41. Home Organizations Medical Library Legal Gallery Registry Dysosteosclerosis; Dyssegmental dwarfism; Dyssegmental Dysplasia, SilvermanHandmakerType; DDSH; Finger Locking, Recurrent, With intrauterine Growth Retardation http://www.dwarfism.org/medical/types.php

Webmasters: Types of Dwarfism There are currently 521 verified types of dwarfism listed. This list is a work in progress, changes may be applied as needed. Aarskog Syndrome Abidi X-Linked Mental Retardation Syndrome Achondrogenesis, Type IA; ACG1A Achondrogenesis, Type IB; ACG1B ... Zinc Finger Transcription Factor TRPS1; TRPS1 List compiled from the Human Genome Database

42. OBGYN.net Ultrasound Section - May Case Study states that there is a group of microcephalic dwarfism variants which The primarydiagnostic features are; severe intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly http://www.obgyn.net/us/cotm/9805/cotm9805.htm

OBGYN.net Ultrasound: Case of the Month May 1998 Seckel Syndrome: A Case Study of Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis by Victoria Alderman, MA, RDMS OBGYN.net Ultrasound Advisory Board Member Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX Seckel Syndrome is a rare (<1:10,000) constellation of malformations, presumably inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. The primary characteristic features of Seckel Syndrome (SS) include; severe intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly, orofacial dysmorphology with characteristic "bird-headed" appearance, and mental retardation. Case Report The patient is a 43 year old gravida 5, para 3, with a history of a child diagnosed with SS . The effected child died at the age of three years secondary to respiratory complications sustained under general anesthesia during a minor surgical procedure. The patient presented for ultrasound evaluation and genetic amniocentesis at 15.0 weeks gestation by menstrual history. Ultrasound demonstrated a normal appearing female fetus. Fetal biometry was consistent with 15.0 weeks gestation, with all parameters equal to the mean for gestational age. Menstrual dates were therefore confirmed as accurate. Genetic amniocentesis was performed without complications. In light of the patient's history of an SS effected child, repeat ultrasound evaluation were recommended to monitor fetal growth. Chromosomal analysis showed a normal 46,XX karyotype. Subsequent ultrasound examinations are summarized below.

43. References in intrauterine growth retarded fetuses. Program, Soc Gynecologic Investig, Abstr034, page 103. Laron Z et al (1972) The syndrome of familial dwarfism and http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/UID03E/uid03e0b.htm

Contents Previous Next References Adamson ED (1993): Activities of growth factors in pre-implantation embryos. J. Cell Biochem Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) Baker H et al (1975): Vitamin profile of 174 mothers and new born at parturition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr Basset NS et al (1990): The effect of maternal starvation on plasma insulin-like growth factor I concentration in the late gestation ovine fetus. Pediatr. Res An introduction to Fetal Physiology . Orlando Academic Press. Am. J. Clin. Nutr Am. J. Obstet Gynecol Lancet J. Obstet. Gynaecol Br. Commonw Borle AB (1981): Control, modulation and regulation of cell calcium. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol J. Am. Diet. Assoc Bulmer M (1970): The Biology of Twinning in Man . Oxford University Press: Oxford. Butherworth RF et al (1991): Thiamine deficiency and Wernicke's Encephalopaty in AIDS. Metab. Brain Dis. Perinatal Mortality . Livingstone: Edinburg. Am. J. Clin. Nutr Malnutrition and the infant brain . Wiley-Liss Inc: New York, pp 207-224. . 1st ed. Stockton Press: New York. J. Nutr. Biochem

44. References P, Attree O Novelli G (1989) Laron dwarfism and mutation of sera Ontogeny duringgestation and differences in newborns with intrauterine growth retardation http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/UID06E/uid06e0z.htm

Contents Previous Next References N. Engl. J. Med. Endocrinology Cytgenet. Cell Genet. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Genes Dev. Baxter RC (1992): Insulin like growth factor binding: Regulators of IGF-I actions. Ninth International Congress of Endocrinology (abstract). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. J. Endocrinol. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA Acta Paediatr. Scand Bourguinon JP (1988): Linear growth as a function of age at onset of puberty and sex steroid dosage. Therapeutical implications. Endocr. Rev. Acta Paediatr. Scand, (Suppl.), Mol. Endocrinol. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. Handbook of physiology, J. Endocrinol. Endocrinology Modern concepts of insulin-like growth factors, ed. EM Spencer, pp. 395-408. New York: Elsevier. Endocr. Rev. A.J.D.C EMBO J. Acta Physiol. Scand (Suppl.) Endocrinology Mol. Endocrinol. Science J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Endocrinology Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA Differentiation Guyda H (1991): Concepts of IGF-I physiology. In Modem concepts of insulin-like growth factors, ed. EM Spencer, pp. 99-109. New York: Elsevier. Endocrinology J. Dev. Physiol.

