1. TED Cast Study BUBONIC The role of trade in transmitting the Black Death. http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/BUBONIC.HTM

TED Case Studies The Role of Trade in Transmitting the Black Death A. IDENTIFICATION B. LEGAL CLUSTERS C. GEOGRAPHIC CLUSTERS D. TRADE CLUSTERS ... F. RELEVANT WEB SITES CASE NUMBER: 414 CASE MNEMONIC: BUBONIC CASE NAME: The Black Death A. IDENTIFICATION 1. The Issue Between 1339 and 1351 AD, a pandemic of plague traveled from China to Europe, known in Western history as The Black Death. Carried by rats and fleas along the Silk Road Caravan routes and Spice trading sea routes, the Black Death reached the Mediterranean Basin in 1347, and was rapidly carried throughout Europe from what was then the center of European trade. Eventually, even areas of European settlement as isolated as Viking settlements in Greenland would be ravaged by the plague. By the time these plagues had run their course in 1351, between 25 and 50% of the population of Europe was dead. An equally high toll was exacted from the populations of Arabia, North Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. This paper will examine the role of trade in the spread of the plague. Note Bubonic Plague has an incubation period, from infection to the first symptoms, of approximately six days. The initial symptom is a blackish pustule forming over the point of the bite, followed by swollen lymph nodes near that bite. This is followed by subcutaneous hemorrhaging, which produces bruise-like purple blotches, called buboes, on the victim's skin. It is from this word, buboe, that the bubonic plague takes its name. The hemorrhaging causes an intoxication of the nervous system, which produces neurological and psychological disorders, including insomnia, delirium, and stupor (2). These disorders, particularly delirium, might be behind the bizarre danse macabre performed by plague victims that is described in medieval chronicles. Bubonic Plague is the least toxic of the three types, but still kills 50 to 60% of its victims (3).

2. The Black Death: Bubonic Plague The Black Death bubonic plague. In the early 1330s an outbreak ofdeadly bubonic plague occurred in China. Plague mainly affects http://www.byu.edu/ipt/projects/middleages/LifeTimes/Plague.html

The Black Death: Bubonic Plague In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China. Plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people. Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly. Plague causes fever and a painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, which is how it gets its name. The disease also causes spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black. Since China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China spread to western Asia and Europe. In October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily, many of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside. An eyewitness tells what happened: "Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and soon death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial." The disease struck and killed people with terrible speed. The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often

3. Bubonic Plague Compares the severity of bubonic plague pandemics to the Spanish Influenza pandemic, that wiped out Category Health Conditions and Diseases Influenza 1918 Pandemic......Far from the deadliest epidemic. The bubonic plague. Just At its worst,the bubonic plague killed 2 million victims a year. This http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bubonic_plague/

One of my readers, Tom Johnston, has prepared an excellent site titled Life at Camp Funston . On this website you will find a great collection of letters written by his dad, Charles L. Johnston. Starting with the letter written on Sunday, September 29, 1918, you can read of his first hand experiences with the influenza at the camp. Infectious Disease News features an article on the current research titled Is another influenza pandemic coming soon? . The story includes a discussion of how the government is preparing for the next pandemic. The Center for Disease Control offers details on Influenza and its prevention. The American Experience on PBS recently ran a show titled Influenza 1918 . This nice site offers quite a bit of detail. The March 21, 1997 issue of The New York Times features a page 1 article titled Genetic Material of Virus From 1918 Flu is Found The Albany Times Union also has an article appearing on March 21, 1997 titled 1918 flu that killed millions could return say researchers (page A-4). For more details on the Bubonic Plague, Black Death, and this mysterious virus, check out

4. Bubonic Plague Since the reign of Emperor Justinian in 541 A.D., man has one unwelcome organism along for the ride, Yersinia pestis. This is the bacterium more commonly know as the Black Death, the plague. This is the index page for information on bubonic plague as compiled by VessResearch. http://www.ecnet.net/users/gemedia3/Plague/Plague.html

