81. Expert Advice -- Vesicoureteral Reflux vesicoureteral reflux My three year old is experiencing urinary tract infectionsand the doctor believes it could be vesicoureteral reflux. http://www.parentsoup.com/experts/ped/qas/0,,416662_417200,00.html

var cimsCid = ''; var cimsUid = '417200'; main COMMUNITY Message Boards Chats ... Community Challenges find on iVillage on astrology on babies on beauty on books on food on health on lamaze.com on money on parenting on pets on relationships on women.com on work MAGAZINES on Cosmopolitan on Country Living on Good Housekeeping on House Beautiful on Marie Claire on Redbook on Victoria you are here: iVillage parent soup experts pediatrician ... Talent Test more centers iMaternity RECOMMENDED Find Out What Your Child's Name Means Top Children's Names by Decade Birthday Parties Made Easy Best Ways to Discipline Your Child ... 4 Things Every Stay-at-Home Mom Needs to Know WHAT'S NEW 10 Best Travel Games 10 Steps to Potty Training Your Toddler 40 Ways to Balance Work and Family TOPICS Activities and fun Ages and stages Behavior problems Child health ... Parenting A-Z FEATURES Boards Chats Debates Experts ... Workshops FREE NEWSLETTERS Parent Soup ParentsPlace more newsletters Vesicoureteral Reflux My three year old is experiencing urinary tract infections and the doctor believes it could be vesicoureteral reflux. He has scheduled an ultrasound. What is the course of treatement for this and what can be done to correct it? Is this genetic or just a common problem?

82. Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) In most cases, vesicoureteral reflux is acongenital condition that effects the two valves in the bladder. http://www.uroplasty.com/VURP.asp

-Choose A Destination- Uroplasty Mailing List Home Page About Uroplasty PATIENTS Urinary Incontinence Male Urinary Incontinence Female Vesicoureteral Reflux Vocal Cord Paralysis Fecal Incontinence SURGEONS Urinary Incontinence Male Urinary Incontinence Female Vesicoureteral Reflux Vocal Cord Rehabilitation Fecal Incontinence [NL] International Headquarters Uroplasty BV Hofkamp 2 6161 DC, Geleen The Netherlands Tel: +31 (0) 46 423 79 20 Fax: +31 (0) 46 423 79 22 info.holland@uroplasty.com [GB] UK Headquarters Uroplasty Ltd. Unit 3, Woodside Business Park Whitley Wood Lane Reading, Berkshire RG2 8LW United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 118 975 5180 Fax: +44 (0) 118 931 2120 info.uk@uroplasty.com [CONTACT US] for a distributor in your country Uroplasty products are not available for sale in the United States of America. HOME PRODUCTS EVENTS NEWS RELEASES ... CONTACT US Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) In most cases, Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)is a congenital condition that effects the two valves in the bladder. In a healthy bladder, the valves allow urine to enter the bladder from the kidneys. The urine remains in the bladder until the voiding. However with a VUR sufferer, the valves in the bladder do not function properly and urine can flow back into the ureters reaching, in some cases the kidneys. In a minority of cases, VUR can follow bladder operations or neurological diseases. 90% of VUR cases occur during childhood.

83. Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Macroplastique Implantation can be an alternativeto longterm antibiotic therapy or invasive reimplantation therapy. http://www.uroplasty.com/VURS.asp

-Choose A Destination- Uroplasty Mailing List Home Page About Uroplasty PATIENTS Urinary Incontinence Male Urinary Incontinence Female Vesicoureteral Reflux Vocal Cord Paralysis Fecal Incontinence SURGEONS Urinary Incontinence Male Urinary Incontinence Female Vesicoureteral Reflux Vocal Cord Rehabilitation Fecal Incontinence [NL] International Headquarters Uroplasty BV Hofkamp 2 6161 DC, Geleen The Netherlands Tel: +31 (0) 46 423 79 20 Fax: +31 (0) 46 423 79 22 info.holland@uroplasty.com [GB] UK Headquarters Uroplasty Ltd. Unit 3, Woodside Business Park Whitley Wood Lane Reading, Berkshire RG2 8LW United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 118 975 5180 Fax: +44 (0) 118 931 2120 info.uk@uroplasty.com [CONTACT US] for a distributor in your country Uroplasty products are not available for sale in the United States of America. HOME PRODUCTS EVENTS NEWS RELEASES ... CONTACT US Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Macroplastique Implantation can be an alternative to long-term antibiotic therapy or invasive reimplantation therapy. Endoscopic injection therapy (Subureteric Macroplastique implantation) offers a very effective and minimally invasive treatment option for VUR.

