21. Syncope An explanation of what syncope is, neurally mediated syncope, AHA recommendations and further resources to related issues. http://216.185.112.5/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4749

22. The Evaluation Of Syncope - When To Fire Your Doctor syncope, Part 2. By DrRich When these conditions. Fortunately, most syncopeis not cardiac in nature, and thus is not lifethreatening. In http://heartdisease.about.com/library/weekly/aa100400a.htm

zfp=-1 About Heart Disease/Cardiology Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Heart Disease/Cardiology with Richard N. Fogoros Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Cardiology 101 - the basics Common Heart Tests Symptom Checker ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Syncope, Part 2 By DrRich When you have syncope (loss of consciousness), your doctor’s main concern should be to determine whether you are at high risk for sudden death. Most syncope is benign in nature, but when it is caused by a cardiac problem, sudden death is a real possibility. In Syncope, Part I we reviewed the cardiac conditions that cause syncope, and discussed your doctor’s first obligation – to rule out these conditions. Fortunately, most syncope is not cardiac in nature, and thus is not life-threatening. In this article, we will review the non-cardiac causes of syncope, then outline what you should expect from your doctor when you or a loved one have had a syncopal episode. The non-cardiac causes of syncope Categories of Non-Cardiac Syncope Common causes of syncope within categories Neurologic Vertebrobasilar TIAs Subclavian Steal Syndrome Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Seizure Disorder Metabolic Hypoxia Hyperventilation Hypoglycemia Vasomotor Orthostatic Hypotension Vasovagal Syncope Neurological causes.

23. Neurocardiogenic Syncope/ Vasovagal / Causes Of Fainting Neurocardiogenic(vasovagal) syncope and Carotid Sinus Syndrome are important,treatable, underdiagnoised causes. Cheltenham syncope Clinic. http://www.syncope.co.uk/

Syncope Diagnosis and treatment of Neurocardiogenic syncope explained Neurocardiogenic syncope and vasovagal syncope are different terms for the same condition. Cheltenham Syncope Clinic This is a Medical Pages Website. Created and maintained by Arnold Deering n e Enter document.write('<'); document.write('! '); Recurrent unexplained blackouts, collapses and faints may cause great anxiety. a nd Carotid Sinus Syndrome are important ,treatable, under diagnosed c auses of fainting Diagnosis and management are explained. There are no precipitating circumstances though attacks may be more likely to occur in hot envi ronments, especially after a meal with alcohol. The onset may be abrupt or associated with prodromal fatigue, weakness, nausea, sweating, pallor, visual disturbance, abdominal discomfort, headache, pins-and-needles, light-headedness or vertigo. Presyncope may last for seconds or minutes. This prodromal phase may be absent in older individuals. If collapse ensues, the individual usually lies still while unconscious, though occasionally s/he may convulse briefly. (Prolonged convulsions, blue face, or tongue biting at the time of collapse

24. Neurocardiogenic_syncope Neurocardiogenic syncope and Carotid Sinus Syndrome are important ,treatable,underdiagnoised causes. Neurocardiogenic syncope. syncope PASSING OUT. http://www.syncope.co.uk/neurocardiogenic_vasovagal_syncope_causes_of_fainting.h

www. Syncope .co.uk Home Back Next Pacemaker ... Useful Links Neurocardiogenic syncope SYNCOPE - PASSING OUT Syncope is transient loss of consciousness causing collapse with spontaneous recovery. The underlying mechanism is transient global cerebral hypoperfusion. A sudden cessation of cerebral blood flow for 6-8 seconds is sufficient to cause complete loss of consciousness. Global cerebral hypoperfusion may be caused by a drop in blood pressure, change in the heart rhythm, or failure of cardiac output to keep up with circulatory demands. The investigation and management of syncope is now a specialist area in its own right with Syncope Clinics becoming more common. Simple fainting (Benign Vasovagal Syncope) This is the commonest cause of syncope in all age groups. It occurs most frequently in young adults. It rarely presents for the first time in older people. Attacks are precipitated by recognised triggers such as fear, severe pain, sight of blood etc., and are associated with prodromal (warning) nausea, sweating, and pallor. Injury is unusual. Syncopal attacks in children More than 70% of syncopal spells in children are due to reflex responses. Examples include Benign Vasovagal Syncope (simple faints) and Reflex Anoxic Seizures - probably better described as Reflex Asystolic Syncope. Both of these conditions are benign, but can be very upsetting for both the child and the parents. Careful history taking is the key to diagnosis.

