1. DBMD - Cholera - General Information FAQ on cholera from the Centers for Disaease Control.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Bacterial cholera...... cholera. En español Prevención In January 1991, epidemic cholera appearedin South America and quickly spread to several countries. A few cases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/cholera_g.htm

Cholera Frequently Asked Questions What is cholera? How does a person get cholera? What is the risk for cholera in the United States? What should travelers do to avoid getting cholera? ... Where can a traveler get information about cholera? In January 1991, epidemic cholera appeared in South America and quickly spread to several countries. A few cases have occurred in the United States among persons who traveled to South America or ate contaminated food brought back by travelers. Cholera has been very rare in industrialized nations for the last 100 years; however, the disease is still common today in other parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa. Although cholera can be life-threatening, it is easily prevented and treated. In the United States, because of advanced water and sanitation systems, cholera is not a major threat; however, everyone, especially travelers, should be aware of how the disease is transmitted and what can be done to prevent it. What is cholera?

2. Cholera WHO fact sheet with cause, treatment, pandemics, prevention, and transmission. http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact107.html

Fact Sheet N107 Revised March 2000 CHOLERA Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Most persons infected with V. cholerae do not become ill, although the bacterium is present in their faeces for 7-14 days. When illness does occur, more than 90% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity and are difficult to distinguish clinically from other types of acute diarrhoea. Less than 10% of ill persons develop typical cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration. Background The vibrio responsible for the seventh pandemic, now in progress, is known as V. cholerae O1, biotype El Tor. The current seventh pandemic began in 1961 when the vibrio first appeared as a cause of epidemic cholera in Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia. The disease then spread rapidly to other countries of eastern Asia and reached Bangladesh in 1963, India in 1964, and the USSR, Iran and Iraq in 1965-1966. In 1970 cholera invaded West Africa, which had not experienced the disease for more than 100 years. The disease quickly spread to a number of countries and eventually became endemic in most of the continent. In 1991 cholera struck Latin America, where it had also been absent for more than a century. Within the year it spread to 11 countries, and subsequently throughout the continent.

3. What Is Cholera? Disease description, prevention, treatment, and links. http://www.disasterrelief.org/Disasters/971112cholera/

What is Cholera? Posted on Thu, 13 Nov 1997 16:14:36 GMT It seems like every time there are floods, earthquakes or any disasters in the developing countries of the world, an outbreak of cholera follows quickly. But what is this disease and why does it usually show up after a disaster? What is Cholera? Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibria cholerae . It infects people's intestines, causing diarrhea, vomiting and leg cramps. How do people get it? The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the bacteria. After a disaster, this is a very real danger, since regular, clean water and food supplies are often unavailable. The disease can be spread even further by infected people using already dirty water sources to clean themselves or dispose of waste. Why is it so serious? Cholera can be mild or even without symptoms, but a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment. The diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the infection quickly leaves the body without enough fluid. The following dehydration and shock can kill a person within hours. Can it be treated?

4. John Snow - A Historical Giant In Epidemiology The life and times of Dr. John Snow (18131858), with multimedia pages including the complete text of On the Communication of cholera. Created by the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html

Last Updated 22 Mar 2003 This site is devoted to the life and times of Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology and anesthesiology. Click with your left mouse key to see and hear the material or and to see the material. is for broadband transmission. WHAT IS THIS SITE ALL ABOUT? The first four articles describe the intent of the John Snow site and the last two present a popular version of his work. "Pioneer..." Chronicle of Higher Education "Cyber Sleuths" UCLA Magazine "History, maps..." SoC Bulletin (Adobe Acrobat) "When Cholera Met its Match" Science "John Snow" BBC Online "The Handle" UAB School of Public Health Magazine SNOW ON CHOLERA Sight and sound animation describing the life and accomplishments of John Snow. Hardware and software requirements Instructions and test of system Part 1 : The Early Years Part 2 : Broad Street Pump Outbreak The U North Carolina Version Part 3: The Grand Experiment in process ARTICLES ON JOHN SNOW new As new articles are published on John Snow, they will appear here, if available for distribution as PDF files.

