21. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries The Value of p. To obtain the value of p to thirty decimal places, count thenumber of letters in each word and treat each word as a decimal value. http://library.advanced.org/10030/20value.htm

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, Seeing is Believing , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Seeing is Believing click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Seeing is Believing click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1997 Entry Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption Need a primer on math, science, technology, education, or art, or just looking for a new Internet search engine? This catch-all site covers them all. Maybe you're doing your homework and need to quickly look up a basic term? Here you'll find a brief yet concise reference source for all these topics. And if you're still not sure what's here, use the search feature to scan the entire site for your topic. Students Peter Oakhill College, Castle Hill Australia Suranthe H Oakhill College Australia Coaches Tina Oakhill College, Castle Hill

22. FamilyFun: Learning Projects: Teaching Kids The Value Of Pi THE value of pi, 2 of 10. This PROJECT To measure different circles anddetermine the value of pi (the Greek word for circumference). GOAL http://familyfun.go.com/raisingkids/learn/activities/feature/famf010302_teach/fa

Search FamilyFun shortcuts Parenting Tools Field Guide to Parenting Parent Problem Solver Pregnancy Calendar Baby Name Finder ... Article Library Parenting Checklists Immunizations Nursery Planner Holidays All Checklists Parenting Experts Jan Faull, Child Development Dominic Cappello, Learning All Experts parent ... to parent Get tips, support Parenting Boards Expecting Potty Training Sleep Stay-at-Home Moms ... E-Cards Creative. Fun. Free. Catching up is easy to do. Send an E-Card THE VALUE OF PI of 10 This project, courtesy of Jayne Fountain-Miller, a science instructor at Ohio's East Canton Middle School, is a perfect example of hands-on learning: kids measure a variety of circles in the real worldtires, flower pots, hula hoopsand do calculations that show how pi never changes. No matter what size a circle is, it's always about three times longer around than it is across. PROJECT: To measure different circles and determine the value of pi (the Greek word for circumference) GOAL: To show that the value of pi constant and not dependent on size AGES: 11 to 13 MATERIALS: STEP 1 Each child should mark off four columns on a piece of paper. Label them "Object", "Circumference" (C), "Diameter" (d), and the last "C/d = ?".

23. Value Of Pi value of pi. That limit is always Pi. That's why we say that the value of pi doesn'tchange in gravitational fields, or in other geometries in general. http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueOfPi

24. The Value Of Pi The value of pi John Ludwigson Washington Apple Pi Journal, reprintinformation. The cost of computers keeps going down especially http://www.wap.org/journal/valueofpi.html

The Value of Pi John Ludwigson Washington Apple Pi Journal, reprint information The cost of computers keeps going down especially in comparison to what they can do, but... The cost of computing is sneaking steadily up. One of the major factors is the quiet disappearance of free support from the manufacturers once you've plunked down your money for their goodies. How does $35 "per incident" and paying for a long distance call, perhaps across the country, sound? If you resolve your problem quickly and don't spend too much time on hold you may get away for only $2.99 per minute, plus the phone charges. Of course, the manufacturers decide what constitutes an "incident." How soon does this dwarf the paltry $49 per year ($69 with internet email and expanded TCS service) that we pay for Washington Apple Pi? For that, we can have an "incident" a day and get quick, disinterested advice from people who've been there every time. For really serious "incidents," the Pi offers Hotline volunteers dozens of volunteers! who will provide one-on-one help with virtually whatever ails ya, computationally speaking. Even when you crank in the cost of Explorer full internet service (and it's getting to be much more than that...check out the Explorer homepage, the one with the penguin sitting on an ice cube), or the modest cost of the many tutorial classes offered in the Pi's well-equipped classroom, we're ahead.

