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The article is excerpted fromGale Encyclopedia of Medicine.

Consultthe second edition of this authoritative, comprehensive, in-depthmedical guide for information on more than 1,700 medical topics inlanguage accessible to adult laypersons. Presented in a singlealphabetical sequence, articles range in length from one or twoparagraphs for minor topics, to several pages or more for major topics.Disease/disorder articles typically cover definition; description;causes and symptoms; diagnosis; treatments; prevention; and more.Test/treatment articles typically cover definition; purposes;precautions; preparation; risks; normal and abnormal results; and muchmore. This second edition includes more than 200 new entries, 300updated entries, approximately 650 color images and illustrations, anda comprehensive subject index. New features include biographical andhistorical sidebars throughout the text.

Disease/disorder articles contain some or all of the following sections:

• Definitions -- brief dictionary-style definition of the disorder
• Descriptions -- overview of the disorder; who gets it and why
• Causes & symptoms -- process, substance or organism thatproduces the condition; any risk factors that increase susceptibilityto the condition; signs and symptoms of the disease
• Diagnosis -- overview of procedures and tests used todiagnose the condition; how the test is done; who should be tested andwhen; time required; cost; whether it's typically covered by insurance
• Treatments -- overview of conventional methods of care ormanagement of the condition, such as drugs, surgeries, physicaltherapy, etc.
• Alternative treatments -- overview of alternative/complementary therapies that may be used to treat the condition
• Prognosis -- probable outcome of the disease
• Preventions -- what actions can be taken to prevent the condition from occurring

Test/treatment articles contain some or all of the following sections:

• Definitions -- brief dictionary-style definition of the test/treatment
• Purposes -- why and when this test/treatment is prescribed
• Precautions -- when this test/treatment should not be prescribed
• Descriptions -- overview of the test/treatment including cost,length of time required, procedures followed, whether typically coveredby insurance
• Preparation -- pre-test treatment procedures, if any
• Aftercare -- post-test treatment procedures, if any
• Risks -- any complications/side effects commonly associated with the test/treatment
• Normal results -- for tests, describes the normal values; for treatments, describes the anticipated outcomes
• Abnormal results -- defines abnormal test values

Published/Released: December 2001

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The ferret is a domestic mammal of the type Mustela putorius furo. Ferrets are sexually dimorphic predators with males being substantially larger than females. They typically have brown, black, white, or mixed fur, have an average length of 20 inches (51 cm) including a 5 inch (13 cm) tail, weigh about , and have a natural lifespan of 7 to 10 years. Several other small, elongated carnivorous mammals belonging to the family Mustelidae (weasels) also have the word ferret in their common names, including an endangered species, the Black-footed Ferret. The ferret is a very close relative of the polecat, but it is as yet unclear whether it is a domesticated form of the European Polecat, the Steppe Polecat, or some hybrid of the two. The history of the ferret's domestication is uncertain, like that of most other domestic animals, but it is likely that ferrets have been domesticated for at least 2,500 years. They are still used for hunting rabbits in some parts of the world today, but increasingly they are being kept simply as pets. Being so closely related to polecats, ferrets are quite easily able to hybridize with them, and this has occasionally resulted in feral colonies of ferret polecat hybrids that have been perceived to have caused damage to native fauna, perhaps most notably in New Zealand. As a result, some parts of the world have imposed restrictions on the keeping of ferrets. As described by the Oaklands Zoo, Ferrets are crepuscular, which means they spend 1418 hours a day asleep and are most active around the hours of dawn and dusk. Unlike their polecat ancestors, which are solitary animals, ferrets will live happily in social groups. They are territorial, like to burrow and prefer to sleep in an enclosed area. Like many other carnivore... More: http://booksllc.net/?id=142867 ... Read more