5. Vibrio Cholerae Find photos and a summary of a lecture on cholera from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Includes a clinical description and treatments. Of the vibrios that are clinically significant to humans, Vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, is the most important. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturecholera

Bacteriology at UW-Madison Bacteriology 330 Home Page Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera Introduction The genus Vibrio consists of Gram-negative straight or curved rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Vibrios are capable of both respiratory and fermentative metabolism. O is a universal electron acceptor; they do not denitrify. Most species are oxidase-positive. In most ways vibrios are related to enteric bacteria, but they share some properties with pseudomonads a well. The Family Vibrionaceae is found in the "Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-negative Rods" in Bergey's Manual, on the level with the Family Enterobacteriaceae . Vibrios are distinguished from enterics by being oxidase-positive and motile by means of polar flagella. Of the vibrios that are clinically significant to humans, Vibrio cholerae , the agent of cholera, is the most important. Most vibrios have relatively simple growth factor requirements and will grow in synthetic media with glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy. However, since vibrios are typically marine organisms, most species require 2-3% NaCl or a sea water base for optimal growth. Vibrios vary in their nutritional versatility, but some species will grow on more than 150 different organic compounds as carbon and energy sources, occupying the same level of metabolic versatility as Pseudomonas . In liquid media vibrios are motile by polar flagella that are enclosed in a sheath continuous with the outer membrane of the cell wall. On solid media they may synthesize numerous lateral flagella which are not sheathed.

6. CDC Cholera Information For Travelers From the Centers for Disease Control. Includes recommendations on the use of the cholera vaccine.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Bacterial cholera......cholera Information for Travelers (Updated October 25, 2000) Pleasesee cholera is an acute intestinal infection. cholera occurs http://www.cdc.gov/travel/cholera.htm

Contents Destinations Outbreaks Diseases Vaccinations ... GeoSentinel NEW! National Center for Infectious Diseases USDA/APHIS NEW! Importing food, plant, animal products U.S. State Department Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization Cholera Information for Trav elers (Updated October 25, 2000) Please see the Destinations section for recommendations for specific countries. Cholera is an acute intestinal infection. Cholera occurs in many of the developing countries of Africa and Asia, where sanitary conditions are less than optimal. Most recently, cholera outbreaks have occurred in parts of Latin America. Most infected persons have no symptoms or only mild diarrhea. However, persons with severe disease can die within a few hours after onset due to loss of fluid and salts through profuse diarrhea and, to a lesser extent, through vomiting. Only a few cases of cholera have occurred among non-travelers in the United States since 1973. Even with foreign travel, the risk of infection to the U.S. traveler is very low, especially for those who follow the usual tourist itineraries and stay in standard accommodations. Worldwide cholera activity is characterized by occasional epidemics in developing countries. The organism that causes the illness is named Vibrio cholerae type O:1 or O:139. During epidemics, it is spread by ingestion of food or water contaminated directly or indirectly by feces or vomit from infected persons. Diagnosis is made by culturing the bacteria from the stool of a patient and confirming that the organism produces toxin.

7. Cholera In Peru Makes a case study of the epidemic outbreak in 1991, with graphics and geographic information system data files. University of Colorado's Department of Geography http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/warmup/cholera/cholera_f.html

8. CPL Chicago: 1849-1855,1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics Severe outbreaks of cholera had been reported earlier, but accurate records are not available. http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/early_cholera.html

Source: First Water Works built on the present site of the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station. Completed in February, 1854. Chicago, Ill. Dept. of Health. Annual Report 1911-1918 . p.1480. Chicago Historical Information 1849-1855, 1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics Severe outbreaks of cholera had been reported earlier, but accurate records are not available. In 1849 the disease was brought to the city on the emigrant boat John Drew April 29 and raged until late October. That year 678 persons died, a rate of 2,897 per 100,000. 314 died between July 25 and August 28. This is the worst death rate for any cause since Chicago began keeping health statistics. Although the germ theory of disease was still unknown, Chicago did undertake a number of sanitary improvements which markedly reduced cholera and other diseases. In the 1850's, a piped Lake Michigan water supply was introduced cutting reliance upon unsanitary wells and buckets of water from the sewage filled Chicago River . Sewers were constructed beginning in 1856 and greatly expanded after the cholera epidemic of 1866. In 1867 a remarkable drinking water tunnel two miles out into the lake was opened, reducing the amount of sewage from the river in the water supply. After the 1870's cholera ceased to be a source of mortality.

