1. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Thromboangiitis Obliterans The alternative names, causes, incidence and risk factors of thromboangiitis obliterans.Category Health Conditions and Diseases thromboangiitis obliterans......thromboangiitis obliterans. Definition Return to top thromboangiitis obliterans isa disease that causes obstruction of the blood vessels of the hands and feet. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000172.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Thromboangiitis obliterans Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Thromboangiites obliterans Circulatory system Alternative names Return to top Buerger's disease Definition Return to top Thromboangiitis obliterans is a disease that causes obstruction of the blood vessels of the hands and feet. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) is caused by vasculitis, which is an inflammation (irritation with presence of extra immune cells) of blood vessels. The blood vessels of the hands and feet are especially affected, becoming constricted or totally blocked. This reduces blood flow to the tissues of hands and feet, resulting in pain and eventually damage. Thromboangiitis obliterans affects approximately 6 out of every 10,000 people. It almost always affects men aged 20 to 40 years old who have a history of smoking or chewing tobacco.

2. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 16, Ch. 212, Peripheral Vascular Disorders An overview of thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as buerger's disease. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section16/chapter212/212c.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 16. Cardiovascular Disorders Chapter 212. Peripheral Vascular Disorders Topics [General] Peripheral Arterial Occlusion Thromboangiitis Obliterans Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon ... Lipedema Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) An obliterative disease characterized by inflammatory changes in small and medium-sized arteries and veins. Thromboangiitis obliterans occurs in cigarette smokers, predominantly in men aged 20 to 40. Only about 5% of cases occur in women. The frequency of diagnosis has decreased drastically in recent years because of better understanding of clinical and angiographic characteristics of this disease vs. arteriosclerosis obliterans. Although few investigators believe this disease is indistinguishable pathologically from occlusive disease caused by some types of atherosclerosis, idiopathic peripheral thromboses, or systemic emboli, most clinicians agree that the clinical characteristics are sufficiently distinctive to consider thromboangiitis obliterans a discrete entity. Although the cause is unknown, thromboangiitis obliterans has not been documented in nonsmokers, implicating cigarette smoking as a primary etiologic factor, perhaps as a delayed type of hypersensitivity or toxic angiitis. Thromboangiitis obliterans may be a reaction to tobacco by persons with a specific phenotype, because of greater prevalence of HLA-A9 and HLA-B5 in persons with the disease; or an autoimmune disorder with cell-mediated sensitivity to types I and III human collagen, which are constituents of blood vessels.

3. Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) a CHORUS notecard document about thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/doc/00394.html

CHORUS Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology Cardiovascular system Feedback Search thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) unknown etiology young males (under 40 y/o) a/w heavy cigarette smoking panarteritis with thrombotic occlusion medium + small arteries of extremities foot + calf aa. most often, also knee + SFA +/- mesenteric vessels Charles E. Kahn, Jr., MD - 2 February 1995 Last updated 14 March 2001 Medical College of Wisconsin

4. Update On Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) - March 15, thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger's disease, is a nonatherosclerotic inflammatory disease of the smallsized http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010315/tips/7.html

Advanced Search Tips from Other Journals Previous Next Update on Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger's disease, is a nonatherosclerotic inflammatory disease of the small-sized and medium-sized arteries and veins of the arms and legs. Although inflammatory by nature, it spares the blood vessel walls. Unlike other types of vasculitis, the acute-phase reactants (such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein) are normal in patients with Buerger's disease. A pathologic finding of acute disease is an occlusive, highly cellular, inflammatory thrombus. The disease is found worldwide, but the highest incidence of thromboangiitis obliterans occurs in the Middle East and Far East. Prevalence ranges from about 12 percent in the United States to 63 percent in India to 80 percent among Jews of Ashkenazi ancestry living in Israel. Part of this difference in disease incidence may be due to variability in diagnostic criteria. Olin reviewed the current concepts of this disease. Although the cause of Buerger's disease is unknown, the strongest association is with tobacco use. Occurrences of the disease have been reported, but uncommonly, in persons who use smokeless tobacco or snuff. A current or previous history of smoking is usually a required diagnostic criterion.