25. THE MERCK MANUAL OF GERIATRICS, Sec. 2, Ch. 18, Syncope Chapter 18. syncope. Contributor Lewis A. Lipsitz (Fainting). A sudden,transient syncope is a symptomnot a disease. Studies suggest that http://www.merck.com/pubs/mm_geriatrics/sec2/ch18.htm

Section 2. Falls, Fractures, and Injury this section includes Chapter 18. Syncope Chapter 19. Chronic Dizziness and Postural Instability Chapter 20. Falls Chapter 21. Gait Disorders ... Chapter 23. The Elderly Driver Chapter 18. Syncope Contributor: Lewis A. Lipsitz (Fainting) A sudden, transient loss of consciousness characterized by unresponsiveness and loss of postural control. Etiology Many disorders can cause syncope ( see Table 18-1 ). Often a cause is neither immediately obvious nor ultimately discovered. Although syncope per se does not increase the risk of death in the elderly, it is associated with physical disability and subsequent functional decline. Abrupt reduction in cardiac output can cause syncope. This reduction may be caused by a number of cardiac disorders, most of which are more common in elderly than in younger patients. Myocardial infarction accounts for 2 to 6% of syncope among elderly patients; however, unless syncope is accompanied by other cardiac symptoms and ECG changes, myocardial infarction is unlikely. Transient ischemia and arrhythmias are other possibilities. Orthostatic hypotension is usually asymptomatic, but it can cause syncope. Among institutionalized elderly persons, orthostatic hypotension causes 6% of syncopal episodes. Orthostatic hypotension has many causes, (

26. Syncope syncope. A loss of consciousness due to transient impairment of cerebralblood flow. Occasionally, incontinence of urine. Causes of syncope. http://www.mcevoy.demon.co.uk/Medicine/Neurology/Syncope.html

Syncope A loss of consciousness due to transient impairment of cerebral blood flow Must be distinguished from epilepsy Circumstances of attack May be provoked by pain, shock or bad news May follow prolonged standing in hot conditions May occur on sudden standing (associated with orthostatic hypotension) Warning of attack / prodrome Usually preceded by a period of malaise, dizziness, nausea, visual blurring and a felling of impending loss of consciousness It is often found that the attack can be averted by lying down with feet raised at this stage Duration of the attack The usual exception if when onlookers sit the patient up during the attack Recovery from the attack is rapid and complete; the patient can be expected to be oriented and rational Appearance of attack Limp Pale and sweaty Pulse may be difficult to feel Seconday hypoxic convulsion may occur, especially if the patient is not lying flat Occasionally, incontinence of urine Causes of Syncope Vasovagal attack Cardiogenic syncope Cough, sneeze or micturition syncope Breath holding attack ... Carotid sinus sensitivity Vasovagal attack Vagal overactivity produces bradycardia and fall in blood pressure with peripheral vasodilatation May be provoked by emotional or painful stimuli Occur in otherwise healthy adolescents and young adults More common soon after getting up from lying or sitting Symptoms always start while standing or sitting More frequent in women than men May be associated with menstruation Also associated with febrile illness, sleep deprivation and prolonged fasting

27. Neurally Mediated Syncope syncope is a very common problem that results in approximately six percentof all hospital admissions. Neurally Mediated / Neurocardiogenic syncope. http://www.ndrf.org/ParoxymalAutonomicSyncope.htm