9. Krunal Cholera - Homepage Seeks employment in networking and/or web design. Experienced in Pascal, C programming, VERILOG, UNIX, Assembly Language 8085, 8086, and 80386. http://astro.temple.edu/~krunal

Skip Flash Intro Krunal Cholera Skip Flash Intro Krunal Cholera

10. Cholera And Epidemic-prone Diarrhoeal Diseases Location WHO WHO Sites CSR home Diseases cholera and epidemicprone diarrhoealdiseases. cholera and epidemic-prone diarrhoeal diseases. cholera. http://www.who.int/entity/csr/disease/cholera/en

English Search Home Countries Health Topics ... Media Centre Location: WHO WHO Sites CSR Home Diseases Cholera and epidemic-prone diarrhoeal diseases Cholera and epidemic-prone diarrhoeal diseases Cholera Cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the intestine caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae, serogroups O1 or O139. Symptoms include acute watery diarrhoea and vomiting which can result in severe dehydration. When left untreated, death can occur rapidly. FOR MORE INFORMATION Cholera Information resources Epidemic dysentery Dysentery may be simply defined as diarrhoea containing blood. Although several organisms can cause dysentery, Shigella are the most important. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), also known as the Shiga bacillus, is the most virulent of the four serogroups of Shigella. Sd1 is the only cause of epidemic dysentery. In addition to bloody diarrhoea, the illness caused by Sd1 often includes abdominal cramps, fever and rectal pain. Less frequent complications of infection with Sd1 include sepsis, seizures, renal failure and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Approximately 5-15% of Sd1 cases are fatal. FOR MORE INFORMATION WHO fact sheet on epidemic dysentery Information resources Typhoid fever Typhoid fever is contracted when people eat food or drink water that has been infected with Salmonella typhi. It is recognized by the sudden onset of sustained fever, severe headache, nausea and severe loss of appetite. It is sometimes accompanied by hoarse cough and constipation or diarrhoea. Case-fatality rates of 10% can be reduced to less than 1% with appropriate antibiotic therapy. Paratyphoid fever shows similar symptoms, but tends to be milder and the case-fatality rate is much lower.

11. ARS Research Timeline - Story On Hog Cholera Eradication An article on Hog cholera. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/timeline/cholera.htm

History of Research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service Eradicating Hog Cholera Back to Features Farms with hog cholera were quarantined. In the early years of this century [the 1900s], hog cholera "often swept through the countryside, causing devastating losses. During the fall months, looking across the prairies of the Middle West, one could often see smoke ascending from perhaps a half-dozen farms where pigs dead of cholera were being burned," USDA veterinarian C.N. McBryde recalled later... On January 31, 1978, Secretary Bob Bergland declared the United States hog cholera free in ceremonies in Washington, D.C. This was 99 years after USDA began hog cholera research and 17 years after the start of a Federal-State eradication campaign. Whether hog cholera originated in America or Europe is not definitely established, but most experts believe it to be native to this country. Cholera was first reported in the United States in 1833 in southern Ohio. By 1893, 90 separate areas of infection were known to exist. Outbreaks in 1886, 1887, and 1896 each killed more than 13 percent of the Nation's hogs; more than 10 percent died during the 19l3 outbreak. The disease was still costing producers $50 million a year in the early 1960's. A key research discovery leading to control and eventual eradication of hog cholera was made in l903. Marion Dorset of USDA's Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) demonstrated that hog cholera is caused by an ultramicroscopic virus, and hogs recovered from the disease are immune for life.

12. FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book Vibrio Cholerae Serogroup O1 cholera is an acute intestinal infection. cholera occurs in many of the developing countries of Africa and Asia, where http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~MOW/chap7.html

C enter for F ood S A pplied N utrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 1. Name of the Organism: Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 This bacterium is responsible for Asiatic or epidemic cholera. No major outbreaks of this disease have occurred in the United States since 1911. However, sporadic cases occurred between 1973 and 1991, suggesting the possible reintroduction of the organism into the U.S. marine and estuarine environment. The cases between 1973 and 1991 were associated with the consumption of raw shellfish or of shellfish either improperly cooked or re-contaminated after proper cooking. Environmental studies have demonstrated that strains of this organism may be found in the temperate estuarine and marine coastal areas surrounding the United States. In 1991 cholera was reported for the first time in this century in South America, starting in Peru. The outbreaks quickly grew to epidemic proportions and spread to other South American and Central American countries, and into Mexico. 1,099,882 cases and 10,453 deaths were reported in the Western Hemisphere between January 1991 and July 1995. Although the South American strain of V. cholerae O1 has been isolated from Gulf Coast waters, presumably transmitted by ships off-loading contaminated ballast water, no cases of cholera have been attributed to fish or shellfish harvested from U.S. waters. However, over 100 cases of cholera caused by the South American strain have been reported in the United States. These cases were travelers returning from South America, or were associated with illegally smuggled, temperature-abused crustaceans from South America.

13. Safe Water System A CDC evaluation using special vessels for disinfecting tap water with bleach and for preparing, storing, and dispensing ORS. http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/pub/pub/daniels_n.htm

Who is the SWS for? Where has the Safe Water System (SWS) been used? How is a SWS started? What We Know About the Safe Water System ... Contact Us Safe Water System Publications First do no harm: making oral rehydration solution (ORS) safer in a cholera epidemic Daniels N, Simons L, Rodrigues A, Gunnlaugsson G, Forester T, Wells J, Hutwagner L, Tauxe R, Mintz E Abstract Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is lifesaving therapy for cholera and pediatric diarrhea. During a cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, we evaluated the microbiologic quality of ORS prepared at a hospital and tested a simple intervention using special vessels for disinfecting tap water with bleach and for preparing, storing, and dispensing ORS. Few coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were recovered from tap water; however, pre-intervention ORS contained numerous bacteria including E. coli

14. FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book Vibrio Cholerae Serogroup O1 O1 1. Name of the Organism Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1, This bacteriumis responsible for Asiatic or epidemic cholera. No major http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap7.html

C enter for F ood S A pplied N utrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 1. Name of the Organism: Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 This bacterium is responsible for Asiatic or epidemic cholera. No major outbreaks of this disease have occurred in the United States since 1911. However, sporadic cases occurred between 1973 and 1991, suggesting the possible reintroduction of the organism into the U.S. marine and estuarine environment. The cases between 1973 and 1991 were associated with the consumption of raw shellfish or of shellfish either improperly cooked or re-contaminated after proper cooking. Environmental studies have demonstrated that strains of this organism may be found in the temperate estuarine and marine coastal areas surrounding the United States. In 1991 cholera was reported for the first time in this century in South America, starting in Peru. The outbreaks quickly grew to epidemic proportions and spread to other South American and Central American countries, and into Mexico. 1,099,882 cases and 10,453 deaths were reported in the Western Hemisphere between January 1991 and July 1995. Although the South American strain of V. cholerae O1 has been isolated from Gulf Coast waters, presumably transmitted by ships off-loading contaminated ballast water, no cases of cholera have been attributed to fish or shellfish harvested from U.S. waters. However, over 100 cases of cholera caused by the South American strain have been reported in the United States. These cases were travelers returning from South America, or were associated with illegally smuggled, temperature-abused crustaceans from South America.

