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The article is excerpted fromGale Encyclopedia of Medicine.

Consultthe second edition of this authoritative, comprehensive, in-depthmedical guide for information on more than 1,700 medical topics inlanguage accessible to adult laypersons. Presented in a singlealphabetical sequence, articles range in length from one or twoparagraphs for minor topics, to several pages or more for major topics.Disease/disorder articles typically cover definition; description;causes and symptoms; diagnosis; treatments; prevention; and more.Test/treatment articles typically cover definition; purposes;precautions; preparation; risks; normal and abnormal results; and muchmore. This second edition includes more than 200 new entries, 300updated entries, approximately 650 color images and illustrations, anda comprehensive subject index. New features include biographical andhistorical sidebars throughout the text.

Disease/disorder articles contain some or all of the following sections:

• Definitions -- brief dictionary-style definition of the disorder
• Descriptions -- overview of the disorder; who gets it and why
• Causes & symptoms -- process, substance or organism thatproduces the condition; any risk factors that increase susceptibilityto the condition; signs and symptoms of the disease
• Diagnosis -- overview of procedures and tests used todiagnose the condition; how the test is done; who should be tested andwhen; time required; cost; whether it's typically covered by insurance
• Treatments -- overview of conventional methods of care ormanagement of the condition, such as drugs, surgeries, physicaltherapy, etc.
• Alternative treatments -- overview of alternative/complementary therapies that may be used to treat the condition
• Prognosis -- probable outcome of the disease
• Preventions -- what actions can be taken to prevent the condition from occurring

Test/treatment articles contain some or all of the following sections:

• Definitions -- brief dictionary-style definition of the test/treatment
• Purposes -- why and when this test/treatment is prescribed
• Precautions -- when this test/treatment should not be prescribed
• Descriptions -- overview of the test/treatment including cost,length of time required, procedures followed, whether typically coveredby insurance
• Preparation -- pre-test treatment procedures, if any
• Aftercare -- post-test treatment procedures, if any
• Risks -- any complications/side effects commonly associated with the test/treatment
• Normal results -- for tests, describes the normal values; for treatments, describes the anticipated outcomes
• Abnormal results -- defines abnormal test values

Published/Released: December 2001

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Biological Psychology, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Alterations in cortical activation processes due to chronic low blood pressure were investigated. In 40 hypotensive subjects and 40 normotensive controls, the contingent negative variation (CNV), induced by a constant foreperiod reaction time task, was assessed at nine scalp sites (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4). Additionally, spontaneous EEG was recorded at resting conditions. In hypotensives, a reduced amplitude of both the early and the late component of the CNV were found at Cz. At Fz the early CNV was reduced. Hypotensives exhibited longer reaction times, and the reaction time was negatively correlated with the CNV amplitude. Resting alpha power correlated negatively with blood pressure. The findings can be related to cognitive deficits due to hypotension found in earlier studies. The effects of hypotension on cortical activity are discussed to be mediated by afferents from the cardiovascular system to the prefrontal cortex as well as by reduced cerebral blood flow. ... Read more

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This is a NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER AIRCRAFT DIV PATUXENT RIVER MD report procured by the Pentagon and made available for public release. It has been reproduced in the best form available to the Pentagon. It is not spiral-bound, but rather assembled with Velobinding in a soft, white linen cover. The Storming Media report number is A557763. The abstract provided by the Pentagon follows: NAWCAD Patuxent River assessed the risk to helicopter aircrew of acceleration stress by investigating the human physiologic response to transitions from -1 Gz (push) to +4.5 Gz (pull) loads. Nine volunteers participated in a human centrifuge study in which nine actual helicopter maneuvers were reproduced in a 1 hr mission scenario (push-pull mission (PPM)) which simulated both current (current mode (CM): -0.2 to +3.5 Gz) and future capabilities of U.S. Navy helicopters (future mode (FM): -1 to +4.5 Gz). Additional scenarios were run in which transitions < 1 Gz were fixed at +1 Gz. Blood pressure, loss of vision, and subjective fatigue were measured. Visual decrements were trivial during CM while muscular tensing was required to avoid blackout during FM. Subjects tolerated the range of Gz-stresses associated with current U.S. Navy platforms. When subjected to FM PPM G-loads (typical of current U.S. Army platforms), cardiovascular stress significantly increased, Gz tolerance dropped up to 1.2 g, and heart rate increased as much as 67 bpm. Four subjects reported Almost-loss of Consciousness symptoms during FM. While G- stress experienced by aircrew generated by current helicopters does not appear to present a high risk, G awareness training is recommended to reduce risks to aircrew exposed to G-loads generated by more aggressive helicopters. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Biological Psychology, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The relationship between low blood pressure and cognitive function among younger individuals is not fully understood. While a number of studies have examined hypertensive and hypotensive individuals, particularly in older populations, little attention has been devoted to healthy, young populations. We tested 105 healthy young individuals whose blood pressure levels naturally fell in the below normal-to-normal range. Our primary finding was a positive relation between blood pressure and cognition, as measured by two visuospatial attention tasks. This relation appears to be specific to visuospatial skills, as no relationship was observed between recognition memory and blood pressure. We discuss possible explanations for this positive relationship, such as structural neural mechanisms, and how they apply to the overall blood pressure-cognition relationship. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Family Practice News, published by International Medical News Group on February 1, 2001. The length of the article is 3131 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Water Consumption Can Boost Low Blood Pressure.(Brief Article)
Author: Mitchel L. Zoler
Publication: Family Practice News (Magazine/Journal)
Date: February 1, 2001
Publisher: International Medical News Group
Volume: 31Issue: 3Page: 11