The Church's involvement in the Bubonic Plague The Bubonic Plague, caused by the bacillus Yersinia Pestis , was known as the most fatal disease of the Middle Ages (Biel, 1989). The bacillus enters the blood stream going directly to the lymph nodes. Enlarging and inflaming of the glands causing buboes to appear in the groin, armpit, or neck. The plague is transmitted by the rat flea ( Xenopsylla Cheopis ). The flea gets the bacteria from a rat, and the flea then spreads the disease to humans. The bacteria completely fills the stomach of the flea making it so the flea can no longer digest any blood. The flea is so hungary that it sucks blood into the already full stomach forcing the flea to regurgitate, thus spreading the bacteria (Walker, 1992). The first symptoms of the Bubonic Plague are headache, nausea, vomitting, and aching joints. The lymph nodes become painfully swollen and the average temperature raises between 101 degrees and 105 degrees F. The person becomes very exhausted and a purple tint in the victim's skin becomes present due to resperstory problems. Death comes in about four days after contracing the disease. In the year 1347, in the southern Ukraine near the Black Sea, the native people began dying of a mysterious disease. They suffered from headaches, weakness, and staggering when they tried to walk. Lymph nodes in the groin and underarm areas begin to swell to the size of hen's eggs. These swellings were called buboes and led to the official name of their aillment, the Bubonic Plague. These natives called the plage the pestillance and were often dead by the fourth day of contraction.

5. Plague A brief description of history, transmission and other issues surrounding bubonic plagueCategory Health Conditions and Diseases Bacterial Plague......This is the bacterium more commonly know as the Black Death, the plague. This isthe index page for information on bubonic plague as compiled by VessResearch. http://www2.itexas.net/~jburks/plague.htm

Plague Political Science Links Photography Disease ... Literature Since the reign of Emperor Justinian in 542 A.D., man has one unwelcome organism along for the ride, Yersinia pestis . This is the bacterium more commonly know as the Black Death, the plague. A LITTLE HISTORY The most known incidence of bubonic plague was in 14th century Europe. In 1346 reports of a terrible pestilence in China, spreading through Mesopotamia and Asia Minor had reached Europe, but caused no concern until two years later. In January of 1348 the plague had reached Marseille in France and Tunis in Africa. By the end of the next year the plague had reached as far as Norway, Scotland, Prussia, Iceland, and Italy. In 1351 the infection had spread to include Russia. The plague was an equal opportunity killer. In Avignon nine bishops were killed, King Alfonso XI of Castile succumbed, and peasants died wherever the plague happened to find them. Though the plague had, for the most part, ceased less than ten years after it started, it killed nearly one third of the European population. In many towns the dead outnumbered the living. Bodies piled in the streets faster than nuns, monks, and relatives could bury them. Many bodies were interred in mass graves, overflowing with dead, or dumped into nearby rivers. Domesticated cats and dogs, along with wolves, dug dead out of shallow graves, and sometimes attacked those still living. Many animals died either from plague or lack of care. Eyewitness Henry Knighton noted more than 5,000 dead sheep in one field alone.

6. The Electronic Passport To The Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague killed almost half of the European people in the fourteenth century. Learn about the disease also known as the Great Plague or the Black Death in the Electronic Passport at www.mrdowling.com. Western Europe died in a great sickness known as the bubonic plague. The plague was also referred to as "the Black http://www.mrdowling.com/703-plague.html

HOME TIME AND SPACE PREHISTORY MESOPOTAMIA ... The Normans The Bubonic Plague Almost half of the people of Western Europe died in a great sickness known as the Bubonic Plague. The plague was also referred to as "the Black Death" b ecause the skin of diseased people turned a dark gray color. It apparently began in China's Gobi Desert, and it killed about 35 million Asian people. When sailors traveled to Asia, rats returned with them to Europe. Fleas living on the blood of infected rats then transferred the disease to the European people. In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea, one of the links along the trade route between Europe and China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and within days the disease had spread from the port cities to the surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England within a year. Click here to see a map of the infected areas of Europe.

