61. Member Sign In Insights into the potential link between viral respiratory infections and asthma. ExpertColumn Respiratory viral infections and Asthma Is There a Link? http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408755

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62. Coxsackie Viral Infections COXSACKIE viral infections. HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. What isit? This is a common viral infection that predominantly affects http://www.nightimepediatrics.com/Parentedu/coxsackie.html

COXSACKIE VIRAL INFECTIONS HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE What is it? This is a common viral infection that predominantly affects toddlers and school age children, and occurs most often in the summer and fall months (May through October). The following are the most typical features: Þ Ulcers in the mouth, usually about 4-8 mm in size, and predominantly located on the tongue and insides of the cheeks. These ulcers are mildly to moderately painful. Þ Small white blisters or red spots on the hands and feet, usually on the palms and soles, and in between the fingers. These are often tender. They do not itch as in chickenpox. Hands are more often involved than feet. Þ Occasionally, blisters or red spots can also occur on the buttocks, genitalia and extremities. Þ Fever, which is low to moderate range (100° to 102° ) usually, but can be higher.

63. Immune Responses To Viral Infections (GSJ Of Sept. 20, 2002) Brown researchers use interferon to peer into reactions that controlimmune responses to viral infections. By studying the biology http://www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol27/27GSJ04e.html

Sept. 20, 2002 GSJ HOME @BROWN INQUIRING MINDS FACES OF BROWN ... Search the GSJ Brown researchers use interferon to peer into reactions that control immune responses to viral infections By studying the biology and biochemistry behind the cellular signaling and receptor systems of Type 1 interferons, the researchers unraveled some of the mechanisms behind how the compounds start a cascade of responses inside a cell. by Scott J. Turner Scientists at Brown and at the National Institutes of Health have produced greater insight into the complex physical interactions that control the immune responses to infections. Their study may lead to more judicious design of therapeutic cytokines, which are soluble compounds released by a variety of cells, including cells of the immune system. Cytokines act to regulate immune responses. Some cytokines, such as interferon and interleukins, are used to treat cancer, multiple sclerosis, viral infections and other illnesses. The findings appear in the September 20 issue of Science. The lead author of the study is Khuong Nguyen, a former doctoral student in immunology who graduated last May. The senior author is Christine A. Biron, chair of the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. By studying the biology and biochemistry behind the cellular signaling and receptor systems of Type 1 interferons, a long-known family of cytokines induced during viral infections, the researchers unraveled some of the mechanisms behind how the compounds start a cascade of responses inside a cell.

64. Viral Infections past 50 years. Transfer factor (TF) has consistently been effectivein the prevention and treatment of viral infections. It is most http://www.immunitytoday.com/virin.html

Hundreds of viruses infect humans causing diseases ranging from the common cold to ebola. Herein, the focus is on the herpes family of viruses, which are among the most common infections of mankind. There are eight different members of the herpes family based on our current understanding of this group of viruses that infect humans. These viruses and common diseases they cause (or are suspected to cause) are listed below. Table: Human Herpesviruses Virus Disease Herpes simplex virus -1 (HSV-1) Oral herpes (fever blisters) Herpes simplex virus -2 (HSV-2) Genital herpes Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Chickenpox, shingles Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Infectious mononucleosis Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) Human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) After primary infection, all the herpes viruses enter a state of latency (dormancy), which occurs in various different cells or tissues (e.g. lymphocytes, epithelial cells, neuronal cells, etc.). Latency is life long. Given the right circumstances, the virus can surface again in its activated form, which is called reactivation . Containment of the primary infection, maintenance of latency, and thus prevention of reactivation is under control of the immune system (see below).

65. WileyEurope Persistent Viral Infections Clinical Microbiology, Persistent viral infections R. Ahmed, I. Chen ISBN 0471-98083-8Hardcover 738 Pages February 1999 £195.00 / €321.80 Add to Cart. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471980838|desc|2695,00.html

66. JAMA HIV/AIDS Journal Scan - Viral Infections Of The Nervous Vol 59, pp 712718, May 2002 viral infections of the Nervous System, 2002 Updateon Diagnosis and Treatment John J. Redington, MD; Kenneth L. Tyler, MD. http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/library/scan/may02/may02g.htm

67. Leopard Gecko Health: Viral Infections Common Medical Conditions and Health Problems viral infections, The most commonsigns of viral infections could include Regurgitation; Anorexia; Lethargy; http://www.drgecko.com/viralinf.htm