NDRF National Dysautonomia Research Foundation 1407 W Fourth Street, Suite 160, Red Wing, MN 55066-2108 Phone: (651) 267-0525 Fax: (651) 267-0524 Be sure to visit the NDRF Reference Page where you can learn more about the NDRF Patient Handbook, Videos and other reference materials. Syncope is a temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral ischemia - a reduction in the blood supply to the brain. Syncope is a very common problem that results in approximately six percent of all hospital admissions. Neurally Mediated / Neurocardiogenic Syncope The medical term for fainting is syncope. It comes from the Greek term "syncopa", meaning "to cut short". Syncope can occur due to many reasons, and figuring out the exact cause can be difficult. Over the last several years we have learned a lot about one particular cause of fainting: The disorder now known as neurocardiogenic syncope. Neurocardiogenic syncope is also known as vasovagal syncope or neurally mediated syncope. It describes a transient failure of the brain to adequately regulate the body's blood pressure and heart rate. The exact reasons why this occurs are still unclear, but a basic understanding is evolving. The blood pressure control centers are located in the posterior parts of the brain (the brainstem or medulla). Every time a person stands, gravity pulls blood toward the lower extremities. The brain senses this change and compensates by increasing the heart rate and tightening (constricting) the blood vessels of the legs, forcing blood back upward to the brain. These centers in the brainstem (the autonomic centers), then work as a sort of thermostat to regulate blood pressure. In neurocardiogenic syncope, the system periodically breaks down allowing the blood pressure to fall too low, causing the brain to lose its blood supply resulting in loss of consciousness (fainting).

28. Virtual Hospital: University Of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition: C Cardiology syncope. Definition. Differentiate between near syncopeand vertigo because the differential diagnosis is different. http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/familymedicine/FPHandbook/Chapter03/06-3.html

For Providers University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition, Chapter 3 Cardiology: Syncope James M. Fox, MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa College of Medicine Peer Review Status: Externally Peer Reviewed by Mosby Definition . Differentiate between near syncope and vertigo because the differential diagnosis is different. See Chapter 9 for work-up and differential of vertigo. Syncope is a sudden, brief loss of consciousness (LOC) and, strictly speaking, is related to abrupt cerebral hypoperfusion. Only two CNS lesions can cause syncope: bilateral cortical dysfunction (e.g., from hypoperfusion, etc.) or reticular activating system injury. Near syncope is a sense of impending LOC or weakness, occurs more frequently, and provides valuable diagnostic clues, since the patient usually has better recollection of the event. Frequency of causes . 55% vasovagal, 10% cardiac, 10% neurologic, 5% metabolic or drug-induced, 5% "other," and 10% undiagnosed causes. Causes of Syncope and Near Syncope Cardiac and circulatory Cardioinhibitory (bradycardia, enhanced parasympathetics), neurocardiogenic (e.g., vasovagal), vasodepressor (decreased systemic vascular resistance) are

29. CDSC GUIDELINES - SYNCOPE EM guidemap syncope. Click on any of the headings or sub-headings to rapidlynavigate to the relevant section of the guidemap. Risk factors for syncope. http://www.homestead.com/emguidemaps/files/syncope.htm

EM guidemap - Syncope Click on any of the headings or sub-headings to rapidly navigate to the relevant section of the guidemap Introduction and general principles History of present illness clinical clue table Risk factors for syncope ... suggested algorithm for workup of syncope Introduction and general principles syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness associated with a loss of postural tone, and most diseases causing syncope produce a transient LOC by temporarily decreasing cerebral blood flow An emergency physician, when faced with a syncope-patient in an ED setting, should first seek to exclude life-threatening causes of syncope, which require immediate diagnostic evaluation/treatment + hospital admission AMI PE aortic dissection cardiac tamponade tension pneumothorax leaking AAA active internal bleeding malignant cardiac arrhythmias ectopic pregnancy SAH carotid artery/vertebral artery dissection air embolism If there are no overt life-threatening causes of syncope, then an emergency physician should attempt to identify patients with situational syncope, vasovagal syncope and benign orthostatic (postural) syncope - who are candidates for home discharge after any necessary stabilization treatment in the ED not occur during exertion, and hospital admission and/or an extensive workup is rarely necessary

30. Vanderbilt University Autonomic Dysfunction Center - Neurally Mediated Syncope Neurally Mediated syncope. Introduction. Although usually asymptomatic,it may result in lightheadedness or syncope. Situational syncope http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/gcrc/adc/syncope.html

Overview History Faculty Research ... Patient Information Neurally Mediated Syncope Introduction Syncope is a sudden and transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, usually described as “fainting” or “passing out”. It is a common problem, accounting for 3% of emergency room visits. A history of an isolated episode of syncope will be found in as many as 25% of healthy young adults, especially in settings that precipitate fear, disgust or anxiety, and if not repeated does not warrant further work-up. Repeated episodes, however, may be caused by a wide variety of medical problems, and require diagnosis and treatment. It is important to distinguish syncope from “ dizziness ”, which generally refers to an alteration in balance, vision, or perception of the environment, without the loss of consciousness. Causes of syncope can be differentiated into two major classifications, cardiac and noncardiac . Examples of cardiac syncope are heart rhythm disturbances or abnormalities in the structure of the heart. Table 1 presents a useful classification of noncardiac syncope Table 1.

31. Vasovagal Syncope 1.01 Vasovagal syncope (Faint, swoon). Presentation. The Discussion.Vasovagal syncope is a common occurrence in the ED. Observation http://www.ncemi.org/cse/cse0101.htm

More Emergency Medicine Resources Back to table of contents 1.01 Vasovagal Syncope (Faint, swoon) Presentation What to do: Arrange for patients, family, and friends anticipating unpleasant experiences in the ED to sit or lie down and be constantly attended. If someone faints in the ED, catch him so he is not injured in the fall, lie him supine onthe floor for 5-10 minutes, protect his airway,record several sets of vital signs, and be ready to proceed with resuscitation if the episode turns out to be more than a simple vasovagal syncope. If a patient is brought to the ED following a faint elsewhere, ask about the setting, precipitating factors, descriptions of several eyewitnesses, and sequence of recovery. Be alert for evidence of seizures, hysteria, and hyperventilation (see sections below). Record several sets of vital signs, including orthostatic changes, and examine carefully for signs of trauma and neurologic residua. After full recovery, explain to the patient that this is a common physiological reaction and how, in future recurrences, he can recognize the early lightheadedness and prevent a full swoon by lying down or putting his head between his knees. What not to do: Do not let families stand for bad news, let parents stand while watching their children being sutured, or let patients stand for shots or venipunctures.

32. Fainting : NASPE Fainting (syncope). Fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness. It consciousness.The medical term for fainting is syncope (SIN koe pee). http://www.naspe-patients.org/patients/signs_symptoms/fainting/

iNavigate.GroupName = 'SIGNS'; iNavigate.GroupTitle = 'SIGNS'; iNavigate.OpenOnClick = true; iNavigate.InitiallyOpen = true; Fainting Types of Fainting Cardiovascular Syncope Non-Cardiovascular Syncope ... Home Fainting (Syncope) Fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness. It most often occurs when the blood pressure is too low (hypotension) and the heart does not pump a normal supply of oxygen to the brain. Typically, a faint lasts only a few seconds or minutes, and then the person regains consciousness. The medical term for fainting is syncope (SIN koe pee). It is a common problem that affects one million people in the U.S. every year. About one-third of us will faint at least once during our lifetime. A single fainting spell usually is not serious. It may be explained by factors such as stress, grief, overheating, dehydration, exhaustion or illness. If you faint suddenly and without explanation, however, contact your physician.

