21. Hyperparathyroidism - General Practice Notebook Clinicallyoriented information. http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/MedwebPage.cfm?ID=-731185144

22. Endocrine Surgeon A look at who gets this disease; symptoms, diagnosis and numerous other topics done in a easy to read format. http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/Parathyroids/parathyroid3.html

Summaries of latest endocrine news......Up-to-date information at your fingertips...... Click on arrow to select.... Introduction to Endocrinology Thyroid Parathyroids Adrenals Pancreas Pituitary Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Carcinoid tumours Erectile dysfunction Pineal Gland and Melatonin Osteoporosis Endocrine Anaesthetics A to Z of diagnostic tests Miscellaneous What is Hyperparathyroidism? This is a state where the parathyroid glands are secreting excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone. This can occur for a number of reasons and is variable in the symptoms it produces, from none at all to the characteristic features of hypercalcaemia (discussed in the 'symptoms' section). The causes of hyperparathyroidism can be divided into three: Primary cause - this is the most common, where the abnormality lies within the parathyroids themselves Secondary cause - this is where parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are raised due to any disease process which causes low calcium levels Tertiary cause -a rare situation in secondary hyperparathyroidism where the parathyroids become autonomous, and secrete excess PTH even when the calcium levels have returned to normal.

23. MDchoice.com The Ultimate Medical Information Finder Primary Hyperparathyroidism MDchoice.com Explanation of this disorder, the importance of calcium and phosphorous, causes, symptoms, Category Health Conditions and Diseases hyperparathyroidism...... hyperparathyroidism Disorder. Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of theparathyroid glands. This epub focuses on primary hyperparathyroidism. http://mdchoice.com/Pt/consumer/Hyperparathyroidism.asp

Sign up for a FREE disease newsletter: Select Disease Allergies Arthritis Cholesterol Depression Diabetes Hypertension Medical Information Arthritis Center Allergy Center Kid's Health Cancer Center ... Health News Interactive Education Simulators PhotoRounds Medical Databases MEDLINE CancerLit AIDSLine Healthcare Employment About Us Editorial Board Our Company Contact Us We subscribe to the HONcode principles of the Health On the Net Foundation Spell Checker Search the Web's best medical sites Searches over 6,000 Medical Journals Health Information Sunday, March 30, 2003 Find more information about this topic from either the Web or the world's best medical journals by using the search boxes at the top of this page. Hyperparathyroidism Disorder What Are the Parathyroid Glands? What Is Hyperparathyroidism? Why Are Calcium and Phosphorous So Important? What Causes Hyperparathyroidism? ... Further Reading Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid glands. Most people with this disorder have one or more enlarged, overactive parathyroid glands that secrete too much parathyroid hormone. In secondary hyperparathyroidism, a problem such as kidney failure makes the body resistant to the action of parathyroid hormone. This e-pub focuses on primary hyperparathyroidism.

24. NIH ORBD~NRC - Primary Hyperparathyroidism Overview of what it is, who it affects, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and suggestions for patients. http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=p112i&doctype=HTML Fact Sheet&docti

25. Endocrine Surgeon What is hyperparathyroidism? This is a symptoms' section). The causesof hyperparathyroidism can be divided into three · Primary http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/parathyroids/parathyroid3.html

Summaries of latest endocrine news......Up-to-date information at your fingertips...... Click on arrow to select.... Introduction to Endocrinology Thyroid Parathyroids Adrenals Pancreas Pituitary Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Carcinoid tumours Erectile dysfunction Pineal Gland and Melatonin Osteoporosis Endocrine Anaesthetics A to Z of diagnostic tests Miscellaneous What is Hyperparathyroidism? This is a state where the parathyroid glands are secreting excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone. This can occur for a number of reasons and is variable in the symptoms it produces, from none at all to the characteristic features of hypercalcaemia (discussed in the 'symptoms' section). The causes of hyperparathyroidism can be divided into three: Primary cause - this is the most common, where the abnormality lies within the parathyroids themselves Secondary cause - this is where parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are raised due to any disease process which causes low calcium levels Tertiary cause -a rare situation in secondary hyperparathyroidism where the parathyroids become autonomous, and secrete excess PTH even when the calcium levels have returned to normal.

26. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Hyperparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism. See the specific type of hyperparathyroidism.Expectations (prognosis) Return to top. Varies depending on the http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001215.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Hyperparathyroidism Contents of this page: Illustrations Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors Symptoms ... Prevention Illustrations Parathyroid glands Definition Return to top Excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Hyperparathyroidism can be caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands or in response to abnormally low calcium levels in the blood. The parathyroid glands are located at the front and base of the neck around the thyroid gland and produce parathyroid hormone . Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance within the blood and bone by maintaining a balance between the mineral levels in the blood and the bone. Excessive levels of parathyroid hormone disturbs this balance and results in increasing the blood calcium level by reabsorbing it from the bone and increasing absorption from the kidneys and intestines. The effects of abnormal calcium levels are seen in several body systems including the skeletal, gastrointestinal

27. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Primary Hyperparathyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism. Radiation to the head and neck increasesrisk. hyperparathyroidism in childhood is distinctly unusual. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000384.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Primary hyperparathyroidism Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Calling your health care provider Illustrations Endocrine glands Parathyroid glands Alternative names Return to top Parathyroid-related hypercalcemia Definition Return to top Primary hyperparathyroidism involves excessive production of parathyroid hormone caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top The parathyroid glands are located at the front and base of the neck at the 4 corners of the thyroid gland. The glands produce parathyroid hormone PTH ), which regulates calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. In primary hyperparathyroidism, increased secretion of parathyroid hormone occurs because one or more of the glands have become enlarged. The effects of increased calcium are seen in several body systems including the skeletal, gastrointestinal, renal (kidney), muscular, and

28. EMedicine - Hyperparathyroidism : Article By Philip Salen, MD hyperparathyroidism The parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphorus levelsby releasing variable amounts of parathyroid hormone, which raises serum http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic265.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Endocrine And Metabolic Hyperparathyroidism Last Updated: June 28, 2001 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Philip Salen, MD , Research Director, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint Luke's Hospital Editor(s): Joseph J Sachter, MD, FACEP , Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Muhlenberg Regional Medical Center; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD , Senior Pharmacy Editor, Pharmacy, eMedicine; Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP, FAAEM , Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center; John Halamka, MD , Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; and Craig Feied, MD, FACEP, FAAEM

29. EMedicine - Hyperparathyroidism : Article By Lawrence Kim, MD hyperparathyroidism The parathyroid glands, by their secretion of parathyroidhormone (PTH), have the major responsibility for the maintenance of http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic3200.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Endocrinology Hyperparathyroidism Last Updated: March 29, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone, PTH, plasma calcium, phosphaturia, primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, tertiary hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, FHH, hypercalcemia of malignancy, calciphylaxis, uremic gangrene syndrome AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 9 Author Information Introduction Anatomy And Embryology Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... Bibliography Author: Lawrence Kim, MD , Director of Surgical Endocrinology, Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas Hospital Coauthor(s): Fiemu Nwariaku, MBBS , Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Lawrence Kim, MD, is a member of the following medical societies:

30. Hyperparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism. 1' 2' brown tumor +++ ++ chondrocalcinosis +rare osteosclerosis rare +++ periostitis rare + see renal osteodystrophy http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/doc/00669.html

CHORUS Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology Musculoskeletal system Feedback Search hyperparathyroidism 1' 2' - - brown tumor +++ ++ chondrocalcinosis + rare osteosclerosis rare +++ periostitis rare + see: renal osteodystrophy Charles E. Kahn, Jr., MD - 2 February 1995 Last updated 14 March 2001 Medical College of Wisconsin

31. Hyperparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism. 1' 2' brown tumor +++ ++ chondrocalcinosis+ rare osteosclerosis rare +++ periostitis rare + http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/to-go/00669.html

hyperparathyroidism 1' 2' - - brown tumor +++ ++ chondrocalcinosis + rare osteosclerosis rare +++ periostitis rare + see: renal osteodystrophy Home Musculoskeletal system

32. Hyperparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism. hyperparathyroidism is the condition where an excessive amountof parathyroid hormone is produced resulting in low serum levels of calcium. http://www.ithyroid.com/hyperparathyroidism.htm