7. ScienceNet - The World Of Infectious Diseases - Bubonic Plague The World of Infectious Diseases The bubonic plague. The bubonic plague. Plague has been an important disease for a very long time it was known in China over three http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/teletext/disease/plagueteletext.html

The World of Infectious Diseases The Bubonic Plague. Plague has been an important disease for a very long time - it was known in China over three thousand years ago, and destroyed the population of many European towns abd was spread by fleas from black rats in the middle ages; in 1665 the Black Death killed half the population of London. The modern word refers to a disease of humans and rodents caused by a rod-shaped bacterium called Yersinia pestis, discovered by a Swiss scientist Yersin in 1894. The plague bacterium can be transmitted between people in three different ways, and the symptoms which appear depend on the route by which it is acquired. In bubonic plague the bacterium are spread by infection from rat fleas. The following symptoms occur lymph glands in the armpits and groin become painful and swollen - so-called buboes. Pneumonic plague results when one person spreads the bactrerium to anopther by means of droplets in the air leaving their lungs. It results in rapid pneumonia and bleeding in the lungs and can kill in two or three days without treatment. Septicemic plague is the third type; it happens when the bacterium is directly transmitted into the bloodstream of the victim, or spreads from an earlier infection. Without treatment it is almost always fatal - in the few hours before death the victim becomes dark purple.

8. The Black Death, The Bubonic Plague Story of bubonic plague with links to primary sources, including maps, drawings and pictures of the types of fleas that spread this disease during the Middle Ages. http://www.click2disasters.com/black_death/black_death.htm

The Black Death, Bubonic Plague During the 14th century, the plague invaded Europe. From its likely beginnings in China, "The Pestilence" (now known as "The Black Death") followed established trade routes. It is estimated that at least 50% of people living in some of the affected areas died. Carried by fleas on sea-going rodents, Bubonic Plague remained a mystery until the late 19th century. From Boccaccio's first-hand description in his Introduction to the "Decameron" to contemporary wood etchings of death's horror, we learn the enormity of the Plague's tragic effects. Go Directly To: O R Select a different story from the directory Follow links to the Center for Disease Control to learn what caused the Black Death. Read about the horror that followed in its 14th century wake. Examine current scholarship suggesting that anthrax may have been partly responsible for some of the deaths - especially in towns away from seaports. Learn the real story of the world's greatest disaster...Brought to you by Click2Disasters, a channel of AwesomeStories.com. the black death chapter 1 the black death chapter 2 the black death chapter 3 the black death chapter 4 ... the black death chapter 12

9. The Black Plaguehttp//www.angelfire.com/sc/plauge - November 30, 2002 - 13 KB10. in Medieval and Renaissance European History. bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) had been absent from Western Europe http://www.angelfire.com/sc/plauge

10. Black Death The Bubonic Plague A student report describing the disease, causes, history, symptoms, and modern day treatment of the Black Death. Includes web links. http://hometown.aol.com/nathan19901162/myhomepage/index.html

11. Bubonic Plague This story has been moved to a new location.Please click here to go to this story. http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bubonic_plague/bubonic.html

This story has been moved to a new location. Please click here to go to this story.

12. The Electronic Passport To The Middle Ages Guide for middle school students introduces the period. Also provides indepth information about specific topics such as feudalism, the Vikings, the Byzantine Empire, and the bubonic plague. http://www.mrdowling.com/703middleages.html

HOME TIME AND SPACE PREHISTORY MESOPOTAMIA ... The Bubonic Plague Between Ancient and Modern In AD 476, warriors attacked the city of Rome and ended the more than 800 years of glory for the "eternal city." Historians mark the fall of Rome as the end of ancient history. The next one thousand years were called the Middle Ages. The Latin term for Middle Ages is "medieval." The early Middle Ages are often called the "Dark Ages" because the great civilizations of Greece and Rome had fallen. Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was very hard. Very few people could read or write and nobody expected conditions to improve. The only hope for most people during the Middle Ages was their strong belief in Christianity, and the hope that life in heaven would be better than life on earth. The Dark Ages were anything but dark in other parts of the world. The Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa studied and improved on the works of the ancient Greeks while civilization flourished in sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, and the Americas.