Article Type: Brief Article

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This digital document is an article from Family Practice News, published by International Medical News Group on April 15, 2000. The length of the article is 453 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Falling Blood Pressure Linked to Higher Mortality in Elderly.
Author: Barbara Baker
Publication: Family Practice News (Magazine/Journal)
Date: April 15, 2000
Publisher: International Medical News Group
Volume: 30Issue: 8Page: 14

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This digital document is an article from Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, published by American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) on September 1, 2001. The length of the article is 4080 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Recovery Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Normotensive Men and Women.
Author: Michele M. Fisher
Publication: Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (Refereed)
Date: September 1, 2001
Publisher: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD)
Volume: 72Issue: 3Page: 267

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from Southern Medical Journal, published by Thomson Gale on August 1, 2006. The length of the article is 2185 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Indolent systemic mastocytosis as the cause of a long history of unexplained hypotensive episodes.
Author: Elizabeth H. Nora
Publication: Southern Medical Journal (Magazine/Journal)
Date: August 1, 2006
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 99Issue: 8Page: 876(4)

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This digital document is an article from The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology (Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi), published by Thomson Gale on July 1, 2007. The length of the article is 2014 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Heart rate and blood pressure in mitral valve prolapse patients: divergent effects of long-term propranolol therapy and correlations with catecholamines.(Original Investigation)(Clinical report)
Author: Emilia Pereira da Silva
Publication: The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology (Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi) (Magazine/Journal)
Date: July 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 7Issue: 1Page: 107(3)

Article Type: Clinical report

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed., brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 978 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The third edition of this authoritative, comprehensive, in-depth medical guide features information on medical topics in language accessible to adult laypersons. Disease/disorder articles typically cover definition; description; causes and symptoms; diagnosis; treatments; prevention; and more. Test/treatment articles typically cover definition; purposes; precautions; preparation; risks; normal and abnormal results; and much more. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Biological Psychology, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The present study aimed to investigate aberrances in the adjustment of cerebral blood flow to cognitive activity due to chronically low blood pressure. By means of transcranial Doppler sonography blood flow velocities in both middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were recorded during the execution of a serial subtraction task in 40 subjects with constitutional hypotension and 40 normotensive control persons. Additionally, blood pressure was continuously monitored. As a main result significant correlations between the task-induced changes in blood pressure and those in MCA blood flow velocities were found in hypotensives, but not in control subjects. The dependence of the regulation of cerebral blood flow on blood pressure points towards deficits in cerebral autoregulation in hypotension. Over the total sample the extent of the task-induced MCA flow velocity increase was positively related to cognitive performance. This underlines the importance of the adjustment of cerebral blood flow to current demands for optimal cognitive functioning. ... Read more

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Measuring blood pressure in small animals is possibly one of the most neglected aspects of routine health care in veterinary practice today. Essential Facts of Blood Pressure in Dogs and Cats, is a practical reference guide that helps to integrate an understanding of blood pressure into everyday clinical practice. Blood pressure topics include: physiology, hypo- and hypertension, abnormalities, economics and measurement applications, techniques, and interpretation. New chapters on anesthesiology and high definition oscillometry (HDO).Included with the book is a NEW 35 minute video on DVD (replacing the previous 15 minute CD-ROM in the 1st edition) which demonstrates proper blood pressure measurement, and evaluation of end-organ damage.The book features: Updated sections on: Importance of Blood Pressure Measurementprinciples, practical applications, indications, techniques, interpretation; Pathological Changes in Blood Pressurehow and why a patient suffers from hypertension & hypotension; End-organ Damageheart, eye, kidney and brain damage, diagnosis, treatment; Therapyin-depth understanding of hyper- and hypotension, drug treatment; Economicsblood pressure measurements and the clinics image and profitability. New chapters: Anesthesiologycontrol and treatment of blood pressure under anesthesia; High Definition Oscillometry (HDO)a newly developed technology for measuring blood pressure in small animals. ... Read more

Product Description
Mitral Valve Prolapse is a common heart murmur that causes symptoms in some patients, while causing no symptoms in others. The condition affects the involuntary nervous system in those who do experience symptoms (dysautonomia) which results in a syndrome – “MVPS-Syndrome”.

People with this heart abnormality that some statistics state may affect up to 20% of the population, can result in symptoms such as fatigue, rapid heart rate, palpitations (i.e. skips, flutters and flip-flops), dizziness, shortness of breath and anxiety symptoms.