25. Urban Legends Reference Pages: Religion (Alabama's Slice Of Pi) Did the state legislature of Alabama redefine the value of pi accordingto Biblical precepts? Alabama's Slice of Pi. Click here Claim http://www.snopes.com/religion/pi.htm

Alabama's Slice of Pi Claim: Responding to pressure from religious groups, Alabama's state legislature redefined the value of pi from to 3 in order to bring it in line with Biblical precepts. Status: False. Example: [Collected on the Internet, 1998] HUNTSVILLE, Ala. NASA engineers and mathematicians in this high-tech city are stunned and infuriated after the Alabama state legistature narrowly passed a law yesterday redefining pi, a mathematical constant used in the aerospace industry. The bill to change the value of pi to exactly three was introduced without fanfare by Leonard Lee Lawson (R, Crossville), and rapidly gained support after a letter-writing campaign by members of the Solomon Society, a traditional values group. Governor Guy Hunt says he will sign it into law on Wednesday. The law took the state's engineering community by surprise. "It would have been nice if they had consulted with someone who actually uses pi," said Marshall Bergman, a manager at the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. According to Bergman, pi is a Greek letter that signifies the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. It is often used by engineers to calculate missile trajectories. Prof. Kim Johanson, a mathematician from University of Alabama, said that pi is a universal constant, and cannot arbitrarily be changed by lawmakers. Johanson explained that pi is an irrational number, which means that it has an infinite number of digits after the decimal point and can never be known exactly. Nevertheless, she said, pi is precisly defined by mathematics to be "3.14159, plus as many more digits as you have time to calculate".

26. The Value Of Pi Page The bill to change the value of pi to exactly three was introduced without fanfareby Leonard Lee Lawson (R, Crossville), and rapidly gained support after a http://www.bme.jhu.edu/~raj/jokes/pi.html

HUNTSVILLE, Ala. NASA engineers and mathematicians in this high-tech city are stunned and infuriated after the Alabama state legislature narrowly passed a law yesterday redefining pi, a mathematical constant used in the aerospace industry. The bill to change the value of pi to exactly three was introduced without fanfare by Leonard Lee Lawson (R, Crossville), and rapidly gained support after a letter-writing campaign by members of the Solomon Society, a traditional values group. Governor Guy Hunt says he will sign it into law on Wednesday. The law took the state's engineering community by surprise. "It would have been nice if they had consulted with someone who actually uses pi," said Marshall Bergman, a manager at the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. According to Bergman, pi is a Greek letter that signifies the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. It is often used by engineers to calculate missile trajectories. Prof. Kim Johanson, a mathematician from University of Alabama, said that pi is a universal constant, and cannot arbitrarily be changed by

27. The Value Of Pi The value of pi. In 1430, AlKashi of Iran invented a formula to calculatepi, and used it to obtain the value 3.14159265358979. http://www.bishops.ntc.nf.ca/math/content/pi/

The Value of Pi Probably no symbol in mathmatics has evoked as much mystery, romanticism, misconception and human interest as pi" -William J. Shaaf Pi is the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet, and the symbol which represents the oldest mathmatical: the ratio of a circle's circumferance to its diameter. Pi can be found everywhere from astronomy to probability, to the physics of sound and light. Pi does not terminate, and there is no pattern therefore is an irratiomal number. Irrational Numbers •Number that cannot be written as interger or quotient of two intergers •Real irrational numbers are infinite, non-repeating decimals Calculating Pi Pi=c/d=c/2r which equals:3.14159265358979323846...... •Leibnitz formula: x/4=1-(1/3)+(1/5)-(1/7)+.... •Wallis formula: x/2=2/1·2/3·4/3·4/5·6/5·6/7·8/7·8/9.... A Brief History of Pi The earliest record of pi was written by Ahmes in 1650BC. He proposed to cut off 1/9 of the diameter of a circle and construct a square on the center, the square has the same area as the circle. This rounded to 3.16, merely 1% off the value found today. Archimedes of Greece used polygons to approximate it as 3.142. A little after this, the Chinese had obtained the value 3.141593. In 1430, Al-Kashi of Iran invented a formula to calculate pi, and used it to obtain the value 3.14159265358979.