33. Fainting - Cardiovascular Syncope : NASPE Cardiovascular syncope. Those at Risk. About 90 percent warning. Backto Top. Cardiovascular syncope and Long QT Syndrome. Fainting is http://www.naspe-patients.org/patients/signs_symptoms/fainting/cardiovascular.ht

iNavigate.GroupName = 'SIGNS'; iNavigate.GroupTitle = 'SIGNS'; iNavigate.OpenOnClick = true; iNavigate.InitiallyOpen = true; Fainting Types of Fainting Cardiovascular Syncope Non-Cardiovascular Syncope ... Fainting Cardiovascular Syncope Those at Risk About 90 percent of people who faint have cardiovascular syncope, the most serious type of fainting disorder. The risk of cardiovascular syncope increases with age, and those at greatest risk are people who have: Table of Contents Those at Risk Cardiovascular Syncope and Long QT Syndrome Signs of Cardiovascular Syncope Coronary artery disease , or CAD (clogged blood vessels to the heart), angina (chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart) or a prior heart attack (myocardial infarction) Ventricular dysfunction , a weakness in the ventricles, the heart's major pumping chambers Structural heart disease , such as problems with the heart valves or muscles ( cardiomyopathy An abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) . An ECG is a common test that prints out a graph that shows how the heart is beating and records its electrical activity.

34. PROFESSIONAL REFERENCE Allergy Immunlogy Cardiology Dermatology Approach to the Patient with syncope by Charles M Blatt, MD, Best Practice ofMedicine. January 2000. Men with micturition syncope should sit to urinate. http://merck.praxis.md/bpm/bpm.asp?page=BPM01CA04

35. 7 - Murmur Presenting Complaints. Heart murmur. syncope. Pertinent History. Problems.syncope. Grade IV/VI left basilar systolic murmur. Weak femoral pulses. http://www.vmth.ucdavis.edu/cardio/cases/case4/case4.htm

Case Studies In Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine Case 4 Primary clinician: Darcy Adin, DVM Supervising clinician: Mark D. Kittleson, DVM, PhD , DipACVIM (Cardiology) Signalment 10-month-old MC Boxer dog weighing 29 kg Presenting Complaints Heart murmur Syncope Pertinent History Yankee was seen by the referring DVM two weeks ago with the complaint of fainting spells during active play. PE at referring DVM revealed a grade 3-4/6 left basilar systolic murmur and weak pulses. Treatment was begun involving furosemide 50mg SID and atenolol 25mg TID. Two days ago Yankee suffered another fainting spell during rest and the referring DVM increased the dose of furosemide to 50mg TID. The owner has been restricting exercise since then. Indoor at night/outdoor during the day, vaccines current, leash exercise only at park 3x's/week. No other past medical problems except cryptorchid. Neutered. Diet-Lamb and Rice Pedigree kibble free choice and 1 cup of rice + 1/2 can Pedigree (PM). No c/s/v/d. Physical Examination T=103.6 (excited), HR=100, RR-pant, BCS-5/9

36. 13 Syncope DipACVIM (Cardiology). Signalment. 1.5 year old female English bulldogweighing 18.6 kg. Presenting Complaint. Heart Murmur. syncope. History. http://www.vmth.ucdavis.edu/cardio/cases/case13/case13.htm

Case Studies In Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine Case 13 Primary clinician: Mark D. Kittleson, DVM, PhD , DipACVIM (Cardiology) Signalment 1.5 year old female English bulldog weighing 18.6 kg. Presenting Complaint Heart Murmur Syncope History Daisy was adopted about five months ago at which time the new owners knew she had been previously diagnosed with a heart murmur. A couple months ago, Daisy had an episode in which the owner described as beginning with a choking-like action followed by Daisy falling into lateral recumbency. Daisy remained unconscious for about one minute without movement or defecation/urination. After regaining consciousness, it took Daisy about a day to fully recover to her normal attitude. A second episode occurred last week while Daisy was going down some stairs. The owner was following behind and tried to help her get off the stairs at which time her front legs buckled under her and she remained unconscious for less than one minute. After this episode, she seemed to perk up immediately after the episode and seemed unaffected. During this episode, Daisy's tongue went white, her body was cold, and she urinated. Daisy is fairly active and climbs a long set of stairs to the owner's work everyday without evidence of tiring. She is fed once a day.

37. Syncope From Pediatrics / Cardiology syncope syncope is a loss of consciousness related to decreased cerebral perfusion,as opposed to loss of consciousness caused by electrical disorders of the http://author.emedicine.com/PED/topic2188.htm

eMedicine Journal Pediatrics Cardiology Syncope Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: faint, common faint, fainting, loss of consciousness, vasovagal syncope, neuroregulatory syncope, neurogenic syncope Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Authored by Robert Hamilton, MD , Acting Chief, Division of Cardiology, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Canada Robert Hamilton, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association , and Society for Pediatric Research Edited by Ira H Gessner, MD , Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine; Mary L Windle, PharmD , Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; John W Moore, MD, MPH , Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mattel Children's Hospital of University of California at Los Angeles; Gilbert Herzberg, MD , Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Medical College; and

38. SYNCOPE Weekly Web Review in Emergency Medicine. RISK STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS WITHsyncope Martin TP, Hanusa BH, Kapoor WN, Ann Emerg Med, April 1997; 29459. http://www.wwrem.com/042597/0425972.htm

39. Echocardiogram In Congestive Heart Failure syncope, Book, Home Page. See Also Vasovagal syncope. Causes NonCardiacCauses (57 http://www.fpnotebook.com/CV243.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Cardiovascular Medicine Radiology Coronary Artery Disease ... Congestive Heart Failure Echocardiogram in Congestive Heart Failure Nuclear Ventriculogram Vessel Aortic Angiography Transesophageal Ultrasonography Echocardiogram in Congestive Heart Failure Echocardiogram in CHF Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dental Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Cardiovascular Medicine Index Arrhythmia Coronary Artery Disease Congestive Heart Failure EKG Examination Ophthalmology Hypertension Infectious Disease Laboratory General Hyperlipidemia Pulmonology Myocardium Neurology Neonatology Obstetrics Pediatrics Pericardium Pharmacology Prevention Procedure Radiology Sports Medicine Surgery Symptom Evaluation Valvular Disease Vessel Page Radiology Index CAD Angiography CAD Echocardiogram MI CAD MRA CAD PTCA CHF Echocardiogram CHF MUGA Vessel Angiogram Aorta Vessel Echocardiogram Transesophageal Indication Every patient with Congestive Heart Failure Distinguishes Systolic Dysfunction Diastolic Dysfunction Identify underlying valve disease Identify underlying ischemic heart damage Quantify Congestive Heart Failure severity

40. Aortic Angiography Cardioinhibitory syncope Carotid Sinus syncope. syncope with normal pulse and BloodPressure. Differential Diagnosis See syncope Causes; Vasodepressor syncope. http://www.fpnotebook.com/CV245.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Cardiovascular Medicine Radiology Coronary Artery Disease ... Vessel Aortic Angiography Transesophageal Ultrasonography Aortic Angiography Aortogram Aortic Angiogram Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dental Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Cardiovascular Medicine Index Arrhythmia Coronary Artery Disease Congestive Heart Failure EKG Examination Ophthalmology Hypertension Infectious Disease Laboratory General Hyperlipidemia Pulmonology Myocardium Neurology Neonatology Obstetrics Pediatrics Pericardium Pharmacology Prevention Procedure Radiology Sports Medicine Surgery Symptom Evaluation Valvular Disease Vessel Page Radiology Index CAD Angiography CAD Echocardiogram MI CAD MRA CAD PTCA CHF Echocardiogram CHF MUGA Vessel Angiogram Aorta Vessel Echocardiogram Transesophageal Indications Aortic Dissection Angiography is gold standard for assessing Accuracy for assessing Aortic Dissection Sensitivity: 90-98% Specificity Advantages Assesses coronary arteries Assesses Aortic Regurgitation Disadvantages Invasive Time consuming Expensive Search other websites for this topic Search National Library of Medicine PubMed for related

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