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Chapters: Demographics of Burundi, Persecution of People With Albinism, Public Holidays in Burundi, Polygamy in Burundi. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 23. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Persecution of people with albinism is based on the belief that certain body parts of albinistic people transmit magical powers. This superstition, which is present in some parts of East Africa, has been promulgated and exploited by witch doctors and others who use such body parts as ingredients in rituals, concoctions and potions with the claim that their magic will bring prosperity to the user. As a result, people with albinism have been persecuted, killed and dismembered, and graves of albinos dug up and desecrated. At the same time, people with albinism have also been ostracised and even killed for exactly the opposite reason, because they are presumed to be cursed and bring bad luck. It is estimated that over 150,000 albinos live in Tanzania; 8,000 of these are registered with the Tanzania Albino Society (TAS). A number of albinos have fled to the Dar es Salaam area as they feel safer in an urban setting. Tanzania is thought to have the largest population of albinos in Africa. In December 2007 the Tanzania Albino Society accused the government of inactivity in the face of four albino killings over the previous three months. While older albino women with red eyes had been at risk for being murdered sporadically in the past as witches, this killing spree may have been the beginning of the ongoing persecution of albinos with the intent to harvest the victims' body parts. With escalating killings, President Kikwete publicly and repeatedly condemned witch doctors, their helpers and middlemen, and the clients, which include members of the police force, for these murders. Victims include childr...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=19943944 ... Read more

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Chapters: Albinism, Dermatoscopy, Bruise, Amelanism, Rash, Glabrousness, Telangiectasia, Finger Tip Unit, Nevus, Breslow's Depth, Exanthem, Leucism, Xerostomia, Purpura, Hyperpigmentation, Pimple, Intertrigo, Malar Rash, Erythema, Pallor, Desquamation, Chromonychia, Pagetoid, Ecchymosis, Maculopapular Rash, Scorten Scale, Erythrism, Lichenoid Eruption, Ferriman-Gallwey Score, Xerosis, Xeroderma, Fitzpatrick Scale, Spongiosis, Morbilliform, Pityriasis, Acantholysis, Hypopigmentation, Serpiginous, Hyperkeratinization, Scutulum, Papillomatosis, Genodermatosis, Atypia, Diascopy, Hamilton-Norwood Scale, Keratosis, Hyperkeratosis, Pyoderma, Triple Response of Lewis, Targetoid, Hydrocarbon Keratosis, Ulerythema, Blanch, Vacuolar Interface Dermatitis, Parakeratosis, Dyskeratosis, Vacuolization, Pathergy, Acanthosis, Hydropic Swell, Leukokeratosis, Exocytosis, Autoeczematization, Hypergranulosis, Malpighian Layer, Mole Map, Ludwig Scale, Evanescent, Dematiaceous, Skin Trauma, Comedo. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 220. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Albinism (from Latin albus, "white"; see extended etymology, also called achromia, achromasia, or achromatosis) is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. The most common term used for an organism affected by albinism is "albino". Additional clinical adjectives sometimes used to refer to animals are "albinoid" and "albinic". Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus and astigmatism. Lack of skin pigmentation makes the organism more suscepti...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2909 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed., brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1282 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The third edition of this authoritative, comprehensive, in-depth medical guide features information on medical topics in language accessible to adult laypersons. Disease/disorder articles typically cover definition; description; causes and symptoms; diagnosis; treatments; prevention; and more. Test/treatment articles typically cover definition; purposes; precautions; preparation; risks; normal and abnormal results; and much more. ... Read more

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Information on many genetic disorders, and the frequent new findings on them, has been extremely difficult to come by—until now. The “Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders” addresses the need for current, hard-to-find facts on emerging discoveries. The two-volume Encyclopedia, presented in a single alphabetical sequence, provides clear, complete information on genetic disorders, including conditions, tests, procedures, treatments and therapies, in articles that are both comprehensive and easy to understand, in language accessible to laypersons. The articles are arranged in a standardized format for quick comparison and ease of use, while non-disorder topics are covered in detail with extended entries. Students will want to consult the “Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders” for useful information on a range of well known disorders, including Down Syndrome, Trisomy, Hemophilia and Tourette Syndrome, and rarely seen diseases such as Meckel Syndrome, Neuraminidase Deficiency and Phenylketonuria.