28. Biblical Value Of Pi Biblical value of pi. Solomon and the Molten Sea. The value of p (pi) is knownto be equal to the circumference of a circle divided by its diameter,. http://www.learnthebible.org/molten_sea_value_of_pi.htm

Biblical Value of Pi Solomon and the Molten Sea here that the scripture is not exact, what other passages also contain words that cannot be received with complete accuracy? Let us examine the passage more carefully. First, the Bible says that the molten sea was “ten cubits from brim to brim.” This logically would be from the very edge of the rim on one side to the very farthest point on the opposite side. Second, the same verse declares that “a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about.” What is the antecedent of “it?” Clearly it is the molten sea mentioned previously in the verse; therefore, the “line of 30 cubits” compasses the sea, or the liquid contained in the vessel Taken exactly as described, the measurement appears to be the inner diameter of the basin the distance around the sea. When we realize that this molten sea has a thickness associated with it, the 10 cubits from brim to brim becomes the outer diameter, while the 30-cubit measurement describes the inner circumference. Since the diameter is obtained by simply dividing the circumference by (pi), the inner diameter can be calculated as 9.549 cubits. Additionally, the thickness of the vessel is found by taking half of the difference between the inner and outer diameter. Using the inner diameter just calculated and the given outer diameter of 10 cubits, the thickness is 0.225 or approximately 4 inches.

29. Sci.math FAQ: Indiana Bill Sets Value Of Pi To 3 sci.math FAQ Indiana Bill sets value of pi to 3. 246, Indiana State Legislature,1897, reportedly set the value of pi to an incorrect rational approximation. http://faqs.jmas.co.jp/FAQs/sci-math-faq/indianabill

sci.math FAQ: Indiana Bill sets value of Pi to 3 Path: news.jmag.net news.jmas.co.jp !nf9.iij.ad.jp!nr1.iij.ad.jp! news.iij.ad.jp news.qtnet.ad.jp !news1.mex.ad.jp!news0-mex-ad-jp!giga-nspixp2!newsfeed1.dti.ad.jp! news-out.cwix.com !newsfeed.cwix.com!torn!watserv3.uwaterloo.ca!undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca!neumann.uwaterloo.ca!alopez-o From: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca (Alex Lopez-Ortiz) Newsgroups: sci.math, news.answers daisy.uwaterloo.ca Summary: Part 10 of 31, New version Originator: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca Originator: alopez-o@daisy.uwaterloo.ca Xref: news.jmag.net news.answers sci.answers:148 http://www.cs.unb.ca/~alopez-o Assistant Professor Faculty of Computer Science University of New Brunswick Last updated: Sat Feb 19 00:01:05 2000

30. ScienceNet - Maths & Computing - Can The Value Of Pi Ever Change? In very ancient times, 3 was used as the approximate value of pi, and not until Archimedes(3rd century BC) does there seem to have been a scientific effort to http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/database/Maths/9810/m00053d.html

Can the value of pi ) ever change? No. In mathematics, the symbol denotes the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The ratio is approximately 3.14159265, pi being an irrational number (one that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction or as a decimal with a finite number of decimal places) and a transcendental number (one without continuously recurrent digits). Electronic computers in the late 20th century have carried pi to more than 200 billion decimal places. Pi occurs in various mathematical calculations. The circumference (c) of a circle can be determined by multiplying the diameter (d) by c = d The area (A) of a circle is determined by the square of the radius (r): A = The only way pi can change is by the accuracy to which it is calculated. In very ancient times, 3 was used as the approximate value of pi, and not until Archimedes (3rd century BC) does there seem to have been a scientific effort to compute it; he reached a figure equivalent to about 3.14. A figure equivalent to 3.1416 dates from before AD 200. By the early 6th century Chinese and Indian mathematicians had independently confirmed or improved the number of decimal places. By the end of the 17th century in Europe, new methods of mathematical analysis provided various ways of calculating . Early in the 20th century the Indian mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan developed ways of calculating

31. The Value Of Pi Here, 76 of them fell in the circle, so the estimated value is pi = 4x 76/100 = 3.04, which is not too bad for using only 100 points. http://www.scc.ms.unimelb.edu.au/discday/kostya/pisqu.html

