21. Hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism is a rare disorder associated with insufficient production ofparathyroid hormone, the inability to make a usable form of parathyroid hormone http://www.healthandage.com/html/res/com/ConsConditions/Hypoparathyroidismcc.htm

Table of Contents Conditions Hypoparathyroidism Also Listed As: Signs and Symptoms What Causes It? Who's Most At Risk? What to Expect at Your Provider's Office ... Supporting Research There are four parathyroid glands, located near each of the two lobes of the thyroid gland. The parathyroids produce parathyroid hormones that regulate blood levels of calcium necessary for strong bones and teeth, nerve function, and blood clotting. Hypoparathyroidism is a rare disorder associated with insufficient production of parathyroid hormone, the inability to make a usable form of parathyroid hormone, or the inability of kidneys and bones to respond to parathyroid hormone production. A deficiency of parathyroid hormone lowers blood calcium levels and raises phosphate levels. Hypoparathyroidism either may be inherited or acquired; the acquired form usually results from parathyroid surgery or an underlying disorder, such as cancer or neck trauma. Signs and Symptoms Hypoparathyroidism is often accompanied by the following signs and symptoms: Muscle spasm or cramping, typically in hands or feet

22. Article - Hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism. Jackie Floyd, RN, BS, ONC. hypoparathyroidism is thestate of decreased secretion or activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH). http://www.pens.org/articles/floyd-j.htm

Hypoparathyroidism Jackie Floyd, RN, BS, ONC Parathyroid glands are small glands of the endocrine system, which are located behind the thyroid. The sole purpose of the parathyroid glands is to regulate the calcium level in our bodies within a very narrow range so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly (Perheentupa, 1996). Hypoparathyroidism is the state of decreased secretion or activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This leads to decreased blood levels of calcium (hypocalcemia) and increased levels of blood phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia). Symptoms range from quite mild (tingling in the hands, fingers, and around the mouth) to more severe forms of muscle cramps leading all the way to tetany (severe muscle cramping of the entire body), and convulsions (this is very rare)(Muir, 1998). Parathyroid gland insufficiency is quite rare, but can occur in different ways. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is the loss of the active parathyroid tissue following thyroid or parathyroid surgery. More rare is a defect present at birth (congenital) where a person is born without parathyroid glands. Occasionally, the specific cause of hypoparathyroidism cannot be determined. There are three categories of hypoparathyroidism, (1) deficient parathyroid hormone secretion, (2) inability to make an active form of PTH, and (3) inability of the kidneys and bone to respond to PTH (Muir, 1998). Deficient parathyroid hormone secretion can be from post surgical causes or idiopathic. Idiopathic is further divided into congenital or acquired. Congenital hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the person is born without parathyroid tissue. They usually have no family history of the disease. The inherited forms tend to arise from abnormal genes that either: 1) encodes abnormal forms of PTH or its receptor, 2) prevent normal conduction of cell signals from the PTH receptor to the nucleus, or 3) prevent normal gland development before birth. The acquired form of the disease typically arises because the immune system had developed antibodies against the parathyroid tissues in an attempt to reject it as a foreign body. Responding to this the parathyroid stops making PTH (Muir, 1998).

23. 1Up Health > Hypoparathyroidism > Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors Of Hypopar Comprehesive information on hypoparathyroidism . 1Up Health Diseases Conditions hypoparathyroidism Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors. http://www.1uphealth.com/health/hypoparathyroidism_info.html

1Up Health Hypoparathyroidism Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Hypoparathyroidism Information Hypoparathyroidism Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Definition : a deficiency of parathyroid hormone that causes abnormal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Calcium and phosphorus are important body minerals. They form the mineral component of bones, and they exist as charged particles called ions in the blood and inside cells. A hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in bone and blood. Four small glands called parathyroid glands make PTH. The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland in the neck. Hypoparathyroidism is the clinical condition caused by a lack of parathyroid hormone. Calcium levels in the blood fall, and phosphorus levels rise. Low blood calcium levels may cause symptoms such as tingling of the lips, fingers and toes, and muscle cramps, or spasms. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands during head and neck surgery.