45. Welcome To GulfMD.com - The World Of Health, Progress And Hope What is intrauterine Growth Retardation ( IUGR Disproportionate short stature, commonlyreferred to as dwarfism, can manifest itself as shortlimbed dwarfism or http://www.gulfmd.com/endocranology - diabetes/growth_disorders.asp

gulf MD Home Contact Us ... Advertise gulfMD Today Special Offers Home Discussion Forum Doctors Article ... Hospital Partner Program Search Your... Doctors in UAE Hospitals in UAE Clinics in UAE General Medic.. A - Z Disease List Emergency Numbers First Aid Hospitals/Associations Hospitals in Middle East Hospitals in USA World Wide Hospitals Medical Associations ... Other Health Links Your Health Child Care Men's Health Women's Health Food and Fitness ... Health Issues Alternative Medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Quick Vote Is Online Classifieds Advt a good Sales strategy? Yes NO I Don't Know View Results Free Newsletter Newsletter Subscription: About gulfMD Our profile Contact Us Growth Disorders What Are Growth Disorders? What is Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Deficiency? What is Cushing's Syndrome (Cortisol, Stress, Hormone Excess)? What is Hypothyroidism? ... Bone Disorders What Are Growth Disorders? There are many causes of growth failure in children. Some are constitutional, some are genetic, and some are the result of hormonal disorders. In some cases the growth disorder may be recognized at birth; in others, a parent may be concerned that the child is the shortest in the class, still wearing the same size clothing as last year, and growing less than two inches a year. In these cases, a thorough medical evaluation by a pediatric endocrinologist (or other growth specialist) is necessary to determine if there is a growth disorder affecting the child's development. Back To Top What is Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Deficiency?

46. Silver-Russells Syndrom - Små Och Mindre Kända Handikappgrupper Russell A. A syndrome of intrauterine dwarfism recognizable at birth with craniofacialdysostosis, disproportionately short arms and other anomalities. http://www.sos.se/smkh/2001-29-128/2001-29-128.HTM

Socialstyrelsen 106 30 Stockholm e-post Socialstyrelsen klassificerar sin utgivning i olika dokumenttyper Silver-Russells syndrom Russell-Silvers syndrom Sjukdom/skada/diagnos Orsak till sjukdomen/skadan Symtom Diagnostik ... Databasreferenser Dokumentdatum: 2001-01-25 HTML-version 1.0 Socialstyrelsen Detta är ett utdrag ur Socialstyrelsens kunskapsdatabas om små och mindre kända handikappgrupper. Med små och mindre kända handikappgrupper avses ovanliga sjukdomar/skador som leder till omfattande funktionshinder och som finns hos högst 100 personer per miljon invånare. Syftet med databasen är att ge aktuell information om små och mindre kända handikappgrupper och om det stöd och den service som dessa grupper behöver. För ytterligare information om aktuell diagnos hänvisas till informationsmaterial, litteratur och databaser som anges under resp diagnos. Sjukdom/skada/diagnos Orsak till sjukdomen/skadan Symtom Diagnostik Dessutom styrks diagnosen ytterligare om barnet har: 5. Krokiga lillfingrar. Praktiska tips Resurspersoner kerstin.albertsson-wikland@pediat.gu.se

47. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 19, Ch. 261, Congenital Anomalies Bony deformities and dwarfism are present in patients who survive infancy, but orlongitudinal limb deficiencies due to primary intrauterine growth inhibition http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section19/chapter261/261g.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 19. Pediatrics Chapter 261. Congenital Anomalies Topics [General] Congenital Heart Disease Pulmonary Vascular Disease Heart Failure ... Chromosomal Abnormalities Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Some important and common disorders of the newborn's musculoskeletal system are discussed below. CRANIOFACIAL ABNORMALITIES Various craniofacial abnormalities arise from maldevelopment of the 1st and 2nd visceral arches, which form the facial bones and ears during the 2nd mo of gestation. These malformations include cleft lip and cleft palate; Treacher Collins' (mandibulofacial dysostosis), Goldenhar's (oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia), Pierre Robin, and Waardenburg syndromes; hypertelorism; and external and middle ear deformities. The most common syndromes are described in Table 261-3. Most infants with craniofacial abnormalities have normal intelligence and development. Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common 1st arch defects, occurring once in 700 to 800 births. Among the postulated causes are the use of benzodiazepines during early pregnancy. The cleft may vary from involvement of the soft palate only, to a complete cleft of the soft and hard palates, the alveolar process of the maxilla, and the lip. The mildest form is a bifid uvula.

48. LebanonHealth Conditions / Diseases P Pregnancy). Pregnancy Complications intrauterine Growth (intrauterineGrowth Restriction). Problems). Pseudoachondraplasia (see dwarfism). http://www.lebanonhealth.com/condi/P.htm

P Paget's Disease of the Bone (Osteitis Deformans) Pain, Back (See Back Problems Pain, Breast (See Breast Problems Pain, Chronic Pain, Menstrual (Dysmenorrhea, See Menstrual Problems Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic Problems (Pancreatitis) Pancreatitis (See Pancreatic Problems Panic Attack Papilloma, Breast (See Breast Problems Paranoid Personality Disorder (See Personality Disorders Parkinson’s Disease Partial Seizures (see Seizures Patent Ductus Arteriosus (see Congenital Heart Defects Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Penile Cancer Penile Yeast Infection (Balanitis, See Yeast Infections Peptic Ulcers (Stomach and Duodenal) Pericarditis Periodontal Disease (See Gum Problems Peripheral Neuropathy Pernicious Anemia (Vitamin B -Deficiency Anemia, See Anemia Personality Disorders (Anti-Social, Avoidant, Borderline, Dependent, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Obsessive-Compulsive, Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Phenylketonuria (PKU) Phlebitis Phobias ... Pinched Nerve Pinkeye (Bacterial Conjunctivitis, See Conjunctivitis PKU (Phenylketonuria) Placenta Previa Plantar Fasciitis ... Poison Ivy, Poison Oak and Poison Sumac

49. Loads Of Medical Links for growth related diseases dwarfism and skeletal dysplasia's, that works with MedicalSpecialists, information on dwarfism, Support. intrauterine Infections. http://www.angelfire.com/or2/ashlysworldofwonders/medicallinks.htm

Loads of Medical Links Here you will find a large variety of medical resources for parenting your Special Needs children. You will find Links to dwarfism, diabetes, cancer rare disorders, metabolic diseases, gene replacement therapy, genetics musculoskeletal diseases, and more OBTAINING HEALTHCARE Social Security Online Did you know if you have a child with certain disabilities or conditions that's expected to last at minimum of a year you may be eligible for money benefits and if you qualify for even $1.00 your child receives State medical insurance To see a list of qualifying impairments and requirements Listing of Impairments Medical Guidelines Tricare, Military Health System Military health insurance for dependants further than 50 miles from a military hospital or clinic Federal Office of Child Support Enforcement Do you need help in getting your child support or asking the other parent to provide insurance NetLizard's Legal Research Center Search engine for Fa mily law and medical law State Children's Health Insurance Program Federal chip program allows families that don't qualify under poverty guidelines, to make more

50. Heredity FRCC 1. 2. 3. intrauterine. 4. Multifactorial inheritance. Breasts and or ovaries.dwarfism. Other congenital abnormalities. 2. Triple x. . . Infertility. http://www.angelfire.com/va/mikesimone/page17.html

51. NSW Health - ICD-9-CM 240-279 259.4 dwarfism, not elsewhere classified dwarfism NOS constitutional Excludesdwarfism achondroplastic (756.4) intrauterine (759.7) nutritional (263.2 http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/public-health/icd/240-279.htm

