21. COPERNICUS NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 14731543. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. Hisreal name was Nikals Kopenik and it was Latinized to Nicolaus Copernicus. http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/renaissance/copernicus.html

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. INTRODUCTION Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who is commonly acknowledged as the founder of modern astronomy. BACKGROUND Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn, Poland, an important European trading center. His real name was Nikals Kopenik and it was Latinized to Nicolaus Copernicus. He came from a middle class background. When Nicolaus Copernicus was 10 his father died and he was raised by his uncle. His uncle gave him a good education. He studied mathematics, philosophy, astronomy and astrology at the universities of Bologna and Padua. He took a degree at the university. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance man. He also was a lawyer, tax collector, a doctor, military governor, judge, vicar-general of canon law and a Polish astronomer. Nicolaus Copernicus said that the earth was not stationary. He also said the earth turned on its axis once a day and he doubted the earth lay in the middle of the universe. He claimed that the sun was the center of the universe and all the planets revolved around the sun. He also published a book on the revolution of the heavenly bodies. His book De Revolutions was his most famous piece of work.

22. Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) nicolaus copernicus Monument, Chicago, USA; Walking Round Old Cracow, Poland Includesalso information about copernicus in Cracow, on the monument and on a http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_copernicus.html

History of Astronomy Persons Persons (C) Deutsche Fassung Copernicus [Kopernik; Koppernigk; wrongly also Kopernikus], Nicolaus [Polish: Mikolaj; sometimes also: Nicolas or Nicholas] Born: 19 February 1473, Torun (Thorn), Poland Died: 24 May 1543, Frauenburg (Frombork), Poland Astronomer, clergyman External documents Biographies, bibliographies and references Biographical data and references , by Richard S. Westfall Biography and references (Encycl. Brit.) Biography and references Biography (in German) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography and extended bibliography (in German) Short biography and references (in German) Short biography (11 Feb 1998: disappeared) Short biography , by Robert S. Westman Short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Short biography Short biography Short biography , by J. G. Hagen From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography Short biography Short biography Short biography (in German) Short biography (in German) Short biography (written for children) Short biography (in Polish) Very short biography and references Very short biography Very short biography Very short biography ... Copernicus-Forschungsstelle (in German) Deutsche Nicolaus-Copernicus-Gesamtausgabe (in German) Bibliography Bibliographies Library of Congress entries (1) Library of Congress entries (2) (See also this entry and this entry (misspelled).)

23. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum In Frombork Discovered that the Earth is not in the center of the Universe but it circles the Sun. Facts of life and pictures of the Polish astronomer. http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang02.htm

Life of Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus Back to home page Life of Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus Back to home page

24. MSN Learning & Research - System Difficulties Encyclopedia article provides an overview of the astronomer's early life, his education, and his revolutionary theory that the earth was not the center of the universe. http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761571204

25. Copernicus nicolaus copernicus is the Latin version of the famous astronomer's name which chose later in his life. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Born: 19 Feb 1473 in Torun, Poland Died: 24 May 1543 in Frombork, Poland Click the picture above to see fifteen larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Nicolaus Copernicus is the Latin version of the famous astronomer's name which chose later in his life. The original form of his name was Mikolaj Kopernik or Nicolaus Koppernigk but we shall use Copernicus throughout this article. His father, also called Nicolaus Koppernigk, had lived in Krakow before moving to Torun where he set up a business trading in copper. He was also interested in local politics and became a civic leader in Torun and a magistrate. Nicolaus Koppernigk married Barbara Waczenrode, who came from a well off family from Torun, in about 1463. They moved into a house in St Anne's Street in Torun, but they also had a summer residence with vineyards out of town. Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk had four children, two sons and two daughters, of whom Nicolaus Copernicus was the youngest. You can see a picture of the house in which Copernicus was born When young Nicolaus was ten years old his father died. His uncle Lucas Waczenrode, who was a canon at Frauenburg Cathedral, became guardian to Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk's four children.