24. 1Up Health > Hypoparathyroidism Information Comprehesive information on hypoparathyroidism . Covers Search 1Up Health. Diseases Conditions . hypoparathyroidism Information. http://www.1uphealth.com/health/hypoparathyroidism.html

1Up Health Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials Health News ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Hypoparathyroidism Information Guide Definition : a deficiency of parathyroid hormone that causes abnormal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Jump to a Section of this Guide Definition Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Symptoms Prevention ... Calling your Health Care Provider Related Tools and Utilities Search Books on Amazon: Read Articles on eLibrary: Health Products on drugstore.com: Addison's disease Arrhythmias Cataract Parkinson's disease ... More More Topics Abdominal pain Acute Breathing difficulty Calcification ... More Search 1Up Health A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is the first of its kind, requiring compliance with 53 standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audit. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial reviewers . A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics (www.hiethics.com) and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch). Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory

25. InteliHealth: Hypoparathyroidism referenced in an AZ format. hypoparathyroidism. Health A to Z, Reviewedby the Faculty of Harvard Medical School hypoparathyroidism http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/11137.html

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26. Online Health Analysis: Conditions: Hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism, Signs, symptoms neck. hypoparathyroidism is the clinicalcondition caused by a lack of parathyroid hormone. Calcium http://www.digitalnaturopath.com/cond/C650793.html

Hypoparathyroidism Last updated: Jan 28, 2003 THE ANALYST TM Home FAQ Start The Analyst Hypoparathyroidism Signs, symptoms and indicators Conditions that suggest it Contributing risk factors It can lead to... ... Recommendations A hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in bone and blood. Four small glands called parathyroid glands make PTH. The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland in the neck. Hypoparathyroidism is the clinical condition caused by a lack of parathyroid hormone Calcium levels in the blood fall, and phosphorus levels rise. Low blood calcium levels may cause muscle cramping and tetany , and pain in face, legs or feet, among other symptoms. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands during head and neck surgery. Rarely, hypoparathyroidism is a side effect of radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism . PTH secretion may be impaired when blood levels of the element magnesium are low or when blood pH is too high, a condition called

27. Hyperparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism, Causes Hereditary Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism; DiGeorgeSyndrome. Acquired Thyroidectomy with operative parathyroid removal; http://www.fpnotebook.com/END108.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Endocrinology Parathyroid Disease Assorted Pages Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type II ... Parathyroid Hormone Hyperparathyroidism Primary Hyperparathyroidism Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dental Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Endocrinology Index Adrenal Disease General Cardiovascular Medicine Diabetes Mellitus Examination Ophthalmology Geriatric Medicine Growth Hematology and Oncology Hypoglycemia Laboratory Metabolism Neonatology Obesity Obstetrics Parathyroid Disease Pediatrics Pharmacology Pituitary Disease Prevention Radiology Nephrology Sex Sports Medicine Surgery Symptom Evaluation Thyroid Disease Page Parathyroid Disease Index Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroid MEN I MEN II Pathophysiology Produce excessive Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Results in disorder of bone metabolism Epidemiology Ages 40-70 years Etiology Parathyroid Adenoma (82%) Gland Hyperplasia (15%) Parathyroid Malignancy (3%) Familial Hyperparathyroidism Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I MEN I Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I MEN II Other Parathyroid related causes

28. Hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism. Definition a deficiency neck. hypoparathyroidism is theclinical condition caused by a lack of parathyroid hormone. Calcium http://www.pennhealth.com/ency/article/000385.htm

Disease Injury Nutrition Poison ... Prevention Hypoparathyroidism Definition: a deficiency of parathyroid hormone that causes abnormal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Calcium and phosphorus are important body minerals. They form the mineral component of bones, and they exist as charged particles called ions in the blood and inside cells. A hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in bone and blood. Four small glands called parathyroid glands make PTH. The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland in the neck. Hypoparathyroidism is the clinical condition caused by a lack of parathyroid hormone. Calcium levels in the blood fall, and phosphorus levels rise. Low blood calcium levels may cause symptoms such as tingling of the lips, fingers and toes, and muscle cramps, or spasms. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands during head and neck surgery. Rarely, hypoparathyroidism is a side effect of radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. PTH secretion may be impaired when blood levels of the element magnesium are low or when blood pH is too high, a condition called metabolic alkalosis. DiGeorge syndrome is a childhood disease in which hypoparathyroidism occurs due to congenital absence of the parathyroid glands. Familial hypoparathyroidism occurs with other endocrine diseases such as adrenal insufficiency in a syndrome called Type I polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGA I).