This is a typical result of generating n=100 random points. Here, 76 of them fell in the circle, so the estimated value is pi = 4 x 76/100 = 3.04, which is not too bad for using only 100 points. In fact, another famous result in probability, the Law of Large Numbers , says that if we used enough points, we could approximate pi as close as we wished with this method. Go back Created: October 1999 Last modified: 21 October 1999 Authorised by: Ian Gordon, Director of the Statistical Consulting Centre Maintained by: F. Choo, Statistical Consulting Centre Email: f.choo@ms.unimelb.edu.au

32. The Value Of Pi pi= 4 (1 1/3 + 1/5 + 1/7 - 1/9 + ). Anyway, we shall see now how one can evaluatethis value just by choosing points at random say in a square. Go back. http://www.scc.ms.unimelb.edu.au/discday/kostya/pival.html

pi = 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 280 ... Fortunately it is usually sufficient to remember only the first 4-5 digits: pi=3.1415... A rather good approximation to pi is given by the fraction We could also give here several `analytic' representations for this remarkable number. One of them is the so-called Gregory-Leibniz series: pi= 4 (1 - 1/3 + 1/5 + 1/7 - 1/9 + ...) Anyway, we shall see now how one can evaluate this value just by choosing points at random say in a square. Go back Created: October 1999 Last modified: 21 October 1999 Authorised by: Ian Gordon, Director of the Statistical Consulting Centre Maintained by: F. Choo, Statistical Consulting Centre Email: f.choo@ms.unimelb.edu.au

33. The Value Of Pi PI = 3.+ 14159265358979323846 26433832795028841971 69399375105820974944 5923078164062862089986280348253421170679 82148086513282306647 09384460955058223172 http://jcheetham.future.easyspace.com/maths/value.htm

PI = 3.+ 14159265358979323846 26433832795028841971 69399375105820974944 59230781640628620899 86280348253421170679 82148086513282306647 09384460955058223172 53594081284811174502 84102701938521105559 64462294895493038196 44288109756659334461 28475648233786783165 27120190914564856692 34603486104543266482 13393607260249141273 72458700660631558817 48815209209628292540 91715364367892590360 01133053054882046652 13841469519415116094 33057270365759591953 09218611738193261179 31051185480744623799 62749567351885752724 89122793818301194912 98336733624406566430 86021394946395224737 19070217986094370277 05392171762931767523 84674818467669405132 00056812714526356082 77857713427577896091 73637178721468440901 22495343014654958537 10507922796892589235 42019956112129021960 86403441815981362977 47713099605187072113 49999998372978049951 05973173281609631859 50244594553469083026 42522308253344685035 26193118817101000313 78387528865875332083 81420617177669147303 59825349042875546873 11595628638823537875 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34. Hidden Codes In The Bible: The Value Of Pi Personal Update, April 1998. Hidden Codes in the Bible The Value ofPi. by Chuck Missler. Koinonia House Ministries. When I was a teenager http://www.ldolphin.org/pi/

Personal Update, April 1998 Hidden Codes in the Bible: The Value of Pi by Chuck Missler Koinonia House Ministries When I was a teenager, I was confronted by a skeptic (a Unitarian, actually) concerning an apparent discrepancy in 1 Kings 7:23. This passage deals with Solomon's Temple and the products of Hiram the Bronzeworker: And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. (1 Kings 7:23) The huge cast bronze basin in 1 Kings 7:23 was 10 cubits (note 1) in diameter and its circumference was 30 cubits, which is mathematically inaccurate. Almost any schoolboy knows that the circumference of a circle is not the diameter times 3, but rather, the diameter times a well-known constant called ("Pi"). The real value of 7r is 3.14159265358979, but is commonly approximated by 22/7. This is assumed, by many, to be an "error" in the Old Testament record, and is often presented as a skeptical rebuttal to the "inerrancy" of the Scripture. How can we say that the Bible is inerrant when it contains such an obvious geometrically incorrect statement? How do we deal with this?