This 7,025 word e-book addresses all aspects of Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome, including symptoms, diagnosis and treatments.

The Chapters (chapters also contain subheadings):

How MVP-Syndrome May Manifest
Basics about Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
More about MVP Symptoms
More about Orthostatic Hypotension
More about Treament for Mitral Valve Prolapse
Strong Association of Thyroid Disease to MVP
Book Review: MVPS-Dysautonomia Survival Guide
MVP a Medical cause of Anxiety Symptoms
Coping with MVP-caused Panic Attacks and Severe Anxiety Episodes

Author - Jim Lowrance is a veteran health writer for sites including BellaOnline Thyroid Health (former Editor & moderator) and Suite101 General Health (recipient of 3 Editor’s Choice Awards). He has written book reviews for other health writers including Mary Shomon (with honorable mention on Mary’s site) and Dr. Mark Starr. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Overall, the book is an excellent primer for the physician
Steeten's "Orthostatic Disorders of the Circulation: Mechanisms, Manifestations & Treatment" is a research-based thorough review of orthostatic circulation disorders.The author, who has researched the subject for 40+ years, provides the reader with definitions and descriptions of orthostatic edema and hypotension, and lists and differentiates between the various types of edema.Theories related to the pathophysiology of the orthostatic disorders are put forth. Diagnostic tests and interpretations of results from these tests are clearly described, but caution must be used in repeating these tests as described since some changes have developed since the book was published in 1987.Finally, recommendations for medical management of the disorders are provided. Overall, the book is an excellent primer for the practitioner who is unfamiliar with both orthostatic disorders, but particularly the elusive subject of orthostatic edema. ... Read more

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High blood pressure or hypertension is one of the most widespread and serious conditions in the developed world and many steps can be taken to monitor and manage your blood pressure. Blood Pressure: All You Need to Know provides a clear, easy to understand account of blood pressure, its control, and how to measure it. The book provides full explanations of what actually constitutes high blood pressure and why and how it should be treated. It also includes a discussion of low blood pressure, hypotension, and why it can also be dangerous. The various disorders associated with having high blood pressure are also detailed. Hypertension is very much a patient's disease--the more familiar you become with the theory and management of the condition, the more you will benefit from check-ups with your General Practitioner. This comprehensive, illustrated book is an ideal manual for the thousands of people who suffer from hypertension and members of their family who are keen to learn about the condition and how best to monitor it. Nurses, GPs, and medical students will also find it a useful source of information and a good guide on how to encourage their patients to take an active interest in their well being. ... Read more

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This is the only up-to-date systematic review of normal human response to upright posture and lower body negative pressure (LBNP). It analyzes the key factors that influence postural tolerance, such as physical fitness, weightlessness, age, and sex. It also provides extensive details on the circulatory changes that have occurred during U.S. and Soviet manned space flights. The text is brilliantly illustrated with diagrams, tables, and comments on circulatory methods. Readers will discover some information which has never before been published. This one-of-a-kind volume also reviews the diagnosis and treatment of orthostatic hypotension-an extremely common orthostatic disorder. Circulatory Response to the Upright Posture is the first available literature since 1982 of human physiological and pathophysiological aspects of postural tolerance. A wide variety of readers will find this title interesting and of value. Circulatory physiologists, cardiologists, and everyone with an interest in exercise physiology, aging, space physiology, and environmental physiology will especially benefit from this writing. ... Read more

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Abstract: Described for the first time approximately 30 years ago, exercise-induced anaphylaxis is a rare disorder characterized by development of a severe allergic response occurring after mild-to-strenuous physical activity. This disorder is especially important to recognize with the recent increase in physical activity and health fitness fads. A number of predisposing factors (eg, prior ingestion of particular food groups) linked to exercise-induced anaphylaxis has been outlined over the years. Mechanisms governing the condition are still being unveiled, and it is likely that one mechanism involves mast cell degranulation and inflammatory mediator generation resulting from the biochemical effects of exercise, sometimes in the presence of an ingested allergen such that wheat or shell fish. Clinical manifestations usually occur after around 10 minutes of exercise, and follow a specific sequence, starting with pruritis and widespread urticarial lesions, evolving into a more typical anaphylactic picture with respiratory distress and vascular collapse. Fatality is exceedingly rare, with only one documented case in the literature. There is an overlap of symptoms with other syndromes (such as systemic mastocytosis and cholinergic urticaria), and these should be remembered when establishing a differential. Treatment of exercise-induced anaphylaxis consists of immediate stabilization geared toward the anaphylactic response with epinephrine and anti histamines. The patient needs to be educated on preventive measures and equipped with an epinephrine autoinjector in the event of an emergency. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis remains a potentially serious disorder, and the health care provider should be aware of its clinical features and effective management strategies. ... Read more

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Written by a specialist, this volume in the BMA FAMILY DOCTOR GUIDES has an authoritative and accessible text. It is completely up-to-date, including the latest advances in the diagnosis and treatment of blood pressure and contains practical self-help advice, preventive measures and a list of useful addresses. ... Read more