84. Urologyweb Vesicoureteral Reflux (Reflux) Reflux is the abnormal passage of urine back up the ureter and may occur onone or both sides. THERAPEUTIC GOALS IN MANAGEMENT OF REFLUX Detection. http://www.urologyweb.com/Production/Urology_Primer/Pediatric/Vesicoureteral ref

majorHeading("Vesicoureteral Reflux (Reflux)"); Reflux is the abnormal passage of urine back up the ureter and may occur on one or both sides. It is managed by the pediatric urologist primarily. Reflux may be primary or secondary and its importance lies in the fact that when it is associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI) there is potential for pyelonephritis and renal scarring. The scarring may lead to hypertension, proteinuria and possible renal failure (reflux nephropathy). Sterile reflux usually does not cause kidney damage, but high-grade sterile reflux may contribute. Reflux probably occurs in 1% of the pediatric population. A symptomatic UTI will occur in about 3% of females and 1% of male children by 11 years of age. Radiologic studies of symptomatic or asymptomatic UTIs reveal reflux in 30% to 50% of children and in 40% to 60% of neonates with a UTI. 30% to 50% of children with reflux will have renal scarring on studies, and the scarring is more likely to occur in infants before the age of 2 years. 32% of siblings have reflux, though the majority are asymptomatic.

85. LU:research - Lund University Institutional Archive Title Longterm outcome of vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy in adults- clinical and radiological aspects. Authors Köhler, Jan. Year 2001. http://eprints.lub.lu.se/archive/00009472/

About UNSPECIFIED Thesis or Dissertation Long-term outcome of vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy in adults - clinical and radiological aspects Adults UNSPECIFIED link UNSPECIFIED No Faculty of Medicine Nephrology UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED I VESICOURETERAL REFLUX DIAGNOSED IN ADULTHOOD. INCIDENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, HYPERTENSION, PROTEINURIA, BACK PAIN AND RENAL CALCULI Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 1997; 12: 2580-2587. II LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF REFLUX NEPHROPATHY IN ADULTS WITH VESICOURETERAL REFLUX - RADIOLOGICAL AND PATHOANATOMICAL ANALYSIS Acta Radiologica, 2001, in press. III CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT AND ANTIREFLUX SURGERY IN ADULTS WITH VESICOURETERAL REFLUX - EFFECT ON URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, RENAL FUNCTION AND LOIN PAIN IN A LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP STUDY Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2001; 16: 52-60. IV LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF REFLUX NEPHROPATHY ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND RENAL FUNCTION IN ADULTS Submitted UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED 20 September 2002 Full text available as: Subjects: R Medicine Internal medicine Department: Faculty of Medicine Nephrology LU:research is provided by Lund University Libraries, Head Office.

86. Radionuclide Cystography In Vesiculoureteral Reflux Discussion Radionuclide Cystography/vesicoureteral reflux. UTI, however, can be associatedwith such a problem most commonly vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). http://www.auntminnie.com/ScottWilliamsMD2/nucmed/Genitourinary/Reflux/Reflux im

Radionuclide Cystography/Vesicoureteral Reflux Clinical Findings The clinical manifestations of urinary tract infection in the pediatric patient population are frequently nonspecific. Children may present with fever, irritability, poor feeding, failure to thrive, or diarrhea. Older children are usually able to report the more typical complaints of urgency, frequency, and dysuria. The majority of children with a UTI have no anatomic or functional abnormality in their urinary system. UTI, however, can be associated with such a problem- most commonly vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). The majority of pediatric patients who develop renal scars after a urinary tract infection have VUR, and higher grades of reflux are associated with an increase in parenchymal scarring [5]. Because of this, all children with a well documented UTI should have further evaluation of their urinary tract. Although vesicoureteral reflux is found in less than 1% of the general population, it is seen in about 35% of children with urinary tract infections. Vesicoureteral reflux is caused by a failure of competency of the valvular function of the normal ureterovesical junction. The normal ureter passes obliquely through the bladder wall and submucosa to its opening at the trigone. The length of the intramural tunnel, especially its submucosal component, with respect to the diameter of the ureter plays a primary role in the competence of the vesicoureteral junction. As the bladder fills with urine, the junction closes by compression like a flap-valve, thus preventing reflux. If the intramural length of the ureter is too short in comparison to its diameter, the valve will not close completely.