3. ENDOCRINE, NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC DISEASES, AND IMMUNITY DISORDERS (240-279) Excludes : endocrine and metabolic disturbances specific to the fetus and newborn (775.0-775.9) Note : All neoplasms, whether functionally active or not, are classified in Chapter 2. Codes in Chapter 3 (i.e., 242.8, 246.0, 251-253, 255-259) may be used to identify such functional activity associated with any neoplasm, or by ectopic endocrine tissue. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND (240-246) 240 Simple and unspecified goiter Goiter, specified as simple Any condition classifiable to 240.9, specified as simple Goiter, unspecified Enlargement of thyroid Goiter or struma: NOS diffuse colloid endemic hyperplastic nontoxic (diffuse) parenchymatous sporadic Excludes : congenital (dyshormonogenic) goiter (246.1) 241 Nontoxic nodular goiter Excludes : adenoma of thyroid (226) cystadenoma of thyroid (226) Nontoxic uninodular goiter Thyroid nodule Uninodular goiter (nontoxic) Nontoxic multinodular goiter Multinodular goiter (nontoxic) Unspecified nontoxic nodular goiter Adenomatous goiter Nodular goiter (nontoxic) NOS Struma nodosa (simplex) 242 Thyrotoxicosis with or without goiter Excludes : neonatal thyrotoxicosis (775.3) The following fifth-digit subclassification is for use with category 242:

52. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY-Objectives – 2001-2002 congenital adrenal hyperplasia. thanatophoric dwarfism. cystic fibrosis. abruptioplacentae. intrauterine growth restriction. transient hypertension of pregnancy. http://www.unr.edu/med/dept/OBGYN/syllabus/OBGYNobjectives.html

Return to the Table of Contents OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY-Objectives – 2002-2003 Each objective consists of three parts: terms and definitions, clinical conditions- diagnosis and treatment, and operations and procedures. The topics may be learned in any order. It is suggested that the objectives for each topic be reviewed prior to the reading assignment. Subsequently they should be reviewed and knowledge of each of the items confirmed. These objectives are condensed from the latest edition of Medical Student Educational Objectives published by the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics. I. ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING Definitions and Terms adenomyosis anovulation carcinoma of the endometrium submucous myoma menorrhagia metrorrhagia hypermenorrhea polymenorrhea Clinical Conditions- Diagnosis and Treatment hematologic disorders complications of pregnancy leiomyomata uteri endometrial hyperplasia menopausal bleeding precocious puberty Operations and Procedures Dilatation and curettage endometrial biopsy endometrial aspiration hysteroscopy endometrial ablation saline infused sonography II. AMENORRHEA

53. ICD-9-CM From Code 250 NOS; constitutional. Excludes dwarfism achondroplastic (756.4); intrauterine (759.7);nutritional (263.2); pituitary (253.3); renal (588.0); progeria (259.8). 259.8 http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/homepages/hripcsa/icd9/1tabular250.html

DISEASES OF OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS (250-259) 250 Diabetes mellitus Excludes: gestational diabetes (648.8) hyperglycemia NOS (790.6) neonatal diabetes mellitus (775.1) nonclinical diabetes (790.2) that complicating pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium (648.0) The following fifth-digit subclassification is for use with category 250: 0 type II [non-insulin dependent type] [NIDDM type] [adult-onset type] or unspecified type, not stated as uncontrolled 1 type I [insulin dependent type] [IDDM] [juvenile type], not stated as uncontrolled 2 type II [non-insulin dependent type] [NIDDM type] [adult-onset type] or unspecified type, uncontrolled 3 type I [insulin dependent type] [IDDM] [juvenile type], uncontrolled 250.0 Diabetes mellitus without mention of complication Diabetes mellitus without mention of complication or manifestation classifiable to 250.1-250.9 Diabetes (mellitus) NOS 250.1 Diabetes with ketoacidosis Diabetic: acidosis without mention of coma ketosis without mention of coma 250.2 Diabetes with hyperosmolarity Hyperosmolar (nonketotic) coma 250.3 Diabetes with other coma

54. Www.nber.org/mortality/1995/docs/ch03.txt classified 259.4 dwarfism, not elsewhere classified dwarfism NOS constitutionalExcludes dwarfism achondroplastic (756.4) intrauterine (759.7) nutritional http://www.nber.org/mortality/1995/docs/ch03.txt

55. Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano De Malformaciones Congénitas For families with children who have Russell Silver intrauterine growth retardation. ofPersons of Short Stature regroups people who have dwarfism and/or their http://eclamc.ioc.fiocruz.br/links_es_02_usa.htm

USA D : Sindrome de Down): Search by specific disease (e.g. D : Down syndrome) A B C D ... Z A Achromatopsia Network Acoustic Neuroma Acoustic Neuroma Association Acoustic Neuroma Association - TriWest Region; Colorado, Kansas, Wyoming Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency : Purine Research Society Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency : Purine Research Society National Adrenal Diseases Foundation Aicardi syndrome Foundation Albinism - NOAH Homepage Alkaptonuria and Ochronosis Notebook Alpers syndrome : at UMDF Alpha -Antitrypsin Deficiency National Association Alpha-Mannosidosis AlportSyndrome Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's Association The Amputee Online Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis : 'Lou Gehrig's Disease' The ALS Reporter Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Anencephaly Support Foundation Angelman Syndrome Foundation , U.S. Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing Spondylitis Center National Ankylosing Spondylitis Society U.K. Spondylitis Association of America International Children's Anopthalmia Network (ICAN) Apert Syndrome Teeter's Page Contiene links a muchas homepages de familias y un listado de servidores para familias.

56. Genetic Catalog - PRIVATE SYNDROMOLOGY intrauterine Growth Retardation fact sheet; intrauterine Drowth Retardation- Handbook online; dwarfism Resources - by Daniel D.Kennedy; Growth Deficiency http://www.rusmedserv.com/genetics/catalog/links89.htm

PRIVATE SYNDROMOLOGY Behaviour Syndromology Am J Med Genet.,Special Issue, 2000 Syndromology of Macrosomy Tall Clubs International Syndromology of Mental Retardation Syndromology of Growth Retardations Intrauterine Growth Retardation - fact sheet Intrauterine Drowth Retardation - Handbook online Dwarfism Resources - by Daniel D.Kennedy Growth Deficiency Syndromes Homepage ... Welcome to Little People of America Online Familial Cancer Syndromes Familial Cancer Syndromes-rev. Familial Cancer Syndromes - Medical Biochemistry Page Familial polyposis - Slide Familial Cancer Database Craniosynostosis Syndromes Craniosynostosis Syndromes (FGFR-related)-review - GeneClinic Craniosynostosis syndromes-art1993 Syndromic Deafness Usher Bibliography - Medical Syndromic deafness Syndromic Hearing Impairment - facts sheets Ten Syndromes-Hearing Impairment ... Healthtouch - Current Progress In Finding Genes Involved In Hearing Impairment Overgrowth syndromes The Gorlin Symposium on Overgrowth - Am J Med Genet 1998 Oral Cleft Genetics-Syndromology International Consortium for Oral Cleft Genetics Society of Craniofacial Genetics CHROMOSOME SYNDROMES Chromosomal Variants in Man - Borgaonkar Home Page Caucasian girl with a ring chromosome 22 abnormality-Neuropathology Case All Features Listed For del(18)p All Features Listed For del(17)p11.2

57. Approach To A Child With Short Stature (Pediatric Oncall) 4) intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) 5) Genetic syndromes – common examples syndrome6) Inborn error of metabolism 7) Psychosocial dwarfism 8) Idiopathic http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/DiseasesandCondition/approach_to_shorts

Question of day Alternative Medicine Journals Queries ... Shopping Mall APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH SHORT STATURE UserName Password New Register Dr Swati Joshi, Lecturer (Endocrinology and Epilepsy) B J Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai. Growth is an important objective parameter of general health of a child. Definition: A child is considered short if :- His height is less than 3 rd percentile or 2 standard deviations below the mean height for that age. Even if the height is within normal percentiles but growth velocity is consistently below 25 th percentile over 6-12 months of observation. If the patient is excessively short for the mid-parental height, though his absolute height may be within the normal percentiles. Useful point to note : 80% of children with height less than 3SD below mean have pathologic Short Stature whereas 80% of children with height less than 2SD usually have normal variant Short Stature. Height Age th percentile.