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Chapters: Animals Bred for Albinism on a Large Scale, Famous Albino Animals, Ferret, Ino Budgerigar Mutation, Laboratory Rat, Axolotl, Snowflake, Balb/c, Mocha Dick, Albinism in Birds, Pinky, Migaloo. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 75. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The ferret is a domestic mammal of the type Mustela putorius furo. Ferrets are sexually dimorphic predators with males being substantially larger than females. They typically have brown, black, white, or mixed fur, have an average length of 20 inches (51 cm) including a 5 inch (13 cm) tail, weigh about , and have a natural lifespan of 7 to 10 years. Several other small, elongated carnivorous mammals belonging to the family Mustelidae (weasels) also have the word ferret in their common names, including an endangered species, the Black-footed Ferret. The ferret is a very close relative of the polecat, but it is as yet unclear whether it is a domesticated form of the European Polecat, the Steppe Polecat, or some hybrid of the two. The history of the ferret's domestication is uncertain, like that of most other domestic animals, but it is likely that ferrets have been domesticated for at least 2,500 years. They are still used for hunting rabbits in some parts of the world today, but increasingly they are being kept simply as pets. Being so closely related to polecats, ferrets are quite easily able to hybridize with them, and this has occasionally resulted in feral colonies of ferret polecat hybrids that have been perceived to have caused damage to native fauna, perhaps most notably in New Zealand. As a result, some parts of the world have imposed restrictions on the keeping of ferrets. As described by the Oaklands Zoo, Ferrets are crepuscular, which means they spend 1418 hours a day asleep and are most active around the ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=142867 ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Persecution of People With Albinism, Freedom of Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Freedom of Religion in Cameroon, Freedom of Religion in the Central African Republic, Freedom of Religion in Angola, Mpumalanga Witchcraft Suppression Bill of 2007, Buda, Werehyena, Helen Ukpabio, 2008 Congo Football Riots, Magie Noire, Witch Smeller, N'anga, Fetichism in West Africa, Saving Africa's Witch Children, Mass Fainting in Tanzania. Excerpt:2008 Congo football riots On Sunday 14 September 2008, a riot broke out in connection with a football game in Butembo , province of Nord-Kivu , in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The teams playing were Socozaki and Nyuki System, which are two local clubs whose games are considered derbies . The riots were sparked by accusations that one of the football players was using witchcraft . Nyuki were losing the game, and their goalkeeper tried to advance up the pitch and cast a spell that would turn the game around. This caused a brawl between the players, and when a police commander tried to intervene, he was pelted by stones from the spectators. To regain control of the situation, the police forces reportedly fired canisters of tear gas into the crowd, something that caused a stampede. On the next day, dozens of teenagers staged a protest in the town. The regional governor, Julien Mpaluku, attended the funerals and visited the injured in hospital, and promised a full investigation of the events. He reported that the firing of shots into the air by the police had caused panic, and the deaths were then caused by the ensuing mass flight. 13 people were killed by suffocation , while 36 others were injured. With two or three exceptions, the victims were all children; most were between the ages of 11 and 16. An eleven ... ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Oculocutaneous albinism is a form of albinism involving the eyes ("oculo-"), skin ("-cutaneous"), and according to some definitions, the hair as well. Four types of oculocutaneous albinism have been described, all caused by a disruption of melanin synthesis and all autosomal recessive disorders. Albinism (from Latin albus, "white"; see extended etymology, also called achromia, achromasia, or achromatosis) is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. The most common term used for an organism affected by albinism is "albino". Additional clinical adjectives sometimes used to refer to animals are "albinoid" and "albinic". ... Read more