13. EMedicine – Bubonic Plague : Symptoms, Causes, Pictures Of The Bubonic Plague ( A physician's report on bubonic plague infection, transmission patterns, and associated symptoms. Includes pictures of bubonic plague patients as well as a review of septicemic plague and pneumonic plague. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic428.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Warfare - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear And Explosives CBRNE - Plague Last Updated: January 15, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Demetres Velendzas, MD , Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Manchester Memorial Hospital, Eastern Connecticut Health Network Coauthor(s): Susan Dufel, MD, FACEP , Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Thomas W McGovern, MD , Dermatologist and Mohs Surgeon, Fort Wayne Dermatology, PC Editor(s): Dan Danzl, MD , Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville Hospital; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD

14. No Slide Title Features slides with information about medieval times such as manor life, farming, and the bubonic plague. http://website.lineone.net/~colin.beswick/WPercyPP_files/frame.htm

15. Plague And Public Health In Renaissance Europe A hypertext archive of narratives and government records of Italian epidemics in the 14th centuryCategory Health Public Health and Safety History...... be able to follow themes and issues geographically across Europe in any given timeperiod or chronologically from the first cases of bubonic plague in 1348 to http://www.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html

Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe This project involves the creation of a hypertext archive of narratives, medical consilia, governmental records, religious and spiritual writings and images documenting the arrival, impact and response to the problem of epidemic disease in Western Europe between 1348 and 1530. When completed researchers will be able to follow themes and issues geographically across Europe in any given time period or chronologically from the first cases of bubonic plague in 1348 to the early sixteenth century. Introduction Florence, 1348 Pistoia, 1348 Lucca, 1348 Last Modified: Tuesday, 01-Nov-1994 23:24:12 EST

16. PLAGUE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE A. bubonic plague In Renaissance Europe. bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) had beenabsent from Western Europe for nearly a millenium when it appeared in 1348. http://www.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/plaguein.html

PLAGUE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE This project involves the creation of a hypertext collection of materials on the Impact of Bubonic Plague on Renaissance Society between the initial outbreak in 1348 and the mid-sixteenth century. A. Bubonic Plague In Renaissance Europe B. Nature Of The Document Collection Although we like to recount history in a logical, linear narrative, in reality, matters usually are not so straight-forward. War, plague, economic depression all affect people differently depending on age, class, sex and the like. Collections of texts and images, since they do represent multiple points of view, are ideal ways to accurately convey the multi-faceted nature of human reality. Through a collection, annotation, and translation, where necessary, of chronicles, diaries, letters, government documents, religious literature and contemporary images this project aims at the creation of a hypertext archive through which scholars and students can study the medical, governmental, religious and personal responses to the problem of epidemic disease. The initial stages concentrating on three core areas will provide a basic context into which selected images, medical consilia and narrative fragments from other parts of Europe can be fitted.

17. Blackdeath Historical information, pictures, causes, superstitions, and outcomes dealing with the bubonic plague. http://www.geocities.com/julia09/blackdeath.html

The Bubonic Plague, more commonly referred to as the "Black Death," ravaged Europe between the years 1347 and 1350. During this short period, 25 million people (one third of Europe's population at the time) were killed. Thousands of people died each week and dead bodies littered the streets. Once a family member had contracted the disease, the entire household was doomed to die. Parents abandoned their children, and parent-less children roamed the streets in search for food. Victims, delirious with pain, often lost their sanity. Life was in total chaos. The Plague was a disaster without a parallel, causing dramatic changes in medieval Europe. THE HISTORY OF The Black Death Who am I and where did I find my information about the bubonic plague? When I was in grade 11, I researched the topic for a history presentation. I found it so interesting that I decided to post all I learned here. If you'd like to see my sources, check my Bibliography The Bubonic Plague: Historical Time Line Life Before the Plague Arrival of the Plague Supersticious Causes of the Plague ... The End of the Plague and its Effects Last modified: May 19, 2002 For comments or suggestions: View My Guestbook!