Site Menu Home About Dr. Gecko Adopt-A-Gecko Gecko Sitters List ... Contact Dr. Gecko Captive Husbandry What Is A Gecko? Selecting A Gecko Housing Your Gecko Feeding Your Gecko ... Common Medical Conditions and Health Problems : Viral Infections Background Information Please read our before reading any further into these common problems. As with any medical problem, we strongly recommend that you immediately contact your veterinarian for assistance. Common Symptoms The most common signs of viral infections could include: Regurgitation Anorexia Lethargy Papillomas Neurological impairment Lesions Respiratory problems Nasal and/or ocular discharge Possible Causes Most viruses are not detected or officially diagnosed until an autoposy is performed. However, here is a list of the most common viruses that can affect leopard geckos: Poxvirus (Poxviridae) Papilloma (Papoviridae) Adenovirus (Adenoviridae) There is some debate over how viruses may actually be transmitted in leopard geckos but it is believed that most are transmitted via contact with fecal-contaminated objects/water/food.

68. Medmicro Chapter 52 Chemotherapy of viral infections. A number of antiviral drugs have been formally licensedand are widely used for the chemotherapy of specific viral infections. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch052.htm

Chemotherapy of Viral Infections Erik De Clercq General Concepts Basic Mechanisms Antiviral drugs specifically inhibit one or more steps of virus replication without causing unacceptable side effects. Approved Antiviral Drugs The approved antiviral drugs and the viruses and diseases they treat are amantadine and rimantadine (influenza A virus), ribavirin (respiratory syncytial virus), idoxuridine and trifluridine (topical treatment of herpetic keratitis), vidarabine and acyclovir (systemic treatment of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections), famciclovir and valaciclovir (oral treatment of varicella-zoster virus infections), ganciclovir and foscarnet (cytomegalovirus), and zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine and stavudine (human immunodeficiency virus). Future Antiviral Drugs To overcome the limitations of current antiviral drugs, more effective compounds are being developed that allow greater inhibition of viruses, greater selectivity for virus-specific functions, and fewer side effects, and may avoid emergence of resistant mutants. Main Targets for Antiviral Drugs Specific events in virus replication identified as targets for antiviral agents are viral adsorption, penetration, uncoating, and viral nucleic acid synthesis as well as viral protein synthesis. Specificity for infected cells may occur when virus-specified enzymes (e.g., thymidine kinase-induced by herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus) activate drugs (e.g., acyclovir).

69. Medmicro Chapter 46 Persistent viral infections. Istvan Boldogh. Baron S, Dianzani F The interferonsa biological system with therapeutic potential in viral infections. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch046.htm

Persistent Viral Infections Istvan Boldogh Thomas Albrecht David D. Porter General Concepts Definition Persistent infections are characterized as those in which the virus is not cleared but remains in specific cells of infected individuals. Persistent infections may involve stages of both silent and productive infection without rapidly killing or even producing excessive damage of the host cells. There are three types of overlapping persistent virus-host interaction that may be defined as latent, chronic and slow infection. Pathogenesis The mechanisms by which persistent infections are maintained involve both modulation of virus and cellular gene expression and modification of the host immune response. Reactivation of a latent infection may be triggered by various stimuli, including changes in cell physiology, superinfection by another virus, and physical stress or trauma. Host immunosuppression is often associated with reactivation of a number of persistent virus infections. Persistent Infections by Organ System Some viruses can establish persistent infection at the same time in different cell types of one or more tissues or organs. For example, the primary site for latency of cytomegalovirus is thought to be peripheral blood monocytes, but the virus may induce disease and can be detected in cells of several organs (e.g., kidney, lung, and those of the digestive or central nervous system). Table-1 categorizes selected human viruses by organ systems in which the virus is believed to be primarily persistent.

70. Clinical Viral Infections And Multiple Sclerosis viral infections Multiple Sclerosis. Sibley WA, Bamford CR, Clark K Lancet1985 Jun 8;1(8441)13135 PMID 2860501, UI 85212789 Abstract. http://www.albany.net/~tjc/viral-ms.html