5. Resume-96-t1-res8-a Pseudothromboangiitis obliterans and qualitative protein C defect a case report. thromboangiitis obliterans is a segmental obliterating inflammatory arteritis, usually found in young (below 40) smoking males. http://www-sante.ujf-grenoble.fr/SANTE/jmv/jmv-a/1996-a/96tome1-a/96-t1-res8-a.h

Summary Pseudothromboangiitis obliterans and qualitative protein C defect : a case report. Reference : J Mal Vasc 1996 ; 21 : pages 47-49. Key-words : Thromboangiitis obliterans. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Protein C deficiency. to the contents

6. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Thromboangiites Obliterans Medical Encyclopedia. Thromboangiites obliterans. thromboangiitis obliterans is adisorder that leads to obstruction of the blood vessels of the hands and feet. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/18089.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Thromboangiites obliterans Thromboangiitis obliterans is a disorder that leads to obstruction of the blood vessels of the hands and feet. The blood vessels become constricted or totally obstructed because of the inflammation and clots which reduces the availability of blood to the tissues. Thromboangiitis obliterans almost always affects men, 20 to 40 years old, who have a history of smoking or chewing tobacco. Health Topics Drug Information Encyclopedia Dictionary ... National Institutes of Health Page last updated: 10 January 2003

7. Buerger's Disease By Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center Types Of Vasculitis A detailed look at thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's Disease). Some pictures of extremities where gangrene has developed. http://vasculitis.med.jhu.edu/typesof/buergers.html

First Description Classic symptoms of Buerger's Disease What causes Buerger's Disease? How is Buerger's Disease diagnosed? ... Treatment and Course of Buerger's Disease First Description thromboangiitis obliterans (top of page) (top of page) Classic symptoms and signs of Buerger's Disease pictured below ) of the digits (fingers and toes) are common in Buerger’s disease. Pain may be very intense in the affected regions. An angiogram demonstrating lack of blood flow to vessels of the hand ( figure below A normal angiogram of the hand ( figure below Despite the severity of ischemia (lack of blood flow) to the distal extremities that occurs in Buerger’s, the disease does not involve other organs, unlike many other forms of vasculitis. Even as ulcers and gangrene develop in the digits, organs such as the lung, kidneys, brain, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain unaffected. The reasons for the confinement to the extremities and sparing of other organs are not known. (top of page) What Causes Buerger's Disease? Pictured below , are a patient's fingertips that have developed gangrene. This is a very painful condition which sometimes requires amputation of the affected area.

8. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 16, Ch. 212, Peripheral Vascular Disorders A description of raynaud's phenomenon as well as the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Raynaud s Phenomenon...... as connective tissue disorders (scleroderma, RA, SLE), obstructive arterial diseases(arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangiitis obliterans, thoracic outlet http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section16/chapter212/212d.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 16. Cardiovascular Disorders Chapter 212. Peripheral Vascular Disorders Topics [General] Peripheral Arterial Occlusion Thromboangiitis Obliterans Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon ... Lipedema Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon Spasm of arterioles, usually in the digits and occasionally in other acral parts (eg, nose, tongue), with intermittent pallor or cyanosis. Raynaud's disease, most common in young women (60 to 90% of reported cases), is idiopathic. Raynaud's phenomenon is secondary to other conditions, such as connective tissue disorders (scleroderma, RA, SLE), obstructive arterial diseases (arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangiitis obliterans, thoracic outlet syndrome), neurogenic lesions, drug intoxications (ergot, methysergide), dysproteinemias, myxedema, primary pulmonary hypertension, and trauma. Pathology and Pathophysiology Although the pathogenesis of Raynaud's disease remains uncertain, research into prostaglandin metabolism, microcirculation, and the role of the endothelial cell is yielding promising results. Raynaud's phenomenon is associated clinically with migraine headaches, variant angina, and pulmonary hypertension, suggesting that these disorders may share a common vasospastic mechanism. In Raynaud's disease