87. Vesicoureteral Reflux vesicoureteral reflux. vesicoureteral reflux indicates that when your childurinates, some of the urine flows backwards towards the kidney. http://rwjsurgery.umdnj.edu/urology/pediatric/vesico.html

Vesicoureteral reflux Vesicoureteral reflux indicates that when your child urinates, some of the urine flows backwards towards the kidney. This can lead to infections and sometimes will result in loss of kidney function. Reflux can only be diagnosed by a Voiding Cytsto Urethro Gram or a VCUG. This test requires that a small catheter be inserted into the child's urethra and that the child void while the radiologist takes a picture. If urine is seen flowing back to the kidney during voiding, reflux is diagnosed. Currently, it is recommended that children have a VCUG if they have had urinary tract infection. Older children may not need a VCUG if their kidney's are fully matured. There are 5 different grades of reflux. Grade 1 is the mildest form and Grade 5 is the most severe form of reflux. Sometimes a child will "outgrow" reflux, but this depends upon the grade of reflux and if it on one or both sides. After reviewing the VCUG, the chance of outgrowing reflux can be estimated. Once reflux is detected, children are placed on "prophylatic" antibiotics to see if they "outgrow" the reflux. These antibiotics can be given for years, because they are given in very low doses. They do not cause resistance or decreased immunity. If the reflux persists after several years of antibiotics, causes infections, or is high grade, surgery may be recommended. Grades of Reflux These are the five different grades of reflux that can be diagnosed during a VCUG study. the grade is based on the appearance of the kidney and ureter during the VCUG.

88. Vesicoureteral Reflux - New Treatments, February 5, 2003 vesicoureteral reflux. vesicoureteral reflux is defined as the retrogradeflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and collecting system. http://www.medical-library.org/journals2a/vesicoureteral_reflux.htm

This page has moved. Click here to view. Vesicoureteral Reflux Vesicoureteral reflux is defined as the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and collecting system. Children who have a urinary tract infection (UTI) have a 45% incidence of vesicoureteral reflux. The incidence increases with decreasing age, and 65% of patients are females. However, in a male who has a UTI, the risk of reflux is Pathophysiology Vesicoureteral reflux may cause renal parenchymal injury, including segmental scarring, global renal atrophy, and Pregnancy may exacerbate already compromised renal function caused by reflux nephropathy. Diagnosis Radiologic evaluation should be undertaken when a urinary tract infection occurs in one of the following patients: UTI in a male UTI in an infant (under two years of age) Pyelonephritis in a female Recurrent UTI in a female Radiologic evaluation of the child with a urinary tract infection consists of a renal ultrasound and a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). If the child is not toxic, the VCUG and renal ultrasound should be done three weeks after initiation of antibiotics for UTI. However, if the child is toxic or hospitalized, the ultrasound should be done promptly in order to exclude the presence of an obstructive uropathy, which requires prompt urological intervention., Grading Grade I reflux is defined as retrograde urine flow into a non-dilated ureter.

89. Vesicoureteral Reflux -- ECureMe.com vesicoureteral reflux. Reflux into the ureter. vesicoureteral reflux wouldrefer to sites ( 2 ), ( 3 ), or any obstruction within the bladder. http://www.ecureme.com/emyhealth/Pediatrics/Vesicoureteral_Reflux.asp

March 31, 2003 Select a Health Topic ADD/ADHD Allergy Alternative Medicine Arthritis Asthma Beyond Dieting Body Aches and Pains Breast Cancer Cancer Awareness Cardio Health Children's Health Colon Cancer Contraception COPD/Emphysema Dental Health Diabetes Elder Care Emergency Room Epilepsy Erectile Dysfunction Eye Care Fertility Fitness Gastrointestinal Health Glands and Hormones Gynecologic Health Hair Loss Headache Healthcare Today Healthy Aging HIV and AIDS Infectious Diseases Kidney Health Leukemia Liver Health Lung Cancer Lymphoma Multiple Sclerosis Men's Health Mental Health Nutrition Osteoporosis Parkinson's Disease Sexual Health Skin Health Sleep Disorders Special Events Stroke Surgeries and Procedures Teen Health Thyroid Health Urologic Health Vascular Disease Women's Health Workplace Health Ask The Doctor Lifestyle Counseling Ask by mail My Health Chart ... Hospitals Vesicoureteral Reflux Reflux into the ureter The abnormal flow of urine from the bladder, upstream into one or both ureters and thence into the kidneys. Symptoms of bladder infection Incontinence of urine Signs of Pyelonephritis or dilation of the urinary tract on X-ray, ultrasound, or other imaging studies