26. Nicolaus Copernicus Detailed biography examines copernicus' dissatisfaction with the Ptolemaic system of astronomy and his theory that the earth actually revolved around the sun. Also includes portrait. http://www.phy.bg.ac.yu/web_projects/giants/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Click here for full size picture Introduction A major contribution to Western thought was the publication in 1543 of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, libri VI (Eng. trans., On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, 1952; Latin reprint, 1965) by Copernicus, Polish astronomer, who is noted for the Copernican theory of the heavens. By attributing to the Earth a daily motion around its own axis and a yearly motion around the stationary Sun, Copernicus developed an idea that had far-reaching implications for the rise of modern science. Henceforth, the Earth could no longer be considered the centre of the cosmos; rather, as one celestial body among many, it became subject to mathematical description. Early life and education Copernicus' fame as an industrious student of astronomy rapidly increased, and in 1514 he was invited to give his opinion on calendar reform, which was then being considered by the Lateran Council, a general meeting of the church authorities. He refused to express any firm views, for he felt that the positions of the Sun and Moon were not known with sufficient accuracy to permit a proper reassessment. Dissatisfaction with the Ptolemaic system Copernicus concluded that, in view of the many circles and their displacements from the center of the Earth that the Ptolemaic system required to account for the observed motions of heavenly bodies, a simpler, alternative explanation might be possible. In consequence, he read the works of many original Greek authors and found that, indeed, heliocentric ideas had been suggested. The idea of a moving Earth seemed absurd at first, but, when Copernicus applied this assumption, the result was an aesthetically superior, although not much simpler, system, even though, as might be expected, he still believed that the planets moved with uniform circular motion. After many years of mathematical calculations, he became convinced that his new idea was true, yet he made no attempt to publish.

27. MSN Learning & Research - Copernicus, Nicolaus MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Search Shopping Money People Chat Enter MSN Learning Research Plus Home Reference Homework College Grad eLearning Parents Genealogy Products Help Search MSN Learning Research Tasks Find in this article http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761571204

28. Torun Polar Station A polar station located on northwestern Spitsbergen owned by nicolaus copernicus University, Poland. Publications, maps and photo gallery. http://www.uni.torun.pl/~geopolar/stacja/english.htm

XXI Polar Expedition of UMK to Svalbard Overwintering on Kaffioyra The 100 photos of Svalbard N.Copernicus University Polar Station Svalbard-Spitsbergen-Kaffioyra General Informations N N icolaus Copernicus University Polar Station is northenmost polish scientific institution. Its goegraphical location is 78. 41' North and 11.51'East. It is situated on northern part of the Kaffiyora, close to the Aavatsmarka glacier. This station was used by 13 expeditions and 70 people so far. Effects of these expeditions are shown in 250 publications and on topographic and thematic maps. I n 1995 we started to do a sistematic study of mass balance of the Waldemarbreen. This quite small glacier with area of about 3 square kilometres lies 4,5 km from station. Like many other Spitsbergen's glaciers it has a negative mass balance. This trend maintains from the beginning of the XX century. The intensity and the run of this glacier's recession against a background of a climate conditions with geomorphological consequences of glacier's recession are the matter of a detailed study. In 1997 close to snout of the glacier a small glaciological station was built to widen a measurment work. N CU Polar Station is suitable to whole year work. It has three independent sources of energy (fuel engine, wind power station and sun battery ). Means of transport are: fibre glass, rubber motor boats and snow scooters. Radio communication is ensured by FM radiostation with its call signal LH3MB.

29. Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_copernicus-d.html

Geschichte der Astronomie Personen Personen (C) English Version (with much more links!) Geb.: 19. Februar 1473, Torun (Thorn), Polen Gest.: 24. Mai 1543, Frauenburg (Frombork), Polen Astronom, Geistlicher Externe deutschsprachige Dokumente Biographien, Bibliographien and Literaturhinweise Biographie Kurzbiographie und Literaturhinweise Kurzbiographie Kurzbiographie ... Deutsche Nicolaus-Copernicus-Gesamtausgabe Orte Copernicus-Denkmal , Niederkassel, Deutschland Benennungen Nicolaus-Copernicus-Planetarium hier Kopernikus-Oberschule Berlin-Steglitz , Deutschland Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Schule Leipzig , Deutschland Kopernikus-Gymnasium Walsum , Duisburg, Deutschland , Deutschland Copernicus-Gymnasium Philippsburg , Deutschland (Siehe auch hier Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Gymnasium , Weissenhorn, Deutschland Kopernikus-Gymnasium , Wissen, Deutschland Upstalsboom Hotel Kopernikus , Berlin Weitere Verweise (Suche mit Alta Vista) Wolfgang R. Dick

30. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum In Frombork Information about this museum in Frombork. http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm

General information Nicolaus Copernicus Museum Frombork General information Nicolaus Copernicus Museum Frombork ... WORLD VIEW NETWORK

31. Copernicus | Cleric And Astronomer nicolaus copernicus Cleric and Astronomer. 1473 1543. nicolaus copernicus(Mikolai Kopernik) was born February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland. http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/copernicus.html

Resources Menu Categorical Index Library Gallery Nicolaus Copernicus Cleric and Astronomer Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe. All this is suggested by the systematic procession of events and the harmony of the whole Universe, if only we face the facts, as they say, 'with both eyes open'. Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikolai Kopernik) was born February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland. Copernicus was a proponent of the theory that the Sun, and not the Earth, is at rest in the center of the Universe. Copernicus received his education, first at the University of Krakow, and then at various universities in Italy. While attending Padua University in Italy, Copernicus studied medicine, Greek, and mathematical sciences. He eventually received a degree in Canon Law at the University of Ferrara. When Copernicus returned to Poland he practiced medicine, though his official employment was as a canon in the cathedral chapter run by his uncle, the Bishop of Olsztyn. Copernicus was never a professional Astronomer. The great work that made him famous was written in his spare time. It was for friends he met in Rome while pursuing his education that, in about 1513, Copernicus first wrote a short account his heliocentric (sun centered) cosmology. His heliocentric system states that the Sun (not the Earth) is at rest in the center of the Universe, with the other heavenly bodies (planets and stars) revolving around it in circular orbits. A full account of the theory titled, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

32. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum In Frombork 19.II.1473. nicolaus copernicus born at Torun, Poland. 1483. 1491. nicolaus copernicusleaves the parish school of St. John, Torun for the University in Kraków. http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang11.htm

19.II.1473 Nicolaus Copernicus born at Torun, Poland Nicolaus Copernicus leaves the parish school of St. John, Torun for the University in Kraków. Period of studies at the University in Krakow. Copernicus begins Law studies at Bologna. Copernicus articled in the Pontifical Chancelleria at Rome. Delivers a public lecture on mathematics. Copernicus completes his fourth year of studies; his three year leave of absence from duties as Canon to the Chapter House expires; he goes to Frombork and requests two year extension of his leave to complete his studies. The Chapter approves his request. He begins the study of Medicine at Padua while continuing to read Law. Copernicus receives another appointment as Canon-Scholar at the Holy Cross Church in Wroclaw. his post is also held in absentia through vicars. Awarded Doctor of Canon Law degree at Ferrara. Completes second and final year of Medicine at Padua. Receives a licence to practice medicine. Copernicus and his uncle, the Bishop of Warmia, attend local congresses of the Estates, i.e. conventions for the election and instruction of local deputies to the lower house of the Polish Parliament (Sejm) in Royal Prussia, at Malbork. Elblag, and Torun Chapter appoints Copernicus private physician to the Bishop. Works on his Commentariolus which presents theories on motions of celestial bodies containing the first synopsis of his heliocentric theory. This treatise is sent to various persons via a series of letters.