35. Pi - Calculation (Pi is needed to compute the area of a circle or volume of a sphere.) The valueof pi was computed by He was thus able to calculate a value of pi of 3.14159. http://www.chinapage.com/math/s9/pi.html

Calculation of Pi The irrational number pi can be computed to an infinite number of decimal places. It expresses the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, a relationship which cannot be framed in terms of whole numbers. (Pi is needed to compute the area of a circle or volume of a sphere.) The value of pi was computed by Archimedes to three decimal places, and by Ptolemy to four decimal places. But after that, for 1450 years, no greater accuracy was achieved in the Western world. The Chinese, however, made great strides forward in computing pi. One way in which the ancient mathematicians tried to approach an accurate value for pi was to inscribe polygons with more and more sides to them inside circles, so that the areas of the polygons(which could be computed) would more and more closely approach the area of the circle. Thus, they could try to find a value for pi, since the circle's area was found by using the formula containing it. (They could measure the diameter, and squeeze a polygon whose area they knew into the circle; the only unknown number would be pi, which could then be calculated.) Archimedes used a 96-sided polygon, and decided that pi had a value between 3.142 and 3.140. The Chinese tried to sneak up on pi in the same fashion, but they were better at it. Liu Hui in the third century AD started by inscribing a polygon of 192 sides in a circle, and then went on to inscribe one of 3072 sides which 'squeezed' even closer. He was thus able to calculate a value of pi of 3.14159. At this point, the Chinese overtook the Greeks.

36. Buffon's Needle Buffon's Needle. Buffon's Needle refers to a simple Monte Carlo method forthe estimation of the value of pi, 3.14159265 The idea is very simple. http://www.angelfire.com/wa/hurben/buff.html

Comments, questions, or feedback regarding this page and/or physics-related Java applets? Please E-mail me! Buffon's Needle Buffon's Needle refers to a simple Monte Carlo method for the estimation of the value of pi, 3.14159265... The idea is very simple. Suppose you have a tabletop with a number of parallel lines drawn on it, which are equally spaced (say the spacing is 1 inch, for example). Suppose you also have a pin or needle, which is also an inch long. If you drop the needle on the table, you will find that one of two things happens: (1) The needle crosses or touches one of the lines, or (2) the needle crosses no lines. The idea now is to keep dropping this needle over and over on the table, and to record the statistics. Namely, we want to keep track of both the total number of times that the needle is randomly dropped on the table (call this N), and the number of times that it crosses a line (call this C). If you keep dropping the needle, eventually you will find that the number 2N/C approaches the value of pi! Why does this work? It is not hard to show, with a little bit of calculus, that the probability on any given drop of the needle that it should cross a line is given by 2/pi. After many trials, the value of C/N, the number of crossing needles divided by the total number of needles, will approach the value of the probability.

37. The Value Of Pi Is Not Correct In 1 Kings 7:23 The value of pi is not correct in 1 Kings 723. False number for PI, Ratio, TOTAL.3 multiplied by, 1.0471698, =3.14150943 The real value PI=3.1415926 http://www.apocalipsis.org/difficulties/pi.htm

The value of Pi is not correct in 1 Kings 7:23 The argument goes that since the bible is the product of a perfect God then it must gets its sums perfectly correct. This ignores that fact that God does not dictate the bible, but uses humans in their own historical and social context. In human day to day affairs we frequently use approximations. (1 Ki 7:23 NIV) He made the Sea of cast metal, circular in shape, measuring ten cubits from rim to rim and five cubits high. It took a line of thirty cubits to measure around it. (1 Ki 7:26 NIV) It was a handbreadth in thickness, and its rim was like the rim of a cup, like a lily blossom. It held two thousand baths. Answer Three is a first approximation to PI. As far as we know PI is a number with no exact solution in other words it is likely to have a very large number of decimals. If we take the argument to its logical conclusion we can say that if the Bible came from an infinite God then he should express PI exactly (and the Bible would be full of numbers). In fact he used men to express his word and to the men of that day three is a good approximation. If the author were an artisan then no doubt he would say that PI is three and a bit. We also understand that the rim was a handbreadth in thickness or about 7.4 cm. The cubit is 44.45 cm.

