced another person's life. Botulism toxin is derived from the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum. Even though botulism toxin produces many negative side effects in humans, including death, it has the potential to produce positive side effects when the toxin is in dilute concentration and administered medically. By understanding the functions, strains, and types of this toxin, humans can protect themselves against the harmful effects, and at the same time, take advantage of the positive effects. Botulism toxin inhibits acetlycholine release at the synapses of motor nerves. The inhibition of this neurotransmitter prevents muscles from contracting, thus causing a flaccid paralysis. The toxin first affects the cranial nerves and then it moves on to affect the skeletal muscles (American Heart Association, 2000). Respiratory failure and death can result because the toxin inhibits the diaphragm and chest muscles. On the contrary, in dilute concentrations, this same toxin that inhibits contraction of skeletal muscles, can actually be advantageous to people who suffer from migraines, muscle spasms, and an overactive bladder.

89. Child Health Library - Infectious Diseases - Botulism Information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of botulism from the Child HealthLibrary of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. botulism What is botulism? http://www.chp.edu/greystone/infectious/botulism.php

About Parents Providers Library ... Research Select Another Subject Adolescent Medicine Arthritis Burns Cardiovascular Disorders Craniofacial Anomalies Dermatology Eye Care Growth and Development High-Risk Newborn High-Risk Pregnancy Infectious Diseases Medical Genetics Mental Health Neurological Disorders Normal Newborn Oncology Orthopaedics Respiratory Disorders Surgery Terminally Ill, Care of Transplantation Urology About Pittsburgh Directions and Parking Departments and Services Neighborhood Locations ... Online Resources Botulism What is botulism? Botulism, a paralytic illness, is rare, but can cause serious, paralyzing symptoms and may be fatal. The disease is caused by a nerve toxin formed from a group of bacteria, called Clostridium botulinum, which are found in soil. There are seven known botulism toxins, but only toxins type A, B, E, and F are seen as being harmful to humans. From the four toxins that are known to be harmful to humans, there are three kinds of botulism, characterized differently due to their means of exposure: foodborne botulism This type of botulism is caused by eating food contaminated with a botulism toxin. Foodborne botulism can affect a great number of people poisoned by eating contaminated food.

90. Honey And Infant Botulism Fact Sheet on From Health Canada Honey and Infant botulism. June 14, 1999.What is infant botulism? Infant botulism is a neuroparalytic http://www.nutriwatch.org/06FST/honey.html

Fact Sheet on From Health Canada: Honey and Infant Botulism June 14, 1999 What is infant botulism? Infant botulism is a neuroparalytic disease which affects otherwise healthy children less than one year old. It was first recognized in 1976. Early symptoms of infant botulism are constipation, generalized weakness and a weak cry. While most cases require hospitalization, fatal cases are rare. What causes the illness? Infant botulism is caused by the food poisoning bacterium Clostridium botulinum . This is the same bacterium that causes the food poisoning known as "botulism". Spores of these bacteria are ingested by the infant, grow and produce a neurotoxin (i.e. poison) in the infant's intestine. Spores of C. botulinum may be easily ingested as they are common in soil and dust. This may lead to botulism in children younger than one year. Many infants who develop infant botulism have been fed honey, the only identified food source of C. botulinum spores causing infant botulism. Three of the sixteen infant botulism cases (as of June 1999) reported in Canada since 1979 have been associated with honey. What are the symptoms?

91. Botulinum Toxin Anthrax · Botulinum Toxin · Plague · Smallpox · Tularemia ·VHF. Botulinum Toxin Botulinum Toxin Fact Sheet. Botulinum Toxin http://www.hopkins-biodefense.org/pages/agents/tocbotox.html

Anthrax Botulinum Toxin Plague Smallpox ... VHF Botulinum Toxin Botulinum Toxin Fact Sheet Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: [JAMA 285(8),1999]

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