15. National Institute Of Cholera And Enteric Diseases Involved in research in molecular epidemiology, biochemistry and molecular biology and microbiology, virology and parasitology. http://icmr.nic.in/niced.htm

National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Institute Profile History Thrust areas of research Staff/ Departmental structure Objectives ... Home History Back Home Objectives a. To conduct biomedical and operational research in diarrhoeal diseases with the ultimate goal of developing appropriate strategies for their control. b. To disseminate research information through training as well as to develop teaching modules and methodologies for training of the health care personnel at different levels. c. To provide referral services and to extend support to the National Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme. d. To provide research information and expertise for tackling National emergencies caused by epidemics of cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases. e. To conduct research in HIV/AIDS Back Home Thrust Areas of Research a. Community studies and epidemiological investigation. b. Molecular epidemiology. c. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. d. Clinical research. e. Microbiology, Virology and Parasitology. f. Immunology g.

16. Medicine-Worldwide: Cholera Translate this page cholera - eine ernstzunehmendeSeuchenkrankheit. Wo kommt sie her, was cholera.Zusammenfassung - Historisches - Erreger - Häufigkeit - Übertragung http://www.m-ww.de/krankheiten/infektionskrankheiten/cholera.html

Sie befinden sich hier: startseite krankheiten infektionskrankheiten Infektionskrankheiten ... Über uns Cholera Zusammenfassung Historisches Erreger Krankheitsursachen ... Rechtliches Zusammenfassung Die Cholera ist eine durch Bakterien - nämlich durch Vibrio cholerae bzw. heutzutage vor allem durch Vibrio el Tor - ausgelöste Durchfallerkrankung, die unbehandelt in bis zu 60% der Fälle tödlich endet. Die Übertragung der Bakterien erfolgt in erster Linie durch mit Fäkalien kontaminiertes Trinkwasser. Die Vibrionen bilden ein Toxin (= Gift), das zu massiven Flüssigkeitsverlusten von bis zu 25 Liter pro Tag in Form von "reiswasserartigen" Durchfällen führt. Die weiteren Symptome reichen von Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Heiserkeit und Muskelkrämpfen bis hin zum Nierenversagen. Historisches Erreger Die Cholera wird durch Vibrio cholerae und heutzutage vor allem durch Vibrio el Tor Cholerabakterien gelangen mit stuhlverunreinigtem Wasser, selten mit verunreinigter Nahrung in den Gastrointestinaltrakt des Menschen. Krankheitsursachen Verlauf Nach einer Inkubationszeit von zwei bis fünf Tagen beginnt die Erkrankung mit Übelkeit, Erbrechen und sogenannten "reiswasserartigen" Durchfällen. Die ausgeschiedenen Flüssigkeitsmengen können 25 Liter pro Tag erreichen. Es entwickelt sich eine Flüssigkeitsunterversorgung des Körpers, auch Exsikkose genannt. Erstes Symptom der Austrockung ist vielfach Heiserkeit. Es kann dann zu Muskelkrämpfen in den Waden, zu

17. CNN - Relief Workers Battle Cholera Outbreak In East Africa - Dec. 18, 1997 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9712/18/kenya.cholera/

Relief workers battle cholera outbreak in East Africa The severe intestinal symptoms of cholera can kill a person within hours December 18, 1997 Web posted at: 2:48 p.m. EST (1948 GMT) NAIROBI, Kenya (CNN) Rains fed by El Nino have soaked east Africa in recent weeks, contributing to the spread of a cholera outbreak that has claimed lives in Kenya, Uganda, Somalia and Zanzibar , relief workers said. Cholera spreads quickly and can kill within hours. The intestinal disease causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, muscular cramps and dehydration, and is spread by water and food that have been contaminated by infected feces. World health officials say the situation in east Africa, where floodwaters reportedly have washed through latrines in many areas, is reaching epidemic proportions. Aid worker Christian Valette tends to victims in a tent 68K/5 sec. AIFF or WAV sound On Thursday, U.N. relief workers in Zanzibar said 68 patients had been admitted to the island's clinics and hospitals since Wednesday, bringing the total to 638 hospitalizations in the last three weeks. Already, 118 have died, officials said. "It's an epidemic it's not yet contained," said Helena Eversol, project officer with the U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Zanzibar.