29. Hypoparathyroidism - Endocrinology Health Guide hypoparathyroidism. What is hypoparathyroidism? hypoparathyroidism is causedby underactive parathyroid glands. What are symptoms of hypoparathyroidism? http://www.umm.edu/endocrin/hypopar.htm

Endocrinology Health Guide... Pituitary Gland Disorders... Pancreas... Adrenal Glands... ... Glossary Related Resources Within UMM Endocrinology Joslin Diabetes Center School of Medicine Endocrinology Site Endocrinology Health Guide Hypoparathyroidism What is hypoparathyroidism? Hypoparathyroidism is caused by underactive parathyroid glands. Underactive parathyroid glands produce too little parathyroid hormones, which in turn causes low levels of calcium in the blood stream. The low levels of calcium lead to tetany, an increased excitability of the nerves. Causes of parathyroidism include accidental removal of a parathyroid gland when the thyroid is removed, or when part of the parathyroid tissue is removed. Other causes include absent parathyroid glands from birth, or the sudden loss of function due to unknown causes. What are symptoms of hypoparathyroidism? The following are the most common symptoms of hypoparathyroidism. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: uncontrollable, painful spasms of the face, hands, arms, and feet

30. Nutritional Secondary Hypoparathyroidism nutritional secondary hypoparathyroidism. Click Here. Nutritional Secondaryhypoparathyroidism is a disturbance in mineral homeostasis http://www.webref.org/sociology/n/nutritional_secondary_hypoparath.htm

nutritional secondary hypoparathyroidism Click here for Great Cell Phone Plans from T-Mobile with $50 Cash Back! Nutritional Secondary Hypoparathyroidism is a disturbance in mineral homeostasis induced by nutritional imbalances, particularly low calcium, high phosphorus and inadequate amounts of vitamin D, and increased secretions of parathyroid hormone. Questia - The Online Library Back National Institute of Standards and Technology natural decrease natural increase ... nutrition nutritional secondary hypoparathyroidism WebRef.org Index About Us Add New Term ... Tabularium™ WebRef™ Search WWW Search webref.org Digital River: Get amazing deals on great software! Iverson Software Co., 506 Genesis Ave., Marshall MN 56258-3110 Email WebMaster PRIVACY POLICY This site hosted by EASY CGI Web Hosting

31. Hypoparathyroidism MAIN SEARCH INDEX hypoparathyroidism. hypoparathyroidism affects bothmales and females of all ages. Causes and symptoms. The accidental http://www.hendrickhealth.org/healthy/000720.htm

MAIN SEARCH INDEX Hypoparathyroidism Definition Description Causes and symptoms Diagnosis ... Resources Definition Hypoparathyroidism is the result of a decrease in production of parathyroid hormones by the parathyroid glands located behind the thyroid glands in the neck. The result is a low level of calcium in the blood. Description Parathyroid glands consist of four pea-shaped glands located on the back and side of the thyroid gland. The gland produces parathyroid hormone which, along with vitamin D and calcitonin, are important for the regulation of the calcium level in the body. Hypoparathyroidism affects both males and females of all ages. Causes and symptoms The accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during neck surgery is the most frequent cause of hypoparathyroidism. Complications of surgery on the parathyroid glands is another common cause of this disorder. There is the possibility of autoimmune genetic disorders causing hypoparathyroidism such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis pernicious anemia , and Addison's disease . The destruction of the gland by radiation is a rare cause of hypoparathyroidism. Occasionally, the parathyroids are absent at birth causing low calcium levels and possible convulsions in the newborn. Symptoms in the advanced and continuous stages of hypoparathyroidism include splitting of the nails, inadequate tooth development and

32. Health Ency.: Disease: Hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism. the neck. hypoparathyroidism is the clinical conditioncaused by a lack of parathyroid hormone. Calcium levels http://www.austin360.com/shared/health/adam/ency/article/000385.html

SEARCH: The Web Yellow Pages HOME Illustrated Health Encyclopedia Important notice Ency. home Disease H Hypoparathyroidism Overview Symptoms Treatment Prevention Definition: a deficiency of parathyroid hormone that causes abnormal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Causes and Risks Calcium and phosphorus are important body minerals. They form the mineral component of bones, and they exist as charged particles called ions in the blood and inside cells. A hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in bone and blood. Four small glands called parathyroid glands make PTH. The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland in the neck. Hypoparathyroidism is the clinical condition caused by a lack of parathyroid hormone. Calcium levels in the blood fall, and phosphorus levels rise. Low blood calcium levels may cause symptoms such as tingling of the lips, fingers and toes, and muscle cramps, or spasms. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands during head and neck surgery. Rarely, hypoparathyroidism is a side effect of radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. PTH secretion may be impaired when blood levels of the element magnesium are low or when blood pH is too high, a condition called metabolic alkalosis.