90. Vesicoureteral Reflux : Meddie Health Search A description of vesicoureteral reflux along with information such as how to tellif your child has this, what it does, if surgery is necessary and the types. http://www.meddie.com/search/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Urological_Disorders

HOME ADD A LINK MODIFY A LINK NEW LINKS ... TOP RATED Search Meddie: the entire directory only this category More search options Home Health Conditions and Diseases ... Urological Disorders : Vesicoureteral Reflux ITEMS: LINKS: Children's Hospital in Iowa A description of vesicoureteral reflux along with information such as how to tell if your child has this, what it does, if surgery is necessary and the types. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Children's Hospital, Boston: Patient Care Information on the diagnosis and treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children provided by the Department of Urology. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Digital Urology Journal: An article about vesicoureteral reflux, what it is, the diagnosis, possible treatments and follow up. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Pediatric Urology Associates A definition of vesicoureteral reflux, the main concerns, prognosis and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Report of the Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children American Academy of Pediatrics: The Report is available in PDF format from the American Urological Association. (Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0)

91. Nature Publishing Group Article. vesicoureteral reflux in the early stage of spinal cord injury a retrospectivestudy. Group 1 included 13 patients with vesicoureteral reflux. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/sc/journal/v39/n1/abs/3101091a.

92. Nature Publishing Group vesicoureteral reflux and bladder management in spinal cord injury patients. S Vaidyanathan1 , G Singh 1 , BM Soni 1 , PL Hughes 2 , KF Parsons 3 and P Sett 1. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/sc/journal/v40/n3/full/3101266a

93. Continuity Clinic Notebook: UTIs And Vesicoureteral Reflux A. Evaluation by system 1. General. 2. HEENT. 3. Cardiopulmonary. 4. GI. 5.GU. UTIs and vesicoureteral reflux. Catherine deVries MD, Pediatric Urologist. http://www.mcg.edu/PedsOnL/CCNotebook/chapter2/urinary.htm

Medical College of Georgia Department of Pediatrics A-Z Index MCG Home Continuity Clinic Notebook: Chapter II. The Evaluation of the Sick Child Chapter 2 Index A. Evaluation by system: 1. General 2. HEENT 3. Cardiopulmonary 4. GI 5. GU UTIs and Vesicoureteral Reflux Catherine deVries MD, Pediatric Urologist I. UTI: Neonate: males more than females: only age group in which true. Circumcision: reduces incidence of UTIs (uncirc: 11.2/1000 vs cic: 1.1/1000) Pyelonephritis vs Cystitis: Age group affected: if under 2 years of age much higher incidence of pyelo with 1st infection Renal Scarring: best way to test: DMSA scan; ultrasound shows only 50% - the more episodes of pyelonephritis, the more likely get scarring. II. Work-up: Still controversial; all males with documented UTIs, all females under age two with first UTI, anyone with pyelonephritis. Uncertain about the 3-5 year old girl with signs and symptoms of cystitis. Tests ordered in addition to urine culture: Ultrasound and VCUG; DMSA if pyelonephritis is suspected. I II. Reflux:

94. Advanced Search The following is a Clinical Brief from the October 1, 1997 edition of AmericanFamily Physician. Guidelines on Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux. http://www.aafp.org/afp/971001ap/briefs3.html

Advanced Search American Family Physician Articles Departments Patient Information Editorials ... Special Medical Reports The following is a " Clinical Brief " from the October 1, 1997 edition of American Family Physician Guidelines on Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines for the management of pediatric vesicoureteral reflux have been released by the American Urological Association (AUA). The guidelines were developed by a panel of experts convened by the AUA, who reviewed all available peer-reviewed literature on the subject published from January 1965 to December 1994. The literature was reviewed for specific outcomes, such as reflux resolution, renal scarring, urinary tract infection and adverse drug reactions. Jack S. Elder, M.D., Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, chaired the panel. The AUA describes vesicoureteral reflux as a pediatric medical disorder in which urine backs up into the kidney from the bladder. It is usually caused by a congenital defect in the attachment between the ureter and the bladder, and it predisposes the child to kidney infections. The incidence is 1 percent. Three primary treatment options were cited by the panel: medical treatment, surgical treatment, and surveillance or observation. The panel recommends low-dose antibiotic therapy as the initial treatment of choice in most children. Low-dose antibiotic therapy was favored by the expert panel because it is associated with fewer risks than surgery. If the condition fails to resolve with antibiotic therapy, the panel recommends considering surgery instead of continuing the antibiotic therapy.

95. Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Genitourinary and Kidney Disorders vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) from Advocate'sHealth Information Reference Library. vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). http://www.advocatehealth.com/system/info/library/reference/peds/urology/vur.htm

About Us Health Info Programs and Services Jobs and Education ... Genitourinary and Kidney Disorders Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)? Vesicoureteral reflux occurs when urine that dwells in the bladder flows back into the ureters and often back into the kidneys. The bladder is the hollow, muscular organ that stores urine before urination occurs. The bladder has three small openings: two connect the ureters where urine is drained down from the kidneys, and one connects the bladder to the urethra where urine exits the body. The ureters are funnel-shaped tubes that carry urine from the kidneys. Ureters enter the bladder at a diagonal angle and have a special one-way valve system that normally prevents urine from flowing back up the ureters in the direction of the kidneys. When a child has vesicoureteral reflux, the mechanism that prevents the back-flow of urine does not work, allowing urine to flow in both directions. A child who has vesicoureteral reflux is at risk for developing recurrent kidney infections, which, over time, can cause damage and scarring to the kidneys. What causes vesicoureteral reflux?

96. Popup Window Usually present at birth, vesicoureteral reflux, called VUR or reflux, is an abnormalityof the urinary tract that causes urine to flow backwards from the http://www.pvurology.com/images/uploaded/pioneer/vr.cfm

Basic Facts Vesicoureteral reflux is a birth defect that tends to run in families. The condition is often diagnosed along with a urinary tract infection. Surgery is usually postponed for four to five years to see if reflux resolves with antibiotic therapy. Usually present at birth, vesicoureteral reflux, called VUR or reflux, is an abnormality of the urinary tract that causes urine to flow backwards from the bladder back into the ureters. The ureters are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys, which filters waste products from the blood to form urine, to the bladder, which holds urine just prior to urination. This accumulation of urine within the urinary tract can eventually result in an infection. One possible infection affecting the kidneys is called pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis causes fever, flank pain, nausea and vomiting, and can leave the kidneys permanently damaged and scarred. In time, scarring leads to the loss of kidney function. INFECTIONS CAUSE AND RESULT FROM REFLUX Whether pylonephritis or something else, urinary tract infections, or UTIs, are often the reason that vesicoureteral reflux is discovered because the two conditions are diagnosed at the same time. In fact, the two conditions are so often connected that physicians typically examine all children with UTI for reflux. Urinary infections are considered the secondary cause of vesicoureteral reflux. The primary cause of the condition is abnormal development that results in an impaired ureteral valve, which does not close properly. The abnormality may result from the ureter not reaching its full growth or from the ureter not being located at the correct entry point on the bladder.

97. Children's FaxNotes - New Treatments Available For Vesicoureteral MEDICAL UPDATE New treatments available for vesicoureteral reflux, Managementof vesicoureteral reflux in the United States is dramatically changing. http://www.childrens.com/faxnotes/02apr15.htm

98. Pathology Respiratory Skeletal GI/Biliary Urinary Neuro Vascular vesicoureteral reflux vesicoureteral reflux is a condition when urinetravels backward from the bladder to the kidneys. Patient http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/eissweb/vshaver/VESICO~1.HTM

Palm Beach Community College Radiography Program Pathology Respiratory Skeletal GI/Biliary Urinary ... PBCC Home Vesicoureteral Reflux Vesicoureteral Reflux is a condition when urine travels backward from the bladder to the kidneys. Patient Profile - Vesicoureteral Reflux can effect all ages though it most commonly found in children between the ages of three through six. Girls are twice as likely to be diagnosed with Vesicoureteral Reflux as are boys. Though the chances of diagnosis are less for boys, the degree of severity is much greater. The more severe cases are usually a result of a defect at the junction where the patient's ureter and bladder meet. Click here for more information on this more severe disorder: Imaging Modalities Used - The most common radiographic exam used to diagnose Vesicoureteral Reflux is a Voiding Cystourethrogram. During this exam a catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. The bladder is then filled with a contrast solution that will apear on the x-ray film. The patient is asked to void while under fluoroscopy allowing the Radiologist to view the flow. If there is any backflow of the contrast it will be easily seen so that the Radiologist can diagnos the grade of severity of the Vesicoureteral Reflux. Grades I through V of Vesicoureteral Reflux: Treatment Plans - The first plan of treatment for all of the grades of Vesicoureteral Reflux is observation and antibiotic prophylaxis. Those patients who suffer from grades IV and V will undergo surgery to protect their kidneys from scaring.

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