Sibley WA, Bamford CR, Clark K Lancet 1985 Jun 8;1(8441):1313-5 PMID # 2860501, UI # 85212789 Abstract Over an 8 year period, 170 patients with Multiple Sclerosis ( MS ) and 134 healthy controls were assessed at monthly intervals in order to ascertain environmental factors. Which might be important in producing exacerbation or progression of the illness, and to compare the frequency of common Viral Infections in the two groups. During cumulative periods designated "at risk" (2 weeks before the onset of infection until 5 weeks afterwards) annual exacerbation rates were almost 3-fold greater than those during periods not at risk. Approximately 9% of infections were temporally related to exacerbations, whereas 27% of exacerbations were related to infections. Frequency of common infections was approximately 20-50% less in MS patients than controls; it was progressively less in those with greater disability. Even in minimally disabled patients with similar potential for infectious contacts, the infection rate was significantly less than in controls, suggesting that MS patients could have superior Immune defences against common Viruses. Medical Texts Anatomy Immune System Lymphocytes ... Viruses Permission is granted to MS Societies and all MSers to utilize information from these pages provided that no financial reward is gained and attribution is given to the author/s.

71. SUNY State College Of Optometry: Viral Infections Of The Anterior Segment Home CE Articles/Self Assessment Tests viral infections of the AnteriorSegment. viral infections of the Anterior Segment Alan G. Kabat http://www.sunyopt.edu/ceprog/viral.shtml

Home CE Articles/Self Assessment Tests Viral Infections of the Anterior Segment Viral Infections of the Anterior Segment Alan G. Kabat, OD, FAAO Associate Professor of Optometry , Nova Southeastern University COPE approved for 2 hours References Self-assessment Questions Answer Sheet Printable Article and Test Infections of the eye and adnexa represent a significant source of ocular morbidity. Viral infections are seen commonly in optometric practice, although a wide array of presentations may be encountered. These may range from mild, self-limiting adenoviral conjunctivitis to sight-threatening herpetic keratitis or herpetic uveitis. It is crucial for eye care practitioners to recognize the various forms of viral ocular infection, and to understand the associated pathology and available treatment modalities. Although there are innumerable viral entities known to infect the human host, the eye is commonly susceptible to only a few. The adenoviruses, herpes simplex, and herpes zoster are by far the most notable; other less commonly encountered entities include the enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, measles, mumps, and rubella. ADENOVIRAL INFECTION The members of the taxonomic familiy Adenoviridae are medium-sized (90-100 nm), viruses containing double-stranded DNA. Of the more than 50 immunologically distinct serotypes that have been identified, approximately half can spontaneously cause a clinical infection of the body's mucous membranes.

72. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries instantaneously. Almost all viral infections result in the death of thehost, but in rare cases viruses leave their host cells alive. When http://library.thinkquest.org/23054/basics/page4.html

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, The Hidden Killers: Deadly Viruses , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to The Hidden Killers: Deadly Viruses click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... The Hidden Killers: Deadly Viruses click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1998 Entry Click image for the Site Awards Received First Place Languages : Site Desciption Learn all about the basics of viruses, their evolutionary history, their discovery, what vaccines have been developed, and how they may evolve in the future. Find out how viruses infect and how you can prevent infection. Examine profiles of diseases caused by viruses: polio, measles, AIDs, ebola, smallpox, and more. The threat of military and terrorist uses of viruses as biological weapons is also studied at this excellent site. Students Sarah Westlake High School MD, United States

73. Viral Infections:Health Topics:UI Health Care viral infections. Young children are highly sensitive to viruses. Other examplesof viral infections in children include specific viral syndromes such as http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/childhealthdevelopment/chil3095.html

Health Topics Category Index Health Topics for Child Health and Development Children's Hospital of Iowa UI Family Care Centers ... Iowa Birth Defects Registry - UI Health Care's digital library Send comments and questions to staff@uihealthcare.com University of Iowa Viral Infections Young children are highly sensitive to viruses. Their resistance to infectious agents may still be low at the same time as their exposure to them increases. A virus can enter the body in many ways besides food, fluids, and bites from insects or animals. The infectious secretions from viruses are passed on to others by coming in contact with them. They can be inhaled from airborne particles from coughs and sneezes. Touching or holding hands with an infected person and then rubbing the eyes or nose is a common way to "catch" a virus. Viral particles may be on surfaces of toys, doorknobs, tables, or telephones. There are approximately 200 known viruses that cause disease in humans. Over 100 of these cause "colds." Viruses attack different parts of the body to produce different problems. Some cause a sore throat, cough, runny nose, headache, or muscle ache. Others cause abdominal symptoms such as nausea, cramping, and diarrhea. Other examples of viral infections in children include specific viral syndromes such as: chicken pox measles mumps pneumonia polio diphtheria fifth disease roseola warts and flu Many viruses are hard to destroy without damaging or killing the living cells they infect, this is why drugs are not used to control them. Many viral diseases can be prevented by immunization.