33. Hypoparanet - Italian Study Group On Primary Hypoparathyroidism HYPOPARANET Italian Study Group on Primary hypoparathyroidism. Coordinator Prof. Understandingthe Causes of hypoparathyroidism (in italian only). Aims. http://www.dfc.unifi.it/ipopara/default.htm

HYPOPARANET Italian Study Group on Primary Hypoparathyroidism Coordinator: Prof. Maria Luisa Brandi General Information (in italian only) Understanding the Causes of Hypoparathyroidism (in italian only) Aims How to enter the Hypoparanet Genetic tests can be performed on request How to signal a new case of primary hypoparathyroidism (in italian only) Last update:February 26, 2002

34. How To Enter The Hypoparanet - Hypoparathyroidism How to enter the Hypoparanet. Please contact Maria Luisa Brandi, MD, PhD Departmentof Internal Medicine Viale Pieraccini, 6 50139 Florence Italy Tel. http://www.dfc.unifi.it/ipopara/contact.htm

How to enter the Hypoparanet Please contact: Maria Luisa Brandi, MD, PhD Department of Internal Medicine Viale Pieraccini, 6 50139 Florence Italy Tel. +39+55 4296586 Fax. +39+55 2337867 e-mail: m.brandi@dmi.unifi.it Home page

35. Hypoparathyroidism - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital hypoparathyroidism What is hypoparathyroidism? hypoparathyroidism is causedby underactive parathyroid glands. What causes hypoparathyroidism? http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/diabetes/hptsm.html

Diabetes Clinic Endocrinology Endocrinologists Diabetes and Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Hypoparathyroidism What is hypoparathyroidism? Hypoparathyroidism is caused by underactive parathyroid glands. Underactive parathyroid glands produce too little parathyroid hormones, which, in turn, causes low levels of calcium in the blood stream. The low levels of calcium lead to tetany, an increased excitability of the nerves. What causes hypoparathyroidism? Causes of hypoparathyroidism include accidental removal of a parathyroid gland when the thyroid is removed, or when part of the parathyroid tissue is removed during surgery. Other causes include absent parathyroid glands from birth or the sudden stop of functioning due to unknown reasons (idiopathic). It is often associated with cardiac defects, such as DiGeorge. What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism? The following are the most common symptoms of hypoparathyroidism. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: uncontrollable, painful spasms of the face, hands, arms, and feet

36. Children's Health At Doernbecher - Child Health A-Z hypoparathyroidism, RELATED SERVICES. ·, Endocrinology and Diabetes. What is hypoparathyroidism?hypoparathyroidism is caused by underactive parathyroid glands. http://www.ohsuhealth.com/dch/health/diabetes/hypoparathyroidism.asp

Diabetes and Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Index Anatomy of the Endocrine System Growth in Children Diabetes ... Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism DiGeorge Syndrome Disorders Affecting the Adrenal Glands Glossary Online Resources You have selected the following Health topic: - Adolescent Medicine - Burns - Cardiovascular Disorders - Care of the Terminally Ill Child - Children Having Surgery - Common Childhood Injuries and Poisoning - Craniofacial Anomalies - Dermatology - Diabetes - Eye Care - Genetics - Growth and Development - High-Risk Newborn - High-Risk Pregnancy - Immunizations - Infectious Diseases - Mental Health - Neurological Disorders - Normal Newborn - Oncology - Orthopaedics - The Pediatrician - Pregnancy and Childbirth - Respiratory Disorders - Transplantations - Well-Care Visits Hypoparathyroidism RELATED SERVICES Endocrinology and Diabetes What is hypoparathyroidism? Hypoparathyroidism is caused by underactive parathyroid glands. Underactive parathyroid glands produce too little parathyroid hormones, which, in turn, causes low levels of calcium in the blood stream. The low levels of calcium lead to tetany, an increased excitability of the nerves. What causes hypoparathyroidism?

37. Hypoparathyroidism From Pediatrics / Endocrinology hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism is an inherited or acquired deficiencyof the parathyroid hormone (PTH) or its action. Transient hypoparathyroidism http://author.emedicine.com/ped/topic1125.htm

eMedicine Journal Pediatrics Endocrinology Hypoparathyroidism Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: hypocalcemia, pseudohypoparathyroidism, polyglandular autoimmune endocrinopathy, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Authored by Paul S Thornton, MB, BCh , Clinical Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Coauthored by Andrea Kelly, MD , Fellow, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Edited by Thomas A Wilson, MD , Director of Pediatric Endocrinology, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Stony Brook; Mary L Windle, PharmD , Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD , Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Arkansas and Arkansas Children's Hospital; Merrily Poth, MD

38. The Family Village / Library / Hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism. hypoparathyroidism Newsletter's mission is to act as a supportgroup via the newsletter and to provide information on the disorder. http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/lib_hpt.htm

Hypoparathyroidism Who to Contact Where to Go to Chat with Others Learn More About It Web Sites Who to Contact Hypoparathyroidism Newsletter 2835 Salmon Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA 83406 Fax: (208) 524-2619 E-mail: hpthnews@cyberhighway.net Website: http://fp1.cyberhighway.net/~hpthnews/ Hypoparathyroidism Newsletter's mission is to act as a support group via the newsletter and to provide information on the disorder. Essentially the newsletter serves to let others know they are not alone. They will provide assistance to individuals who wish to start a support group in their locality. Their newsletter, Hypoparathryoidism Newsletter , is published every three months, at no cost to members. They provide a new parent packet in the form of issues of the newsletter. The Newsletter collects information on physicians and researchers who treat/study the condition and disseminate this information through the newsletter. They will provide referrals to other resources. Where to Go to Chat with Others We are unaware of any discussion forums specifically for this diagnosis. However, there are several forums that may be of interest to parents of children with disabilities or special health care needs regardless of diagnosis. See

39. Endotext.com - Diseases Of Bone And Calcium Metabolism, Hypoparathyroidism And P hypoparathyroidism AND PSEUDOhypoparathyroidism Chapter 9 David EC Coleand Geoffrey N. Hendy February 1, 2002, PRIMARY hypoparathyroidism. http://www.endotext.org/parathyroid/parathyroid9/parathyroid9.htm

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM Chapter 9 - David E.C. Cole and Geoffrey N. Hendy February 1, 2002 Contents Contributors Search PRIMARY HYPOPARATHYROIDISM Primary hypoparathyroidism is caused by a group of heterogeneous conditions in which hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia occur as a result of deficient parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. This most commonly results from surgical excision of, or damage to, the parathyroid glands. However, genetic forms of hypoparathyroidism due to decreased secretion of PTH are known (Table 1). Table 1. Forms of hypoparathyroidism having a genetic basis 1. Isolated 1.1. Autosomal dominant 1.1.1. PreproPTH signal peptide mutation 1.1.2. CASR activating mutation 1.2. Autosomal recessive 1.2.1. PreproPTH RNA splice-site mutation 1.2.2. Gcm-2 mutation

40. NDI Terminology - Hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism. DEFINITION The condition produced by greatlyreduced function of the parathyroids possibly due to autoimmune http://www.ndif.org/Terms/hypoparathyroidism.html

hypoparathyroidism DEFINITION: The condition produced by greatly reduced function of the parathyroids possibly due to autoimmune disease or genetic factors , or by the removal of those bodies. The lack of parathyroid hormone leads to a fall in plasma calcium levelwhich may result in increased neuromuscular excitability and, ultimately, tetany followed by a rise in plasma phosphate level. Bone turnover is reduced; there may also be dermatologic ophthalmologic cataracts psychiatric , and dental symptoms , and associated primary failure of other endocrine glands , e.g., the adrenal cortex The definitions used in this glossary of terminology either have been provided by the authors of the articles, or have been extracted wholly or in part, or paraphrased from the following sources: The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine , Charles B. Clayman, MD, Medical Editor, Random House, New York, 1989; Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , 28th Edition, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1994; The Random House Dictionary of the English Language , Unabridged Edition, 1966;

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