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Chapters: Ohio University. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 85. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The depiction of albinism in popular culture, especially the portrayal of people with albinism in film and fiction, has been asserted by albinism organizations and others to be largely negative and has raised concerns that it reinforces, or even engenders, societal prejudice and discrimination against such people. This trend is sometimes referred to as the "evil albino" plot device or albino bias. The "evil albino" stereotype is a villain in fiction who is depicted as being albinistic (or displaying physical traits usually associated with albinism, even if the term is not used), with the specific and obvious purpose of distinguishing the villain in question from the heroes by means of appearance. Traits of albinism commonly associated with the evil albino stereotype include pale skin, platinum blonde hair, and blue or pink-to-red eyes. Notably absent from most depictions is impaired vision, which is experienced by most real people with albinism. The stereotype has become sufficiently well-recognised to attract satire and to be considered a cliché. In response to the "albino gunmen" characters in The Da Vinci Code and The Matrix Reloaded, albinistic actor Dennis Hurley wrote, produced and starred in a short film parody, The Albino Code, playing up the stereotypes, illustrating a typical example of real-world prejudice, and pointing out that the vision problems associated with albinism would make a successful career as a hit(wo)man highly improbable. In The Big Over Easy, author Jasper Fforde includes an "albino community" protest against albino bias among his fictional news clippings, most of which satirize stock characters and hackneyed plot devices. Chicago Tribune movie reviewer Mark...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3156330 ... Read more

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Chapters: H. G. Wells, Affirmative Action, Hate Speech, Westboro Baptist Church, Albinism in Popular Culture, Afrocentrism, Ageism, Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia, Fear of Youth, Social Contract, Adultism, Colombia in Popular Culture, Acting White, Extraordinary Lutheran Ministries, Anti-Christian Sentiment, Fear of Children, Adultcentrism, Shirley Phelps-Roper, Allport's Scale, Second-Class Citizen, Sawney. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 233. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an Independent Baptist church and hate group known for its hatred of homosexuals and its protest activities, which include picketing funerals and desecrating the American flag. It is headed by Fred Phelps and consists mostly of members of his large family. Located in Topeka, Kansas, United States, its first public service was held on the afternoon of Sunday, November 27, 1955. The WBC is not affiliated with any known Baptist conventions or associations. The church describes itself as following Primitive Baptist and Calvinist principles, though mainstream Primitive Baptists reject the WBC and Phelps. The organization is known for picketing at public events and funerals, often those related or peripherally related to gay people or soldiers in the military. The group carries out daily picketing in Topeka (purportedly six per day with fifteen on Sunday) and travels nationally to picket the funerals of gay victims of murder, gay-bashing or people who have died from complications relating to AIDS; other events related or peripherally related to gay people; Kansas City Chiefs football games; and live pop concerts. As of March 2009 the church claims to have participated in over 41,000 protests in over 650 cities since 1991. One of Westboro's followers estimated that ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=376898 ... Read more

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Chapters: Persecution of people with albinism, Prostitution in Tanzania, Maharashtra Mandal in Dar es Salaam, Public holidays in Tanzania, Sungusungu, Saba Saba Day, Mass fainting in Tanzania,. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 24. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Persecution of people with albinism is based on the belief that certain body parts of albinistic people transmit magical powers. This superstition, which is present in some parts of East Africa, has been promulgated and exploited by witch doctors and others who use such body parts as ingredients in rituals, concoctions and potions with the claim that their magic will bring prosperity to the user. As a result, people with albinism have been persecuted, killed and dismembered, and graves of albinos dug up and desecrated. At the same time, people with albinism have also been ostracised and even killed for exactly the opposite reason, because they are presumed to be cursed and bring bad luck. It is estimated that over 150,000 albinos live in Tanzania; 8,000 of these are registered with the Tanzania Albino Society (TAS). A number of albinos have fled to the Dar es Salaam area as they feel safer in an urban setting. Tanzania is thought to have the largest population of albinos in Africa. In December 2007 the Tanzania Albino Society accused the government of inactivity in the face of four albino killings over the previous three months. While older albino women with red eyes had been at risk for being murdered sporadically in the past as witches, this killing spree may have been the beginning of the ongoing persecution of albinos with the intent to harvest the victims' body parts. With escalating killings, President Kikwete publicly and repeatedly condemned witch doctors, their helpers and middlemen, and the clients, which inclu...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=19943944 ... Read more