38. Sci.math FAQ: Indiana Bill Sets Value Of Pi To 3 Subject sci.math FAQ Indiana Bill sets value of pi to 3. This Indianabill sets the value of pi to 3 The bill House Bill No. 246 http://www.cs.uu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/sci-math-faq/indianabill.html

Note from archivist@cs.uu.nl : This page is part of a big collection of Usenet postings, archived here for your convenience. For matters concerning the content of this page , please contact its author(s); use the source , if all else fails. For matters concerning the archive as a whole, please refer to the archive description or contact the archivist. Subject: sci.math FAQ: Indiana Bill sets value of Pi to 3 This article was archived around: 17 Feb 2000 22:52:00 GMT All FAQs in Directory: sci-math-faq All FAQs posted in: sci.math Source: Usenet Version Archive-name: sci-math-faq/indianabill Last-modified: February 20, 1998 Version: 7.5 http://www.cs.unb.ca/~alopez-o Assistant Professor Faculty of Computer Science University of New Brunswick

39. The Debate Over The Value Of Pi Type it and go! The Debate over the value of pi. A legislator in the state of Indianaunsuccessfully attempted to have that state set the value of pi to three. http://www.2think.org/hundredsheep/bible/pi.shtml

Search the Web. Type it and go! The Debate over the value of Pi (Note: This piece is obviously fictional, but it is perhaps loosely based on a real attempt by the Indiana State Legislature to set the value of Pi by law in 1897. The text of the bill can be found here HUNTSVILLE, Ala. NASA engineers and mathematicians in this high-tech city are stunned and infuriated after the Alabama state legistature narrowly passed a law yesterday redefining pi, a mathematical constant used in the aerospace industry. The bill to change the value of pi to exactly three was introduced without fanfare by Leonard Lee Lawson (R, Crossville), and rapidly gained support after a letter-writing campaign by members of the Solomon Society, a traditional values group. Governor Guy Hunt says he will sign it into law on Wednesday. The law took the state's engineering community by surprise. "It would have been nice if they had consulted with someone who actually uses pi," said Marshall Bergman, a manager at the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. According to Bergman, pi is a Greek letter that signifies the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. It is often used by engineers to calculate missile trajectories. Prof. Kim Johanson, a mathematician from University of Alabama, said that pi is a universal constant, and cannot arbitrarily be changed by lawmakers. Johanson explained that pi is an irrational number, which means that it has an infinite number of digits after the decimal point and can never be known exactly. Nevertheless, she said, pi is precisly defined by mathematics to be "3.14159, plus as many more digits as you have time to calculate".

40. Hidden Codes In The Bible: The Value Of Pi - Chuck Missler Hidden Codes in the Bible The value of pi by Chuck Missler The real valueof pi is 3.14159265358979, but is commonly approximated by 22/7. http://www.khouse.org/articles/biblestudy/19980401-158.html

Bringing the world into focus through the lens of Scripture - (About Us) Home Articles Bible Study ... Bible Codes Tue, 03/18/2003 Site Search Entire Site Articles 66/40 Radio Missler Radio Bible Study Advanced Search Berean Area Member Login Membership Info Information Articles Strategic Trends Event Calendar eNews Archive Audio/Video Radio Shows Conferences Special Events MP3 Files ... K-Rations Radio Shows Missler Report Radio Schedule Bible Study Featured Study Topical Studies Blue Letter Bible Shopping Online Store Canadian Store Publications Personal Update Weekly eNews Related Sites King's High Way Christian eCards Blue Letter Bible E-Sword.net ... Other Links Other Info FAQ's About Us Contact Us International ... Tell a Friend Hidden Codes in the Bible: The Value of Pi by Chuck Missler When I was a teenager, I was confronted by a skeptic (a Unitarian, actually) concerning an apparent discrepancy in 1 Kings 7:23.  This passage deals with Solomon's Temple and the products of Hiram the Bronzeworker: And he made a molten sea , ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. 1 Kings 7:23 The huge cast bronze basin in 1 Kings 7:23 was 10 cubits   in diameter and its circumference was 30 cubits, which is mathematically inaccurate.  Almost any schoolboy knows that the circumference of a circle is not the diameter times 3, but rather, the diameter times a well-known constant called "pi".

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