74. Viral Infections you are here iVillage parentsplace health illnesses viral infections. health, viralinfections Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Do germs spread in a swimming pool? http://www.parentsplace.com/health/archive/0,10693,239268,00.html

var cimsCid = '239268'; var cimsUid = ''; main COMMUNITY Message Boards Chats ... Community Challenges find on iVillage on astrology on babies on beauty on books on food on health on lamaze.com on money on parenting on pets on relationships on women.com on work MAGAZINES on Cosmopolitan on Country Living on Good Housekeeping on House Beautiful on Marie Claire on Redbook on Victoria you are here: iVillage parentsplace health illnesses viral infections Country Crock eDiets Huggies Match.com ... Talent Test more centers iMaternity Shop Amazon RECOMMENDED Baby-Making Basics Are You Pregnant? Chinese Gender Chart Top Baby Names by State ... Postpartum Depression: Are You at Risk? WHAT'S NEW Best Advice for Life after Baby Twin Pregnancy Symptoms Week-by-Week Pregnancy Guide TOPICS Trying to conceive Infertility Adoption Pregnancy ... Pregnancy and babies A-Z FEATURES Boards Chats Experts Quizzes ... Tools FREE NEWSLETTERS ParentsPlace more newsletters viral infections Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Do germs spread in a swimming pool? Fifth Disease: What is it? Hepatitis A ... Meningitis sponsored links what are these Please Note: This iVillage/ParentsPlace.com service area is designed for educational purposes only. You should not rely on this information as a substitute for personal medical attention, diagnosis or hands-on treatment. If you are concerned about your health or that of a child's, please consult your family's health care provider immediately and do not wait for a response from our professionals.

75. Epidemiology And Natural History Of Human Viral Infections - Home Welcome to Epidemiology and Natural History of Human viral infections, offeredby the Department of Epidemiology of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of http://distance.jhsph.edu/hvi/

The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Welcome Welcome to Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Viral Infections, offered by the Department of Epidemiology of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The purpose of this course is to provide you with an examination of the biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of diseases caused by human viruses. We will look at virus interaction with host, diagnostic methodologies, immunization, and treatment of viral infections. We will also examine relationships between viral infections and oncogenesis such as hepatitis/liver cancer, HPV/cervical cancer, EBV/lymphoma, and HTLV/leukemia. We will cover the biology and natural history of major viral families such as retroviruses, rabies, and others. The main framework for presenting the course content is online lectures. There is a wealth of information covered in the lectures and in your course textbook. I encourage you to communicate and collaborate with your fellow students throughout the course, using the tools provided in the course: email (see the roster section for addresses), the bulletin board, LiveTalk, and DED Instant Messenger. You will receive credit for class participation. Please take a few minutes to view the course video introduction Enjoy the course!

76. People And Medicine. Infections. Viral Infections. viral infections. We have all suffered Immunisation. In the past, viral infectionswere successfully treated by immunisation. This is a process http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/glaxo/pm2inf3.html

people and medicine page A 2.7 Viruses Picture 19. Some viruses. Remember, these are not cells - they cannot live on their own. Viruses are not complete cells, but tiny particles measuring about 0.00002 mm to 0.00003 mm. They cannot live on their own. They are made up of genetic material, surrounded by a protein coat. enzymes to detach themselves, and move away to infect other cells. Viral infections We have all suffered from infections caused by a virus However, influenza (flu) can be a more serious viral problem, especially in the elderly. Childhood diseases like measles, mumps and chickenpox are also caused by viruses. So are cold sores (herpes), shingles and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). How were viruses discovered? Viruses were discovered when it was realised that the antibiotics of the 1940s and 1950s were not effective in some infectious diseases. (Only diseases caused by bacteria can be treated by antibiotics). Immunisation In the past, viral infections were successfully treated by immunisation smallpox Viral diseases such as smallpox and polio have been eradicated by immunisation. But, although immunisation has worked well against some viruses, it has completely failed so far against others such as the human immunodefficiency virus (HIV).