18. 7Online.com: NYC Medical Scare: Two Being Treated At Area Hospital For Bubonic P NYC Medical Scare Two Being Treated At Area Hospital For BubonicPlague. High fever is one of the symptoms of the bubonic plague. http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/news/WABC_110602_nycplague.html

Quick Links News 7 On Your Side 7 On Call The Investigators Our Schools Technology- The Tech Guru Streaming Video Weather 5-Day Forecast At a Glance Watch the Forecast Interactive Get Your 7online.com Desktop Alert ENews Alerts Behind the News with Bill Ritter Message Boards Sports New York Teams ESPN Headlines Entertainment Celebrity Headlines Movies Lottery On TV Your TV Schedule Shows on ABC 7 Health Dr. Jay ABCNEWS.com Health Headlines Technology The Tech Guru Traffic and Live Cameras Tri-State Maps Text Updates Traffic Cameras Views Around NYC Live Cams around the U.S. About ABC 7 News Team Bios Contact Us Jobs at ABC 7 NYC Medical Scare: Two Being Treated At Area Hospital For Bubonic Plague (New York-WABC, November 6, 2002) Two patients at a New York City hospital have been diagnosed with a dangerous disease not seen in this region in decades. Eyewitness News has learned that doctors at Beth Israel Medical Center are caring for the two people who have the Bubonic plague. Jim Dolan reports from Beth Israel with more. UPDATE: Ancient, Deadly Disease Caught By Doctors On High Alert For Exotic Diseases After 9/11 Man Suspected of Having Plague Still Critical, Health Officials Stress There's No Reason For Concern In NYC INTERACTIVE: Learn More About The Bubonic Plague, Including Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatments.

19. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Suspected In NYC Visitors - Jan. 15, 2003 A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what isbelieved to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said http://www.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/11/07/ny.plague/

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video Newswatch E-Mail Services CNN To Go SEARCH Web CNN.com Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors Story Tools BUBONIC PLAGUE What : Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis How contracted : Bite from rodent flea carrying the plague bacterium. Symptoms : Swollen, tender lymph nodes (swollen gland called a bubo hence bubonic plague). Fever. Chills. Extreme exhaustion. Incidence : Ten to 20 persons a year infected in rural areas of Western United States. Globally, 1,000 to 3,000 cases a year. Treatment : Antibiotics. If not treated promptly can cause death. About 14 percent of all U.S. plague cases are fatal. Place in history : Millions of Europeans died in the Middle Ages when flea-infested rats inhabited homes and workplaces. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NEW YORK (CNN) A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. The couple arrived in the city last Friday and went to the hospital two days later with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The man, 53, is in critical condition and on life support at a Manhattan hospital; his 47-year-old wife is in stable condition, said officials. Both are in isolation at the hospital.

20. CNN.com - Scientist In Plague Vial Case Set To Appear Court - Jan. 16, 2003 The university scientist accused of making false statements to the FBI about missingvials of bacteria that could cause bubonic plague is expected in court http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Southwest/01/15/missing.plague/

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video Newswatch E-Mail Services CNN To Go SEARCH Web CNN.com Scientist in plague vial case set to appear court Dr. Thomas Butler Story Tools VIDEO CNN's Susan Candiotti reports on the arrest of a Texas Tech scientist who allegedly destroyed vials containing bacteria samples that could cause bubonic plague. (January 16) PLAY VIDEO CNN Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta explains different forms of plague and what causes them. (January 15) PLAY VIDEO RELATED What is plaque? Understanding chemical and biological weapons Antibiotics effective against plague Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors LUBBOCK, Texas (CNN) The university scientist accused of making false statements to the FBI about missing vials of bacteria that could cause bubonic plague is expected in court Thursday, law enforcement sources said. Dr. Thomas Butler, 61, chief of the Infectious Disease Division at Texas Tech University's Department of Internal Medicine, was leading a study aimed at developing antibiotics to fight the plague. One law enforcement source said Butler first notified the school Tuesday that the vials were missing. He repeated this assertion when the FBI questioned him, saying he did not know how or why the vials came to be missing, but he later recanted and admitted destroying them himself, the source said.

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