33. Nicolaus Copernicus - Top Biography Relates the story of the painter, astronomer, physician, and mathematician who developed the heliocentric theory. Also includes timeline and quotations. http://top-biography.com/9087-Nicolaus Coppernicus/index1.htm

Nicolaus Copernicus, born in Thorn, Poland, was a cleric, a canon lawyer, and a physician; by inclination. In spite of poor eyesight, he was an established portrait painter, an astute astronomer, a gr eat mathematician, and finally destined to become, one of the seminal figures in the history of science through his heliocentric doctrine. The proclamation and proof of his discovery ushered a new era of philosophical belief. The world today gains significant insight from his teachings today and even generations to come shall always benefit from the accomplishments from this humble man who lived a life of solitude in the monastery garden of Frauenberg some four centuries ago. Screensave Wallpaper Our Product How To Buy ... Quotation

34. Search Results know the "Sketch of Hypotheses Made by nicolaus copernicus on the Heavenly Motions " as copernicus referred to his work. http://search.biography.com/print_record.pl?id=3743

35. People(Copernicus) - STARBASE nicolaus copernicus was a Polish astronomer who worked on the heliocentric theoryof planetary motion and who showed his dissatisfaction toward the Ptolemaic http://www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/astrophysics/files/copernicus.html

NB. Blue links are links within the current page. Purple links are external links to other web sites. Pale Green links are are to other pages at this site.) General Einstein, Albert (1879-1955) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Hipparchus (c. 180-125 BC) ... Hawking, Stephen (1942-1998+) Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who worked on the heliocentric theory of planetary motion and who showed his dissatisfaction toward the Ptolemaic System LINKS A short biography of Nicolaus Copernicus with a picture http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/copern.html A biogrpahy of Nicolaus Copernicus and his theories http://www.connect.net/ron/copernicus.html Information on his life and work http://www.intelligentchild.com/astronomy/copernicus.html Info. on the life on Nicolaus Copernicus http://faust.irb.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xcopern.html The Copernican Model...loads of diagrams on the work of Copernicus (incl. animated ones) and information on his work http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/copernican.html A timeline of events that occured after the death of Copernicus, which he influenced http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/people/faculty/tenn/CopernicanRevolution.html

36. MSN Learning & Research - Copernicus, Nicolaus Encyclopedia article provides an overview of the astronomer's early life, his education, and his revolutionary theory that the earth was not the center of the universe. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArtContent.aspx?refid=761571204

37. General Term: Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) copernicus, nicolaus (14731543). nicolaus copernicus, Polish doctorand astronomer. In centre. nicolaus copernicus. Related Topics http://www.meta-library.net/physgloss/copern-body.html

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish doctor and astronomer. In his last book he proposed a new model of the solar system with the sun at the centre. Related Topics: Physics History Full Glossary Index To return to the previous topic, click on your browser's 'Back' button.

38. Cosmic Questions Term: Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) copernicus, nicolaus (14731543). nicolaus copernicus, Polish doctorand astronomer. In his last at the centre. nicolaus copernicus http://www.meta-library.net/cqgloss/copern-body.html

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish doctor and astronomer. In his last book he proposed a new model of the solar system with the sun at the centre. More Terms... Glossary Index To return to the previous topic, click on your browser's 'Back' button.

39. IntraText Digital Library: Author Card: Nicolaus Copernicus IntraText Digital Library Author Card copernicus, nicolaus nicolauscopernicus Kopernik, Niclas Catalogue Download Info Contacts http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut463.HTM

IntraText Digital Library Author Card Copernicus, Nicolaus Nicolaus Copernicus Kopernik, Niclas Catalogue Download Info Contacts ... Ratings This list contains only essential information: title, subtitle, language and ISFN. Click on the title to show a detailed card and to read or download De hypothesibus motuum caelestium a se constitutis commentariolus Latinum - LAT0487 Monetae cudendae ratio Latinum - LAT0488 Best viewed with any browser at 800x600 - Last Updated: 2003.03.28

40. Glossary Definition: Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) copernicus, nicolaus (14731543). Polish astronomer. nicolaus copernicus http://www.counterbalance.org/physgloss/copern-body.html

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. Glossary Index To return to the previous topic, click on your browser's 'Back' button.

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