77. Natural Treatments For Viral Infections In Houston, Texas: HIV, Hepatitis, Cold, herpes, zoster, shingles, viral hepatitis. Natural Treatments for ViralInfections in Houston, Texas. We have many safe and effective http://www.dralexvasquez.com/virus.htm

Alex Vasquez, D.C., N.D. Consultant and Independent Healthcare Provider, Wellness Center of the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System in Houston, Texas Forum Consultant, The Institute for Functional Medicine Former Adjunct Professor, Naturopathic Medicine Program of Bastyr University in Seattle, Washington Licensed Naturopathic Physician with Additional Prescriptive Authority, Washington (2000-present) Licensed Doctor of Chiropractic , Washington (1996-2002) and Texas (2002-present) Holistic Natural Healthcare Clinical Research Healthcare Education HIV, hepatitis, cold, flu, viral infections, herpes, zoster, shingles, viral hepatitis, HIV, hepatitis, cold, flu, viral infections, herpes, zoster, shingles, viral hepatitis Natural Treatments for Viral Infections in Houston, Texas We have many safe and effective natural treatments for viral infections, and these treatments have been proven to reduce the severity of infections in patients with a wide range of different viral infections, including: Type of infection Benefits from natural treatments documented in research HIV Reduced viral load Improved immune function Improved quality of life. fewer symptoms

78. The Role Of Serological Diagnosis Of Viral Infections In The 21st Century This page discusses the role of serology in the diagnosisof viral infections in the 21st century. http://virology-online.com/questions/89-1.htm

Discuss the role of serology in virus diagnosis in the early 21st century Serology remains the mainstay for the diagnosis of virus infections in a routine diagnostic laboratory. There are 3 basic categories of methods used in the diagnosis of virus infections;- 1. Direct examination 2. Indirect examination 3. Serology Direct examination Indirect examination The virus in the clinical specimen is amplified by growing in tissue culture, eggs or animals. Cell culture is by far the most commonly used method. The presence of growing virus may be revealed by changes such as cytopathic effect (CPE) or the ability to haemadsorb. The identity of the isolated virus can be further confirmed by various tests eg. virus neutralization, immunofluorescence, complement-fixation, electron microscopy etc. The obvious disadvantage of virus isolation is the length of time required for the CPE or the ability to haemadsorb to become apparent, which may take from a few days to a few weeks. Longer, if confirmatory tests such as virus neutralization are to be carried out. However, rapid culture methods such as the DEAFF tests for CMV are becoming available whereby the cell culture is examined for the presence of CMV early antigens by fluorescent antibody technique. Another problem with virus culture is that the sensitivity is often low and depends on a large extent the quality of the clinical specimen received. Also, virus isolation would not be applicable to viruses which are difficult or cannot be cultivated such as hepatitis B and parvovirus.

79. Congenital Viral Infections Slide Set Congenital viral infections Slide Set. This is a ready to use powerpointslide set on congenital viral infections. It covers important http://virology-online.com/presentations/congenital.htm

Congenital Viral Infections Slide Set This is a ready to use powerpoint slide set on congenital viral infections. It covers important congential viral infections such as rubella, CMV, and parvovirus. It is based on the notes in the viruses section of Wong's Virology. It consists of 25 slides and is around 120 KB. Download Slide Set Wong's Virology Homepage Other Slide Sets

80. 778-W. Viral Infections In HIV-Infected And High-Risk Uninfected Women: Prevalen having more infections. Disadvantaged women and women with highriskbehavior were more likely to have additional viral infections. http://www.retroconference.org/2002/Abstract/13739.htm

Abstract E-mail Abstract Author Add To Itinerary Session Search Abstracts ... Program Session 102 Poster Session Effect of Gender/Sex on Viral Load, Pharmacokinetics and Responses to Antiretroviral Therapy Session Time: 4:30-6:30 pm Room 4E-F 778-W. Viral Infections in HIV-Infected and High-Risk Uninfected Women: Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Infection C. Stover* , D. Smith , S. Schmid , R. Klein , K. Mayer , D. Vlahov , P. Schuman , and M. Cannon Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA; CDC, Atlanta, GA; Montefiore Med. Ctr., Bronx, NY; Brown Univ., Providence, RI; Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD; and Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI Background: We examined the burden of and risk factors for viral infections in a large cohort of women. Methods: 871 HIV-infected and 439 high-risk HIV-uninfected women aged 16-55 from 4 U.S. cities were enrolled in the HIV Epidemiology Research (HER) study from 1993 to 1995. Human papillomavirus (HPV) was detected by PCR from cervicovaginal lavage specimens. tests and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of viral infections was higher among HIV-infected women (Table 1), of whom 60.4% had at least 4 of the other infections and 39.2% had at least 5.

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