Hyperparathyroidism HYPERPARATHYROIDISM The parathyroid glands are located alongside the thyroid gland and produce parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium metabolism. Hyperparathyroidism is the condition where an excessive amount of parathyroid hormone is produced resulting in low serum levels of calcium. The following study indicates that hyperparathyroidism commonly coexists with hyperthyroidism (77% in this study), at least in cats. J Small Anim Pract 1996 Dec;37(12):575-82 t Study of calcium homeostasis in feline hyperthyroidism. Barber PJ, Elliott J Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London. Thirty cats with untreated hyperthyroidism were blood sampled and their calcium homeostatic mechanisms and renal function assessed. The results were compared with those obtained from 38 age-matched control cats. The hyperthyroid group of cats were found to have significantly lower blood ionised calcium and plasma creatinine concentrations and significantly higher plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone concentrations. Hyperparathyroidism occurred in 77 per cent of hyperthyroid cats, with parathyroid hormone concentrations reaching up to 19 times the upper limit of the normal range. The aetiology, significance and reversibility of hyperparathyroidism in feline hyperthyroidism remains to be established but could have important implications for both bone strength and renal function.

33. Parathyroid Over-Activity Is Called Hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid Disease Is Parathyroid disease made simple. hyperparathyroidism is parathyroid disease;caused by too much parathyroid hormone. hyperparathyroidism. http://www.parathyroid.com/parathyroid-disease.htm

Section 2. Parathyroid Disease: Hyper- Parathyroidism Parathyroids go bad in one way...they make too much parathyroid hormone. This page discusses what happens when you have too much parathyroid hormone and develop hyperparathyroidism. The only disease of parathyroid glands is overactivity...too much parathyroid hormone is produced. This is called hyperparathyroidism hyper-parathyroid-ism = condition of too much parathyroid hormone hyper = too much parathyroid = parathyroid hormone ism = a disease or condition = HYPERPARATHYROIDISM In patients with hyperparathyroidism, one or more of the parathyroid glands behaves inappropriately by making excess hormone regardless of the level of calcium. In other words, one of the parathyroid glands continues to make large amounts of parathyroid hormone even when the calcium level is normal or highwhen the parathyroids should not be making any hormone at all. Remember as you read about hyperparathyroidism on these pages, its a hormone problem, not a cancer problem. As you look at the picture below, you will see that one of the parathyroid glands has grown way too bigit is making too much hormonethus causing hyperparathyroidism.

34. BioSpace : CCIS : Search Results For Indication = 'Hyperparathyroidism' 16 Search Results for Indication = 'hyperparathyroidism'. Patients See ClinicalResearch Studies currently enrolling patients for hyperparathyroidism. http://www.biospace.com/ccis/search.cfm?RXTargetID=111

35. BioSpace News: Hyperparathyroidism above or subscribe. BioSpace News hyperparathyroidism. Bone CareInternational Inc. (BCII) And DRAXIS Health, Inc. (DRAX) Release http://www.biospace.com/ccis/news_rxtarget.cfm?RXTargetID=111

36. 1Up Health > Hyperparathyroidism > Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors Of Hyperp Comprehesive information on hyperparathyroidism . 1Up Health Diseases Conditions hyperparathyroidism Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors. http://www.1uphealth.com/health/hyperparathyroidism_info.html

1Up Health Hyperparathyroidism Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Hyperparathyroidism Information Hyperparathyroidism Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Definition : Excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands. Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Hyperparathyroidism can be caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands or in response to abnormally low calcium levels in the blood. The parathyroid glands are located at the front and base of the neck around the thyroid gland and produce parathyroid hormone . Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance within the blood and bone by maintaining a balance between the mineral levels in the blood and the bone. Excessive levels of parathyroid hormone disturbs this balance and results in increasing the blood calcium level by reabsorbing it from the bone and increasing absorption from the kidneys and intestines. The effects of abnormal calcium levels are seen in several body systems including the skeletal, gastrointestinal, renal , muscular, and central nervous system Related topics: Parathyroid related hypercalcemia Primary hyperparathyroidism Secondary hyperparathyroidism Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Previous Next Jump to Another Section of this Guide Definition Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors

37. 1Up Health > Primary Hyperparathyroidism > Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors O Comprehesive information on Primary hyperparathyroidism (Parathyroidrelated hypercalcemia). Primaryhyperparathyroidism Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors. http://www.1uphealth.com/health/primary_hyperparathyroidism_info.html

1Up Health Primary hyperparathyroidism Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Primary hyperparathyroidism Information Primary hyperparathyroidism Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Alternative names : Parathyroid-related hypercalcemia Definition : Primary hyperparathyroidism involves excessive production of parathyroid hormone caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands. Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors The parathyroid glands are located at the front and base of the neck at the 4 corners of the thyroid gland. The glands produce parathyroid hormone PTH ), which regulates calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. In primary hyperparathyroidism, increased secretion of parathyroid hormone occurs because one or more of the glands have become enlarged. The effects of increased calcium are seen in several body systems including the skeletal, gastrointestinal, renal (kidney), muscular, and central nervous system The disease is most common in people over 60, but can also be seen in younger adults. Women are more likely to be affected than men. Radiation to the head and neck increases risk. Hyperparathyroidism in childhood is distinctly unusual. Rarely, the disease is caused by parathyroid carcinoma.

38. Tutotial: Surgery For Hyperparathyroidism Any experienced endocrine surgeon should expect a 95 to 98% success ratein appropriately selected patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. http://hsc.virginia.edu/surgery/tutorialhypsurgery.html

Surgical Tutorial Surgical Approach for Hyperparathyroidism Endocrine Service: Surgery Tutorials: Adrenal Mass Hypercalcemia (High Calcium Levels) and Parathyroid Disease Neck (Thyroid) Mass ... Surgical Approach to the Adrenal Surgical Approach for Hyperparathyroidism Surgical Approach for Thyroid Mass Another recognized complication of parathyroid surgery is the possibility of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage. In experienced hands this should be much less than 1.0%; however the recurrent laryngeal nerves run immediately adjacent to the parathyroids and injury has been known to occur. If one or both nerves are damaged significant hoarseness can result. This is an especially important consideration in patients undergoing a second or reoperative neck exploration for parathyroid disease. At the University of Virginia, Dr. Hanks' experience in parathyroid surgery includes 70-75 such operations per year. webmasterva@lycos.com Department of Surgery PO Box 800709 Charlottesville , Virginia 22908-0709 FAX: (434)-982-1024 Last Modified:Wednesday, October 09 2002

39. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism In Renal Failure Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Assesing the role of hypocalcemia in the developmentof hyperparathyroidism, oral calcium supplements were given to uremic dogs. http://hsc.virginia.edu/medicine/clinical/internal/conf/chiefs/hpth.htm

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Renal Failure Scott Robertson, MD January 23, 1997 Introduction Sir Richard Owen first described the parathyroid glands during an autopsy of an Indian rhinoceros in 1852. It took until 1879, however, for a Swedish medical student to discover the glands in a human. Subsequently, Gley reported tetany after total thyroidectomy with parathyroidectomy and Vassale and Generali reported the same phenomenon after total parathyroidectomy alone. Calcium was found to reverse this post-operative syndrome. In 1891, von Recklinghausen reported a new bone disease he termed "osteitis fibrosa cystica", later described in 1904 by Askanazy in a patient with a parathyroid tumor. The tumors were felt to be a response to the bone disease until 1925 when Mandl removed a 21 x 15 x 12 mm parathyroid gland from an Austrian tramcar conductor with von Recklinghausen's disease with resultant regression of the osteodystrophy. The association of renal failure and hyperparathyroidsm was first reported in 1934 by Albright. Nearly all patients with renal failure would develop some degree of parathyroid hyperplasia. By 1973, Bricker proposed the "trade off" hypothesis which espoused progressive phosphorous retention in renal failure resulting in increases in PTH with normalization of calcium and phosphorous in serum at the expense of higher circulating levels of PTH. Recent advances in the study of the relationships of Vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorous have refined this theory. The improved understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease has brought about more rational and effective treatment regimens.

40. Postpartum Thyroiditis hyperparathyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism. Management SurgeryIndications in Primary hyperparathyroidism Serum Calcium 12; http://www.fpnotebook.com/END107.htm

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