18. Medicine-Worldwide: Cholera Translate this page Die cholera ist eine durch Bakterien - nämlich durch Vibrio choleraebzw. heutzutage vor cholera. Zusammenfassung - Historisches http://www.m-ww.de/kontrovers/abc_waffen/cholera.html

Sie befinden sich hier: startseite kontrovers ABC-Waffen ABC-Atemschutz A-Waffen A-Waffenanschlag Kernwaffen Plutonium Reaktorunfall ... Strahlenunfall B-Waffen Anthrax Botulismus Cholera Ebola ... Pocken C-Waffen Allgemeine Geschichte Geschichte im Detail Nachweismethoden Blausäure ... Über uns Cholera Zusammenfassung Historisches Erreger Krankheitsursachen ... Rechtliches Zusammenfassung Die Cholera ist eine durch Bakterien - nämlich durch Vibrio cholerae bzw. heutzutage vor allem durch Vibrio el Tor - ausgelöste Durchfallerkrankung, die unbehandelt in bis zu 60% der Fälle tödlich endet. Die Übertragung der Bakterien erfolgt in erster Linie durch mit Fäkalien kontaminiertes Trinkwasser. Die Vibrionen bilden ein Toxin (= Gift), das zu massiven Flüssigkeitsverlusten von bis zu 25 Liter pro Tag in Form von "reiswasserartigen" Durchfällen führt. Die weiteren Symptome reichen von Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Heiserkeit und Muskelkrämpfen bis hin zum Nierenversagen. Historisches Erreger Die Cholera wird durch Vibrio cholerae und heutzutage vor allem durch Vibrio el Tor Cholerabakterien gelangen mit stuhlverunreinigtem Wasser, selten mit verunreinigter Nahrung in den Gastrointestinaltrakt des Menschen.

19. ImmunoFacts Offers a wide variety of resources, including international vaccine recommendations, adverse event reporting, training, and information on numerous specific vaccinepreventable diseases such as plague, cholera, rabies, and rotavirus. http://www.immunofacts.com/

HOME New ImmunoFacts Monographs What's New Government Databases ... Meet the Facts and Comparisons Family THE IMMUNIZATION GATEWAY: YOUR VACCINE FACT-FINDER document.write("" + day + month); document.write(myweekday + ", " + year + ""); Your comprehensive link to the most up-to-date, expert immunization resources available via the Internet. Use this site as the jumping-off point for the best in vaccine and antibody information. This Immunization Gateway is an electronic service of ImmunoFacts , the most detailed, up-to-date reference book available on immunologic drugs. About the author: John Grabenstein About the publisher: Facts and Comparisons Consider this site authoritative. We will only connect you to the most responsible sources of information we can find. Be sure to add www.immunofacts.com to your personal list of bookmarks, before going off on one of our great pathways. We subscribe to the HONcode principals of the Health On the Net Foundation SEP 1998 winner of the BMN "Beagle" award.

20. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents - Angola Page All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. http://www.traveldocs.com/ao/tips.htm

Angola TRAVEL TIPS Health Precautions : All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. Tapwater is not potable. Sophisticated medical treatment is not available. Health requirements change; check latest information. Weather and clothing : Angola's climate is tropical, with wet and dry seasons that vary little in temperature. While it is very hot and rainy in the coastal region, temperatures in the inland areas are milder. Casual attire, safari suits are the norm in hot, humid climate. Telephone : When direct dialing to Angola from the U.S., dial 011(international access code) + 244 [country code] + local number, or use international operator. Informations : 112 (telephone numbers). Time : 1 hour ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. : The metric system is in use. Electric current: 220V Holidays : [1995] Jan 1 (New Year's Day), Feb 4 (Anniversary of the start of revolution against Portuguese rule), Mar 27 (Victory Day), Apr 14 (Youth Day), May 1 (Workers' Day), Aug 1 (Armed Forces Day), Sep 17 (National Hero's Day Dr. Agostinho Neto's birthday), Nov 11 (Independence Day), Dec 1 (Pioneers' Day), Dec 10 (Anniversary of Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola founding), Dec 25 (Christmas' Day). Tourist arrivals Tourist attractions : Cuanza River, national parks, coastline, wildlife,anthropology museum.

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