9. EMedicine - Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans) : Article By Eric J Han Buerger Disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) Buerger disease, also known asthromboangiitis obliterans, is a nonatherosclerotic, segmental, inflammatory http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic253.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Vascular Surgery Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans) Last Updated: October 17, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: Buerger’s disease, TAO, endarteritis, endophlebitis, vasoocclusive disease, presenile spontaneous gangrene, corkscrew collaterals, bidi, cigarette smoking, tobacco use, secondhand smoke, smoking cessation, distal ischemic rest pain, ischemic ulcerations, amputation AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Eric J Hanly, MD , Research Instructor, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Fellow, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Coauthor(s): Matthew Carpenter, MD , Program Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Keesler Medical Center; Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, F Edward Hebert College of Medicine; E Jerry Cohn, Jr, MD

10. Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease). unknown etiology. young males (under 40 y/o) http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/to-go/00394.html

thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) unknown etiology young males (under 40 y/o) a/w heavy cigarette smoking panarteritis with thrombotic occlusion medium + small arteries of extremities foot + calf aa. most often, also knee + SFA +/- mesenteric vessels Home Cardiovascular system

11. HONselect - Thromboangiitis Obliterans English thromboangiitis obliterans, Buerger's Disease - Buerger Disease -Thromboangitis Obliterans - Buergers Disease - Disease, Buerger - Disease http://www.hon.ch/HONselect/RareDiseases/C14.907.137.870.html

List of rare diseases: English Deutsch Language: MeSH term: Accepted terms: English: Thromboangiitis Obliterans - Buerger's Disease - Buerger Disease - Thromboangitis Obliterans - Buergers Disease - Disease, Buerger - Disease, Buerger's Français: THROMBOANGEITE OBLITERANTE - BUERGER, MALADIE - THROMBOARTERITE JUVENILE Deutsch: Thrombangiitis obliterans - Buerger-Krankheit - Endangitis obliterans - Thrombendangitis obliterans - Winiwarter-Buerger-Krankheit Español: TROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANTE - ENFERMEDAD DE BUERGER Português: TROMBOANGIITE OBLITERANTE - DOENCA DE BUERGER HONselect ressources Definition: No Articles: Yes Images: Yes News: No Conferences: No Clinical trials: No Web sites: English Yes Français Yes Deutsch No Español No Português No Home About us Site map Feedback ... HONewsletter http://www.hon.ch/HONselect/RareDiseases/C14.907.137.870.html Last modified: Thu Jul 25 2002

12. Definition For:Buerger Disease, (thromboangiitis Obliterans): Buerger disease, (thromboangiitis obliterans) An occlusive, inflammatory disease of the mediumsized and small arteries in the distal arms and legs. Patients are usually young or middle-aged male smokers. http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/pathology/ed/keywords/kw_buerger.html

Buerger disease, (thromboangiitis obliterans): Chapter: 10 An occlusive, inflammatory disease of the medium-sized and small arteries in the distal arms and legs. Patients are usually young or middle-aged male smokers. Symptoms typically include intermittent claudication (cramping, muscular pain following exercise, relieved by rest). Microscopically, there is acute inflammation of arteries with thrombosis and obliteration of lumen.

13. Zentrum Für Gefässdiagnostik Und Therapie New aspects of thromboangiitis obliterans (von WiniwarterBuerger's disease). http://www.angio.de/lit/entz_artkrank/ber02.htm

Zentrum für Gefässdiagnostik und Therapie http://angio.de/

14. Thromboangiitis Obliterans thromboangiitis obliterans Buerger's Disease. Buergers Disease. Book,Home Page. http://www.fpnotebook.com/RHE10.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Rheumatology Cardiovascular Medicine Assorted Pages Thromboangiitis Obliterans Vasculitis Small Vessel Vasculitis Microscopic Polyangiitis Thromboangiitis Obliterans Buerger's Disease Buergers Disease Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dental Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Rheumatology Index Bone Cardiovascular Medicine Diffuse Examination Infectious Disease Intra-Articular Disorders Laboratory General Marfans Myofascial Neurology Osteoarthritis Pain Pediatrics Pharmacology Procedure Radiology RA Spondylitis Symptom Evaluation Page Cardiovascular Medicine Index Environ Raynauds Thromboangiitis Obliterans Vasculitis Vasculitis Small Vasculitis Small Polyangiitis Epidemiology Age of onset: Younger than 45 years old Men predominate Prevalence (asian and eastern european descent) United States: 12% India: 63% Ashkenazi Jews in Israel: 80% Pathophysiology Nonatherosclerotic inflammatory disease Affects small and medium sized extremity vessels Risk factors Tobacco Abuse is highly correlated Symptoms Ischemia of distal extremities (hands and feet) Claudication Rest pain Ulcerations of toes and fingers Signs