58. The 18-23-week Scan - Chapter 10.02 XXX, 47,XXY and 47,XYY), there is no significant change with maternal age and, sincethe rate of intrauterine lethality is Rarely, this is a sign of dwarfism. http://www.fetalmedicine.com/18-23scanbook/Chapter10/chap10-02.htm

The 18-23-week scan RISK FOR CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS Number of defects Ultrasound studies have demonstrated that major chromosomal defects are often associated with multiple fetal abnormalities. The overall risk for chromosomal defects increases with the total number of abnormalities that are identified. It is therefore recommended that, when an abnormality/marker is detected at routine ultrasound examination, a thorough check is made for the other features of the chromosomal defect(s) known to be associated with that marker; should additional abnormalities be identified, the risk is dramatically increased (Table 2). Table 2 Incidence of chromosomal defects in relation to number of sonographically detected abnormalities (Nicolaides et al., Lancet 1992;340:704-7) Abnormalities n Chromosomal defects 8 or more Major defects Minor defects or markers Association with maternal age and gestation Type of defect If there are minor defects, the risk for trisomy 21 is calculated by multiplying the background (maternal age- and gestation-related risk) by a factor depending on the specific defect. For the following conditions, there are sufficient data in the literature to estimate the risk factors. Nuchal edema or fold more than 6 mm This is the second-trimester form of nuchal translucency. It is found in about 0.5% of fetuses and it may be of no pathological significance. However, it is sometimes associated with chromosomal defects, cardiac anomalies, infection or genetic syndromes. For isolated nuchal edema, the risk for trisomy 21 may be ten-times the background risk.

59. Prominent Congenital Defects In Nebraska Beef Cattle, G85-759-A dwarfism occurs in all breeds of cattle. It has been described as a genetic defectin many breeds, and intrauterine fetal infections with BVD and bluetongue http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/beef/g759.htm

G85-759-A Prominent Congenital Defects in Nebraska Beef Cattle This NebGuide describes congenital defects that affect the economic value of beef cattle, and provides recommendations on how to minimize them in breeding programs. J. L. Johnson, DVM, Veterinary Pathologist (University of Nebraska) H. W. Leipold, DVM, Veterinary Pathologist (Kansas State University) Donald B. Hudson, DVM, Extension Veterinarian Previous Category Catalog Order Info Skeletal System ... Reporting Congenital defects are abnormalities of structure or function present at birth. They may be caused by genetic or environmental factors, or a combination of both. The causes of many defects remain unknown. Developmental defects may be lethal, semi-lethal, or compatible with life, causing very little effect or only aesthetic effect. With the increasing use of artificial insemination (AI) in cattle, defects are no longer rare occurrences and are important collectively to the cattle industry. Congenital defects cause economic losses by increasing perinatal calf mortality, decreasing maternal productivity, and decreasing the value of defective calves and their relatives. Susceptibility to injurious agents varies with fetal development and decreases with age. Before Day 14 of gestation in cattle (period of pre-attachment), the zygote or embryo is resistant to agents that produce the incidence of congenital malformations (teratogens), but is susceptible to genetic mutations and abnormality of chromosome numbers or structures (chromosomal aberrations). During the embryonic period (Days 14-42), the embryo is highly susceptible to teratogens, but this decreases with embryonic age as critical periods for the various organs are passed. The fetus (Day 42+) becomes increasingly resistant to teratogenic agents with age, except for the late differentiating structures, such as cerebellum, palate, and urogenital system.

60. Center For Medical Genetics ultrasound examination should be made to exclude intrauterine growth retardation anencephaly,myelomeningocoele, achondroplasia and other dwarfism, spina bifida http://www.geneticstesting.com/ultrasound/

Prenatal Genetic Screening First Trimester Second Trimester Amniocentesis Testing ... Miscarriage Evaluation Request more Information Physician Request Patient Request DadTest.com FAQ's ... Home ULTRASOUND SERVICES What are Obstetric Ultrasound Scans/Sonograms? What about Safety? It has been over 35 years since ultrasound was first used on pregnant women. Unlike X-rays, ionizing irradiation is not present and embryotoxic effects associated with such irradiation should not be relevant. The use of high intensity ultrasound is associated with the effects of "heating" which can be present with prolonged insonation in laboratory situations. Harmful effects in cells of experimental animals or humans however have not been demonstrated in the large amount of studies that have so far appeared in the medical literature purporting to the use of diagnostic ultrasound in the clinical setting. The greatest risks arising from the use of ultrasound are the possible over- and under- diagnosis brought about by inadequately trained staff, often working in relative isolation and using poor equipment. Why and when is Ultrasound used in Pregnancy?

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