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Chapters: Elric of Melniboné, Beowulf Shaeffer, Ra's Al Ghul, Morlock, Gasser, Tombstone, Wilhelm, Captain Cold, Lady Death, Man-Bat, Blackout, Caliban, Mojo, Ultra-Humanite, Blockbuster, Griffin, Nekra, Reinforce, La Lunatica, Key, Tobias Whale, Nocturna, Judge Holden, Scribe, Fright, Monsieur Zenith, Poltergeist, the Little Man. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 202. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Beowulf Shaeffer ("Bey") is a fictional character from Larry Nivens Known Space series. Shaeffer is a crashlander, a native of We Made It, a planet circling the star Procyon. He is the central figure of several stories which revolve around his dealings with Pierson's Puppeteers and human characters in unusual and potentially dangerous activities, which often test his wits and courage to see them through to completion. Some of the unusual experiences Shaeffer has had include: Shaeffers first appearance is in the short story Neutron Star in 1966. Niven wrote six short stories between 1966 and 1993 and added a framing story ("Ghost") which ties them all together in the fix-up collection Crashlander. Shaeffer also appears in the story "Fly-by-Night". His known activities span the Timeline of Known Space from 2622, when he became chief pilot of Nakamura Lines, to 2655 when he emigrated to Home with his wife Sharrol and their children. In the first several Known Space stories featuring him, Shaeffer is very tall and thin, and an albino. His height is given in the story "Procrustes" as 6 feet, 11 inches. In the story "Grendel" Jinxian Emil Horne estimated his weight at 160 pounds (about 73 kilograms). Like most albinos Shaeffers skin is pale, his hair white and his eyes pink. He uses tannin-secretion pills to protect himself against UV radiation under normal (Earthly or Jinxian) sunlight. Sh...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=5600930 ... Read more

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Chapters: Emperor Seinei, Hermeto Pascoal, Yellowman, Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke, Johnny Winter, Brother Ali, Edgar Winter, Willie Lee Perryman, William Archibald Spooner, Salif Keita, Speckled Red, Zal, Victor Varnado, Malford Milligan, David Wrench, G. Harishankar, Sivuca, Al Beeno, Cano Estremera, Mem Nahadr, King Mellow Yellow, Michael Bowman, Stanley Kaoni, Connie Chiu, Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer, Darnell Swallow. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 121. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Robert Lowe, Viscount Sherbrooke PC (4 December 1811 27 July 1892), British and Australian statesman, was a pivotal but often forgotten figure who shaped British politics in the latter half of the 19th century. Lowe is remembered for his work in education policy, his opposition to electoral reform and his contribution to modern Company Law. The Division of Lowe, an Australian electoral division located in Sydney, is named after him. Robert Lowe was born in Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England, the second son of Rev. Robert Lowe (rector of Bingham). His mother was Ellen, the daughter of the Rev. Reginald Pyndar. Lowe was an albino, and his sight was so weak that initially it was thought he was unfit to be sent to school. In 1822 he went to a school at Southwell, then to one at Risley, and in 1825 to Winchester as a commoner. In Lowe's fragment of autobiography he shows an unpleasing picture of the under-feeding and other conditions of the school life of the time. The languages of Latin and Greek were the main subjects of study and Lowe records that both were easy for him. Lowe then attended University College, Oxford and enjoyed the change; there he gained a first class degree in Classics and a second class in Mathematics, besides taking a leading part in the Union debates. In 1835 he won a fellows...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=251113 ... Read more

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Young Peter Smart was what they call an albino. It tore great strips of flesh from his insides just to hear the word, even in the privacy of his own head. Follow Pete on a journey of discovery as he tries to break free of his Platinum Prison, find his place in life and search for acceptance and love. Set against the colourful backdrop of the psychedelic 60s and glam 70s, Pete's story is often humorous and occasionally poignant. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

What's it like having albinism?Read this book!
Although the setting for the book is northern England, the emotions this book engenders will be recognisable to anyone with albinism or actually any disability anywhere in the world.There are many references to popular culture in the 70s that I'd completely forgotten about, but just went further to making this an enjoyable read.The traumas young Pete goes through in his journey through the book will be something a lot of people will understand as we probably all went through them to some degree. I'm looking forward to the next book in the series and hope it's not too long coming. ... Read more