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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Pathologic nystagmus is a form of involuntary eye movement. It is characterized by alternating smooth pursuit in one direction and saccadic movement in the other direction.When nystagmus occurs without filling its normal function, it is pathologic (deviating from the healthy or normal condition). Pathological nystagmus is the result of damage to one or more components of the vestibular system, including the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and the vestibulocerebellum.Pathological nystagmus generally causes a degree of vision impairment, although the severity of such impairment varies widely. Also, many blind people have nystagmus, which is one reason that some wear dark glasses. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed., brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 698 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The third edition of this authoritative, comprehensive, in-depth medical guide features information on medical topics in language accessible to adult laypersons. Disease/disorder articles typically cover definition; description; causes and symptoms; diagnosis; treatments; prevention; and more. Test/treatment articles typically cover definition; purposes; precautions; preparation; risks; normal and abnormal results; and much more. ... Read more

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Der Erwerb des Buches enthält gleichzeitig die kostenlose Mitgliedschaft im Buchklub des Verlags zum Ausprobieren - dort können Sie von über einer Million Bücher ohne weitere Kosten auswählen. Das Buch besteht aus Wikipedia-Artikeln: Pupille, Nystagmus, Okulomotoriusparese, Horner-Syndrom, Trochlearisparese, Obliquus-superior-Myokymie, Duane-Syndrom, Ophthalmoplegia progressiva externa, Ulrich Schiefer, Progressive supranukleäre Blickparese, Abduzensparese, Neuritis nervi optici, Skotom, Blicklähmung, Optokinetischer Nystagmus, Ptosis, Okulomotorische Apraxie, Internukleäre Ophthalmoplegie, Fissura-orbitalis-superior-Syndrom, Diplopie, Hemianopsie, Stauungspapille, Weber-Syndrom, Kopfzwangshaltung, Lagophthalmus, Möbius-Syndrom, Eineinhalb-Syndrom, Pupillenstarre, Parinaud-Syndrom, Tolosa-Hunt-Syndrom, Marcus-Gunn-Syndrom, Anisokorie, Swinging-Flashlight-Test, Clivuskanten-Syndrom, Oszillopsie, Foster Kennedy-Syndrom, Adie-Syndrom, Argyll-Robertson-Zeichen, Ophthalmoplegia interna,. Online finden Sie die kostenlose Aktualisierung der Bücher. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug:Für diesen Artikel gibt es eine kindgerechte Version. Runde Pupille eines Menschen.Die Pupille ist eine natürliche Öffnung in der Iris des Auges, durch die das Licht in das Innere des Auges einfallen kann. Der Begriff ist vermutlich abgeleitet von dem „Püppchen" (lateinisch pupilla), als das man sich selbst im Auge eines Menschen spiegelt, den man direkt anschaut. Das Auge steuert durch Verkleinern (Miosis) oder Vergrößern (Mydriasis) der Pupille mit Hilfe des Musculus sphincter pupillae und des Musculus dilatator pupillae den Lichteinfall auf die Netzhaut. Querovale Pupille eines Wisents. Vertikal-schlitzförmige Pupille bei einer Hauskatze.Die Pupillenweite und -form wird je nach Lichteinfall über zwei glatte Muskeln in der Iris eingestellt. Der Schließmuskel (Musculus sphincter pupillae) verengt die Pupille, der Pupillenerweiterer (Musculus dilatator pupillae) ...http://booksllc.net/?l=de&id=91874 ... Read more

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This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone! ... Read more

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This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Let's get physical.
One of the fathers of modern physics sizes up reality through thought and experiment. Profundity after profundity in "The Analysis of Sensations" shows Dr. Ernst Mach to be a modern scientific Moses - humble and courageous - in relating his findings.
Prof. Mach (1838-1916) states flatly that his work is not philosophy. He criticizes those who confuse science with philosophy -
"The man of science is not looking for a completed version of the universe; He knows beforehand that all his labor can only go to broaden and deepen his insight." (p. 358, 1959 Dover Publications Inc. paperback edition).
Interesting that Albert Einstein, who was greatly influenced by Mach, searched for the unified field theory. This was a search for G-d, Rabbi Daniel Lapin explains (see R' