21. Dry Eye Syndrome: How To Relieve Dry Eyes - AllAboutVision.com dry eye syndrome is a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture inthe eye. Its consequences Signs of dry eye Syndrome. Persistent dryness http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/dryeye.htm

Eye Health Topics Introduction Allergies Amblyopia or Lazy Eye AMD AMD News Astigmatism Cataracts Cataract News CMV Retinitis Color Blindness Conjunctivitis Crossed Eyes Diabetic Retinopathy Drooping Eyelids Dry Eyes Farsightedness Floaters and Spots Glaucoma Glaucoma News Keratoconus Light Sensitivity Macular Degeneration Nearsightedness Ocular Hypertension Pink Eye Presbyopia Ptosis Retinal Detachment Retinitis Pigmentosa Safety Strabismus Styes or AllAboutVision.com home Dry Eyes By Judith Lee and Gretchyn Bailey ; reviewed by Dr. Vance Thompson Artificial tears help alleviate the dry, scratchy feeling of dry eyes. Dry eye syndrome is a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture in the eye. Its consequences extend from subtle but constant irritation to ocular inflammation of the anterior (front) tissues of the eye. It is particularly bothersome for wearers of contact lenses. Signs of Dry Eye Syndrome Persistent dryness, scratching and burning in your eyes are signs of dry eye syndrome. These symptoms alone may be enough for your eyecare practitioner to diagnose dry eye syndrome. Sometimes he or she may want to measure the amount of tears in your eyes. A thin strip of filter paper placed at the edge of the eye, called a Schirmer test, is one way of measuring this.

22. Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves' Disease) of TED as seen in Graves' disease including exophthalmos, edema and dry eye associated with this eye disease....... http://www.steen-hall.com/graves.html

Our Doctors Laser Vision Correction Cataract Surgery Retinal Conditions (Including Macular Degeneration) Surgery Cornea Glaucoma General Eye Care Latest Information ... About The Institute Seminars SEARCH Home Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves' Disease) What is the Thyroid Gland? The thyroid gland is located in the neck. It manufactures two thyroid hormones that are essential for metabolism and growth. The thyroid takes iodine from the food we eat and uses it to make thyroid hormones. If thyroid hormones are in short supply, a person feels sluggish, has a slow heartbeat, and can even feel depressed. Doctors call this condition hypothyroidism. If a newborn has hypothyroidism, the baby can develop a condition called cretinism. The baby may have slowed development and poor intelligence unless the condition is corrected. Too much thyroid hormone is called hyperthyroidism and is also a problem. This condition is almost the exact opposite of hypothyroidism. The individual has a fast heartbeat, weight loss, nervousness, and heat intolerance. In addition, hyperthyroidism can affect the eye. One of the conditions that results in hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease. This condition afflicts a great many people. In this disease, the thyroid gland enlarges and releases too much thyroid hormone. The person can become restless and overactive, and the heart often races.

23. Ask The Eye Doc - Dry Eyes, Watery Eyes - AllAboutVision.com Usually works great, also! — Dr. Dubow. Read more about dry eye and lacrimalplugs.. But why not try and alleviate the dry eye condition itself? http://www.allaboutvision.com/askdoc/dry-eyes.htm

Most-Asked Questions Astigmatism Bifocal Contacts Cataracts Children's Vision Problems Color Blindness Computer Vision Syndrome Contact Lenses Contacts for Astigmatism Convergence Insufficiency Diabetes and Eyes Dry Eyes Eye Exercises Eyeglasses Eyeglasses - Bifocals, Progressives Eyeglass Frames Eye Safety Floaters Glaucoma Keratoconus LASIK Macular Degeneration Nickel Allergy Prescriptions Explained Prism Reading Glasses Retina Problems Safety Glasses Silicone Sensitivity Sunglasses Twitching Yellow Spots Yellowish Whites Watery Eyes or Search by Topic Send Your Question Your Questions About Dry Eyes or Watery Eyes Q: A: [Read more about dry eye and lacrimal plugs Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Some contact lens practitioners find that, in fact, lenses with lower water content can sometimes be better for people who have dry eyes. But some patients actually do better with high-water content lenses. It has long been felt by some practitioners that the thicker the lens, the better, as well. [Read more about dry eyes and punctal occlusion Q: A: You bet! There are several dry eye lenses on the market. Ask your eyecare practitioner to try Proclear Compatibles or Preference lenses from CooperVision, or Extreme H20 from Benz. These are the dry eye lenses I am familiar with. They can really expand your comfortable wearing time. I highly recommend you also use non-preserved contact lens care products. Ask your practitioner about the Purilens system. [Read more about dealing with dry eyes Q: I have worn soft contact lenses on and off for 15 years, and I chronically have red, bloodshot eyes. I've gone for periods of weeks and months wearing only my glasses and avoiding contacts, but honestly my eyes seem less bloodshot when I wear my contacts.

24. Eye Tests In 21st Century Edinburgh Edinburgh optometrist guide to new opticians eye tests, advice on eye care and all about dry eyes. http://www.edinburgh-eyetests.co.uk/

Optician eye tests in Edinburgh by optometrist David Crystal MCOptom DipTp 21st century eye tests for informed care practice status David Crystal Eyecare Rodney Street Edinburgh EH7 4EA United Kingdom e-mail our location Click here to book a consultation Practice Video Tour Your next eye examination may surprise you.... EyeScan records digital retinal images which are displayed on a large screen.... Also: Scottish optometrist leads way in therapeutics 21st Century eye care with eyeplan Optometrists, doctors and opticians. ... Most people assume that gritty, red, sore eyes are just part of life. They're amazed that they can actually do something about it... Also: The Scotsman newspaper feature Daily Mail review Video of dry eye plug treatment Laser eye surgery in Edinburgh It's not carrots.... Preventative eye care and dietary advice. Now updated with new information - here is all you can do to maintain healthy eyes and good vision...

25. Dry Eye Factsheet RNIB homepage, Search RNIB site for dry eye factsheet. What is DryEye? Tears serve to lubricate the eye and they are produced around http://www.rnib.org.uk/info/dry.htm

Search RNIB site for: Dry Eye factsheet What is Dry Eye? Tears serve to lubricate the eye and they are produced around the clock, but when insufficient moisture is produced stinging, burning, scratchiness and other symptoms are experienced and may be referred to as Dry Eye, Keratitis Sicca, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) or Xerophthalmia. When we blink, tears form a film which spreads over the eye, making the surface smooth and optically clear and enabling good vision. There are three layers in the thin film of tears: an oily layer, a watery layer and a layer of mucus, each with specific function. The outermost, oily layer is produced by small glands at the edge of the eyelid (meibomian glands) and the main purpose of this layer is to smooth the tear surface and reduce evaporation. The middle, watery layer, is produced by small glands scattered through the conjunctiva, (the delicate membrane lining the inside of the eyelid) and by the large lacrimal (tear) gland. This layer cleanses the eye and washes away foreign particles or irritants. The innermost layer consists of mucus which allows the water layer to spread evenly over the surface of the eye. Without mucus, tears would not adhere to the eye. Back to Top Understanding your eye condition home site map ... what's new 1995-2003 RNIB, Registered Charity Number 226227.

26. New Web Optometric practice offering eye examinations for people of all ages, spectacles, contact lenses, dry eye treatment, specialists assessments of dyslexia, migraine, dry eye and complicated cases. http://www.cmt-optometrists.co.uk/

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27. VISION Pharmaceuticals, Inc. - VIVA-DROPS®, The Dry Eye Solution VIVADROPS ® THE dry eye SOLUTION ® For common dry eye symptoms, youreye doctor is likely to recommend this lubricant eye drop treatment. http://www.visionpharm.com/vivadrop.html

VIVA-DROPS "THE DRY EYE SOLUTION" Why Antioxidants? Oxygen is essential for life, but oxygen can also form destructive oxidants generated by the sun, pollution, dry air and chemicals. Antioxidants inhibit the formation of these oxidants. Extensive research and scientific studies in recent years show a need for antioxidants to prevent DNA damage, cancer and the effects of aging, including eye and skin damage. Unique Formulation: Scientists at Vision Pharmaceuticals, Inc. used their extensive knowledge and experience to develop VIVA-DROPS for dry, irritated eyes. VIVA-DROPS is an eye lubricant that contains antioxidants and is preservative-free. Dry Eyes and Antioxidants "Dry eyes" is a very common eye problem. Over 33 million Americans suffer with dry, red, itchy, burning watery eyes. Medication and environmental factors are major causes of dry eyes and irritation. Maintaining a thick healthy tear film on the surface of the eyes is important for eye comfort. In fact, doctors point out that "dry eyes" is the primary reason for a patient's inability to wear contact lenses. The surface of the eye and surrounding tear-producing glands are composed of epithelial cells which are dependent upon vitamin A to maintain their health. When these cells are exposed to sunlight or toxic environments, they generate highly reactive oxygen radicals that can cause significant cellular damage.

28. Johnson Ranch Optometry - Quality, Technology & Care You Can Depend On - Rosevil Dr. Paul Gollender, O.D., offers medical and optical treatment of eye and vision disorders. Pediatric eye care, dry eye management and low vision services available. http://www.johnsonranchoptometry.com/

Johnson Ranch Optometry Welcome to the Practice of the Future The JRO (Johnson Ranch Optometry) website provides a wealth of information about what's new and what works in today's choices in vision and eye care.  We are committed to help you see the best you can from the day you first walk into our office to the rest of your life. You'll be treated with a personal care that will make you wonder why you haven't found us before. Let us help you with your specific need or problem. We have the newest technology available to treat and diagnose almost any eye condition. We use the best surgeons, the best laser centers, and use only the highest quality frames, lenses, and contacts for your specific eye and vision requirements. We look forward to serving you. We are located @ 3100 Douglas Blvd. Suite #105 Roseville, CA Tel: (916) 786-8909 Fax: (916) 786-8993 Send us an email

29. Eye Diseases dry eye Syndromes About dry eyes Eye Advisory, Inc. (US); dry eye Syndrome -StLukes Eye (US); See also under Sjogren's Syndrome. Lacrimal Duct Obstruction http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/c11.html

search help staff Eye Diseases Patients and laypersons looking for guidance among the target sources of this collection of links are strongly advised to review the information retrieved with their professional health care provider. Alphabetical List of Diseases Search PubMed at NCBI/NLM Physical Structures of the Eye [text only; L Hahn ] - U. of Pennsylvania (US) Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Human Eye TM Montgomery The Human Eye - in anatomical transparencies Colored Eyes - TipsOfAllSorts About the 'Blind Spot' Actually: The Main Lens of Your Eye Is Not Inside The Eye Simulations of certain eye problems - Ohio LIONS Eye Research Foundation Distance Vision Test - Perrot Optic (CH) A Visual Acuity Test The Eye Exam C Goldberg ] - School of Medicine, UCSD (US) Eye examination - Indiana University (US) School of Optometry , and Dr Riley's Diagnostic Procedures - Indiana University (US) Ophthalmology information - eMedicine Eye Diseases and Disorders - an illustrated encyclopedia - StLukes Eye An Ocular Pathology Review RC Eagle ] - Wills Eye Hospitale Brief informtion on various Eye Diseases from Dr. Steensman's Eye Care Site

30. Dr. Steven R. Shum, Optometrist In Memphis- Quality Eye Care Optometry office in Germantown. Specialties include nonsurgical myopia reduction, bifocal contacts, dry eye therapy, custom-fitted contacts for astigmatisms, and pre- and post-op care for laser eye surgery. http://www.drstevenrshum.com

2109 West St. Germantown, TN (901) 754-6020 This page has been viewed times since July 10, 2000. Our Mission Statement Our office is dedicated to serving our patients with the highest quality eyecare and eyewear. To do this, we will: -Treat our patients with courtesy and respect while educating them on their visual needs. -Maintain high technology and state-of-the-art instrumentation. -Continually educate ourselves in order to remain on the forefront of our profession. The visual needs and wellness of each patient will always be our first priority. Everything we do shall communicate this.     Welcome to the website of the office of Dr. Steven R. Shum, O.D. We have chosen to greet you with our Mission Statement because we truly feel it expresses our purpose. We strive to provide quality personalized eyecare to our patients. We hope that this website will provide you with useful information about your eyecare options and our office. Why should I choose the office of Dr. Shum? Who is Dr. Shum? Where is the office located? What are the office hours? ... How do I schedule an appointment. Why should I choose the office of Dr. Shum? Eyecare at Dr. Shum's office is perhaps the most thorough eye care you will ever receive! What makes us different?

31. Dry Eye Information At IVillage.com you are here iVillage.com health eye vision dry eye. dry eye, message boardson dry eye get advice and support from other women. Visual Impairments. http://www.ivillage.com/topics/health/0,10707,232765,00.html

var cimsCid = '232765'; var cimsUid = ''; main COMMUNITY Message Boards Chats ... Community Challenges find on iVillage on astrology on babies on beauty on books on food on health on lamaze.com on money on parenting on pets on relationships on women.com on work MAGAZINES on Cosmopolitan on Country Living on Good Housekeeping on House Beautiful on Marie Claire on Redbook on Victoria you are here: iVillage.com health dry eye dry eye Bed and Bath Clairol eDiets Match.com ... Talent Test TOP 100 WOMEN'S HEALTH CONCERNS Choose one Acupuncture Allergies Alzheimer's Disease Androgen Anxiety Disorders Asthma Atherosclerosis Attention Deficit Bacterial Vaginosis Biofeedback Bipolar Disorder Birth Control Pills Breast Cancer Caregiving Cervical Cancer Chiropractic Chlamydia Cholesterol Chronic Fatigue Chronic Pelvic Pain Clinical Trials Colon Cancer Contraception Depression Diabetes Dry Eye Syndrome Eating Disorders Endometriosis Epilepsy Estrogen Fibroids Fibromyalgia Fitness Flu/Colds GERD General Women's Health Genetic Testing Genital Herpes Glaucoma Gonorrhea HIV/AIDS Health Insurance Heart Disease Hepatitis High Blood Pressure Homeopathy Human Papillomavirus Hypnosis Hysterectomy Incontinence/Overactive Infertility Irritable Bowel Legal Health Tools Liposuction Lung Cancer Lupus Macular Degeneration Medication Safety Menopause Menstrual Disorders Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Naturopathy Nutrition Obesity Oral Health Osteoarthritis Osteopathic Medicine Osteoporosis Ovarian Cancer Pain Management Peripheral Vascular Polycystic Ovarian Pregnancy Premenstrual Syndrome Preparing for Surgery Progesterone Rheumatoid Arthritis

32. Dry Eyes: There Is Hope Article by Dr. Marc Grossman describing dry eyes and natural healing approaches. http://www.altdryeyes.com/dryeyes.htm

Dry Eyes: There is Hope by Dr. Marc Grossman, O.D., L.Ac. Home Computer Eye Strain Floaters ... Eye Disease Myth: Dry eyes is a problem that only can be helped and not prevented. Fact: Dry eyes is a condition of the eyes and whole body that can be treated holistically. DRY EYES: VISION'S COMMON COLD The most frequent patient complaint to eye doctors is dry eyes, known technically as aqueous insufficiency. About 33 million Americans in all age groups experience varying degrees of dry eye symptoms. The symptoms may include dryness, grittiness, irritation, burning and even the seeming contradiction of excessive watering or tearing. Any condition that reduces the production, alters the composition or impedes with the distribution of the tear film may result in dry eyes. Like most eye conditions, dry eye syndrome is often related to other health conditions in the rest of the body. It is commonly associated with dryness of other mucous membranes, interior body surfaces such as joints and brittle nails. It also can be a sign of digestive imbalances or of more serious autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome or lupus erythematosus. These diseases trigger an immune response generating lymphocytes that slowly destroy the cells responsible for tear production and secretion. As a result, tear volume decreases, cells in the conjunctiva decrease and corneal cells can be lost, creating dry spots. In Sjogren's syndrome, for instance, the entire lacrimal gland, responsible for 90 percent of tear production, may be destroyed by the invasion of inflammatory lymphocytes.

33. Novartis Ophthalmics GLOBAL dry eye, epitheliopathies. The two main causes of dry eye are decreasedtear production and increased evaporative loss. Both Sjögrens http://www.novartisophthalmics.com/consumers/dryEye.html

var curpage=8 var subpage=0 // USED FOR SECOND TIER NAVIGATION HOME Consumers Eye Conditions : Dry Eye Dry Eye Introduction Classification of Dry Eye The Clinical Features of Dry Eye Management of Dry Eye Introduction Dry eye is a disorder of the tear film due to tear deficiency or excessive evaporation that causes a damage to the ocular surface and is associated with symptoms of discomfort. Tear film is the first refractive layer of the eye. It lubricates the ocular surface, possesses a flushing action and an antibacterial effect. It plays an important role in corneal health and ocular surface homeostasis. It also supports contact lenses. The composition of tear film is not fully understood. It is a biochemical mixture consisting of water and electrolytes, mucins, immunoglobulins, lysosomes, growth factors and polar and non-polar hydrophobic lipids. Tear film consists of three separate layers: an inner mucin or glycocalyx layer, a middle aqueous, hydrated gel layer and an outer lipid layer . All three layers play a role in tear production. Normal tear volume is 6-8 microliters and the normal tear production rate is 1.2 microliters per minute. Classification of Dry Eye Dry eyes can be classified as aqueous tear or mucin deficiencies, lipid or lid surfacing abnormalities and as epitheliopathies. The two main causes of dry eye are decreased tear production and increased evaporative loss. Both Sjögrens and non-Sjörgens syndromes are due to decreased tear production. Sjögrens syndrome is due to lacrimal gland disease while non-Sjörgens syndrome is due to loss of reflex tearing. Increased evaporative loss is seen in Meibomian gland disease such as meibomitis, in cases of exposure such as lagophthalmos and in persons with a blink abnormality or in contact lens wearers.

34. SEE CLEAR 2001, HERBAL FORMULA IMPROVES VISION, EYE HEALTH Relief for eye disorders myopia, dry eyes, floaters, and far sightedness. Alternative to eye surgery, contact lenses, and glasses. http://geocities.com/Seeclear2001

Last updated TUE FEB 18 2003 PST This page is dedicated to helping people see better by offering a safe herbal alternative to eye surgery, glasses, contact lenses! Please, do not judge the effectiveness of this product on the modest price! $20 supply lasts 2 months! You have a right to better vision without the high cost. "See Clear - IMPROVES Your Vision And Eye Health" With the use of this product, it is entirely possible that you could throw away your glasses and/or contact lenses! Expect it! You will get exactly what you expect! We All Desire Good Health You know how important your eyes are. You use them every waking moment! Our body has a direct way of crying out for attention in the form of "pain". Our eyes are much more subtle. So subtle in fact, we hardly even notice our vision changing over the years. We can't see road signs without squinting. We can't focus up close to read. We start to notice little worm like or spider-like obstacles that impair our vision "FLOATERS". We experience "dry eyes". Our eyes may sting or burn. What does the medical profession offer as a cure? Lasik surgery, contact lenses, glasses, and reading glasses. These are not cures, but band-aids. They do not heal. The

35. FOCUS - October 26, 2001 OPHTHALMOLOGY Artificial Corneas, Dry Eye Among Confere Ophthalmology Artificial Corneas, dry eye Among Conference Issues. 11. FrontPage. OPHTHALMOLOGY. Artificial Corneas, dry eye Among Conference Issues. http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/Focus/2001/Oct26_2001/ophthalmology.html

Child Health: How Media Violence Touches Children New Organization: HMS Division of AIDS Created to Speed Research Neuroscience: Ion Channel Traced to Gene Expression Microbiology: Human Anthrax Receptor Discovered Ophthalmology: Artificial Corneas, Dry Eye Among Conference Issues WHO Report Reviews World Mental Health Care Glimpsing a Neuron's Quick-Change Artistry Mutation Alters Work of Bacterial Enzyme Proceedings of the HMS Faculty Council Six HMS Faculty Elected to the Institute of Medicine New CME Faculty Dean Named Former Ambassador to Give Women's Leadership Talk Reception Celebrates Future Health Policy Leaders Getting Past Normal After Sept. 11 Front Page OPHTHALMOLOGY Artificial Corneas, Dry Eye Among Conference Issues Researchers in ophthalmology had a chance to eyeball their colleagues' latest findings at the 2001 Biennial Cornea Conference, held Sept. 21 to 22 and sponsored by the Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. In a Friday morning session on ocular surface topics, May Griffith of the University of Ottawa Eye Institute discussed her group's efforts to create artificial corneas through tissue engineering, both for transplantation and as a replacement for live animals in testing the safety and efficacy of drugs and chemicals. Many countries suffer from a shortage of natural corneas for transplants to treat corneal blindness, Griffith said, and Asia could immediately use an estimated 10 million artificial corneas if they were available.

36. Handbook Of Ocular Disease Management - Keratitis Sicca KERATITIS SICCA / dry eye SYNDROME CLINICAL PEARLS Often, patients with dryeye syndrome are more symptomatic than their clinical signs would imply. http://www.revoptom.com/handbook/sect3a.htm

KERATITIS SICCA / DRY EYE SYNDROME SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS As the name implies, patients with keratitis sicca or dry eye syndrome typically present with complaints of dry, burning eyes and a "sandy" or "gritty" foreign body sensation. Occasionally, patients will report excess tearing (epiphora). Often, the symptoms are exacerbated by poor air quality and low humidity, and are more prominent later in the day. Upon inspection, most patients demonstrate a relatively white and quiet eye. Key slit lamp findings include a negligible tear meniscus at the lower lid and a reduced tear break-up time (TBUT), generally less than ten seconds. Fluorescein staining will usually reveal punctate epithelial keratopathy in the interpalpebral region. In severe cases, the cornea and/or conjunctiva may also stain with rose bengal. Filaments-tags of mucus, epithelial cells and tear debris-may also stain with fluorescein and rose bengal; filamentary keratitis is an extreme sequela of keratitis sicca. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Dry eye syndrome results primarily from compromise to either the quantity or quality of the precorneal tear film. Tears are composed of a mucin layer, a water or aqueous layer, and an oil layer. Deficiencies in any one of these components may create a tear film which is incapable of properly moistening the eye, resulting in desiccation and symptomatic complaints. In addition, irregularities in the blink mechanism or conditions affecting the regularity of the ocular surface (e.g., pterygia, keratoconus) may further interfere with proper wetting of the cornea. Many drugs can also temporarily decrease lacrimal gland secretions, such as antihistamines, phenothiazine anti-anxiety medications, oral contraceptives and atropine derivatives. Collagen vascular disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome also have a high association with dry eye syndrome.

37. Review Of Optometry Why Doctors and Patients See dry eye Differently. It also found that clinicians,in their grading of dry eye, gave symptoms greater weight than signs. http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?page=2_750.htm

38. OcularTimes.Com[Tearing/Dry Eye] eyes. How is dry eye Syndrome Diagnosed? The test is painless, and causes noadverse sideeffects. How is dry eye Syndrome Treated? · Replacing http://www.geocities.com/ocular_times/tearing.html

39. Aging Eye: Dry Eye Syndromes Glaucoma Cataracts Macular Degeneration Diabetic Retinopathy dry eye SyndromesLow Vision. Aging Eye Disease Information. dry eye Syndromes. http://www.agingeye.org/dryeye/index.shtml

NEWS INTERVIEWS SEMINARS JOURNAL REVIEW COLLABORATIVE SCIENCE Glaucoma Cataracts Macular Degeneration Diabetic Retinopathy ... Low Vision Aging Eye Disease Information Dry Eye Syndromes Publications (General Information) Treatment, Medication and Prevention Clinical Trials Detection ... Help and Resources Keyword Search: NEWS INTERVIEWS SEMINARS JOURNAL REVIEW COLLABORATIVE SCIENCE Glaucoma Cataracts Macular Degeneration Diabetic Retinopathy ... sightstreet.com

40. BEBRF Blepharospasm Pages - Dystonia, Blepharospasm, Meige Syndrome, Publication Initial symptoms, cause and treatment are discussed, and available publications are listed by the Category Health Conditions and Diseases Dystonia Blepharospasm...... However, it has been observed that the signs and symptoms of dry eyefrequently precede and/or occur concomitantly with blepharospasm. http://www.blepharospasm.org/

BEBRF Blepharospasm Pages Last update February 12, 2003 What's New Contents of the Blepharospasm Pages Sponsored by the Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation (BEBRF) What is blepharospasm? How does blepharospasm begin? What causes blepharospasm? ... Dry eye and blepharospasm What are the current forms of therapy? Botulinum toxin injections Medical (Drug) Treatment Surgery Experimental Eyelid Injections with Doxil ... Questions or comments What is Blepharospasm? Blepharo means "eyelid". Spasm means "uncontrolled muscle contraction". The term blepharospasm ['blef-a-ro-spaz-m] can be applied to any abnormal blinking or eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any cause, ranging from dry eyes to Tourette's syndrome to tardive dyskinesia. The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to distinguish it from the less serious secondary blinking disorders. "Benign" indicates the condition is not life threatening, and "essential" is a medical term meaning "of unknown cause". It is both a cranial and a focal dystonia. Cranial refers to the head and focal indicates confinement to one part. The word dystonia describes abnormal involuntary sustained muscle contractions and spasms. Patients with blepharospasm have normal eyes. The visual disturbance is due solely to the forced closure of the eyelids. Blepharospasm should not be confused with: Ptosis - drooping of the eyelids caused by weakness or paralysis of a levator muscle of the upper eyelid

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