15. Worldbook Medical Encyclopedia > Tabes Dorsalis - Typhus > Thromboangiitis Oblit A comprehensive look at the topic thromboangiitis obliterans Health Ency. Disease thromboangiitis obliterans Causes and Risks. thromboangiitis obliterans ( Buergers disease http://www.s-books.com/wbmedical/33328/33401/2.htm

Worldbook Medical Encyclopedia Tabes dorsalis - Typhus Thromboangiitis obliterans Thromboangiitis obliterans Search the Web with All Surfable Books World Book Encyclopedia 2000 World Book Medical Encyclopedia Geography History Humanities Industry and Technology Life Science Physical Science and Math Recreation Social Science Documents 11 - 20 of 34 on the subject : Thromboangiitis obliterans Public Educational Sources News and Magazines Encyclopedias Health Ency.: Disease : Thromboangiitis obliterans Health Ency.: Disease : Thromboangiitis obliterans ... Causes and Risks. Thromboangiitis obliterans ( Buergers disease ) is a disorder where ... prone to infections and gangrene . Thromboangiitis obliterans affects ... http://www.accesswaco.com/shared/health/adam/ency/article/000172.html Thromboangiitis obliterans - Overview Thromboangiitis obliterans - Overview ... Thromboangiitis obliterans Alternative names: Buergers disease Definition: A disorder causing obstruction of the blood vessels of the hands and feet. It is ... http://pcs.adam.com/ency/article/000172.htm

16. Cardiovascular Medicine Rheumatology Cardiovascular Medicine Look here for Raynaud'sPhenomenon, thromboangiitis obliterans and Vasculitis. http://www.fpnotebook.com/RHECh2.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Rheumatology Bone Cardiovascular Medicine Diffuse Examination Infectious Disease Intra-Articular Disorders ... Symptom Evaluation Cardiovascular Medicine Chapter Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dental Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Rheumatology Index Bone Cardiovascular Medicine Diffuse Examination Infectious Disease Intra-Articular Disorders Laboratory General Marfans Myofascial Neurology Osteoarthritis Pain Pediatrics Pharmacology Procedure Radiology RA Spondylitis Symptom Evaluation Page Cardiovascular Medicine Index Environ Raynauds Thromboangiitis Obliterans Vasculitis Vasculitis Small Vasculitis Small Polyangiitis Vasculitis Vasculitis Small Vessel Vasculitis Microscopic Polyangiitis Assorted Pages in Cardiovascular Medicine Raynaud's Phenomenon Thromboangiitis Obliterans Related Topics from other Books Chapters in Cardiovascular Medicine Arrhythmia Coronary Artery Disease Congestive Heart Failure EKG Examination Ophthalmology Hypertension Infectious Disease Laboratory General Hyperlipidemia Pulmonology Myocardium Neurology Neonatology Obstetrics Pediatrics Pericardium Pharmacology Prevention Procedure Radiology

17. Thromboangiitis Obliterans Microscopic Polyangiitis. thromboangiitis obliterans. Buerger's Disease http://www.aroundcharlotte.com/RHE10.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Rheumatology Cardiovascular Medicine Assorted Pages Thromboangiitis Obliterans Vasculitis Small Vessel Vasculitis Microscopic Polyangiitis Thromboangiitis Obliterans Buerger's Disease Buergers Disease Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dental Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Rheumatology Index Bone Cardiovascular Medicine Diffuse Examination Infectious Disease Intra-Articular Disorders Laboratory General Marfans Myofascial Neurology Osteoarthritis Pain Pediatrics Pharmacology Procedure Radiology RA Spondylitis Symptom Evaluation Page Cardiovascular Medicine Index Environ Raynauds Thromboangiitis Obliterans Vasculitis Vasculitis Small Vasculitis Small Polyangiitis Epidemiology Age of onset: Younger than 45 years old Men predominate Prevalence (asian and eastern european descent) United States: 12% India: 63% Ashkenazi Jews in Israel: 80% Pathophysiology Nonatherosclerotic inflammatory disease Affects small and medium sized extremity vessels Risk factors Tobacco Abuse is highly correlated Symptoms Ischemia of distal extremities (hands and feet) Claudication Rest pain Ulcerations of toes and fingers Signs

18. Thromboangiitis Obliterans -- ECureMe.com thromboangiitis obliterans, Normal, Abnormal, thromboangiitis obliterans is alsoknown as Buerger's disease, and it is most often seen in young men who smoke. http://www.ecureme.com/emyhealth/data/Thromboangiitis_Obliterans.asp

March 31, 2003 Select a Health Topic ADD/ADHD Allergy Alternative Medicine Arthritis Asthma Beyond Dieting Body Aches and Pains Breast Cancer Cancer Awareness Cardio Health Children's Health Colon Cancer Contraception COPD/Emphysema Dental Health Diabetes Elder Care Emergency Room Epilepsy Erectile Dysfunction Eye Care Fertility Fitness Gastrointestinal Health Glands and Hormones Gynecologic Health Hair Loss Headache Healthcare Today Healthy Aging HIV and AIDS Infectious Diseases Kidney Health Leukemia Liver Health Lung Cancer Lymphoma Multiple Sclerosis Men's Health Mental Health Nutrition Osteoporosis Parkinson's Disease Sexual Health Skin Health Sleep Disorders Special Events Stroke Surgeries and Procedures Teen Health Thyroid Health Urologic Health Vascular Disease Women's Health Workplace Health Ask The Doctor Lifestyle Counseling Ask by mail My Health Chart ... Hospitals Thromboangiitis Obliterans more about Thromboangiitis Obliterans Buerger's disease Normal Abnormal Thromboangiitis obliterans is also known as Buerger's disease, and it is most often seen in young men who smoke. This disease causes blood circulation to the hands and feet to cut off, leading to pain, numbness, infections, and/or loss of the affected limb. Treatment is to stop smoking immediately and to take care of the limbs. All of the symptoms are due to the lack of circulation.

19. 1Up Health > Thromboangiitis Obliterans > Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors Of Comprehesive information on thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Thromboangiitisobliterans Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors. Alternative names http://www.1uphealth.com/health/thromboangiitis_obliterans_info.html

1Up Health Thromboangiitis obliterans Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Thromboangiitis obliterans Information Thromboangiitis obliterans Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Alternative names : Buerger's disease Definition : Thromboangiitis obliterans is a disease that causes obstruction of the blood vessels of the hands and feet. Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) is caused by vasculitis, which is an inflammation (irritation with presence of extra immune cells) of blood vessels. The blood vessels of the hands and feet are especially affected, becoming constricted or totally blocked. This reduces blood flow to the tissues of hands and feet, resulting in pain and eventually damage. Thromboangiitis obliterans affects approximately 6 out of every 10,000 people. It almost always affects men aged 20 to 40 years old who have a history of smoking or chewing tobacco. The condition may also be associated with a history of Raynaud's disease . This disorder is very uncommon in children, but may occur in those with

20. 1Up Health > Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) Information Comprehesive information on thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). 1UpHealth Diseases Conditions thromboangiitis obliterans. http://www.1uphealth.com/health/thromboangiitis_obliterans.html

1Up Health Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials Health News ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Thromboangiitis obliterans Information Guide Alternative names : Buerger's disease Definition : Thromboangiitis obliterans is a disease that causes obstruction of the blood vessels of the hands and feet. Jump to a Section of this Guide Definition Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Symptoms Prevention ... Calling your Health Care Provider Related Tools and Utilities Search Books on Amazon: Read Articles on eLibrary: Health Products on drugstore.com: Autoimmune disorders Raynaud's phenomenon More Biopsy ... More More Topics Acute Anxiety Leg pain Numbness and tingling ... More Search 1Up Health A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is the first of its kind, requiring compliance with 53 standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audit. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial reviewers . A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics (www.hiethics.com) and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch). Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory

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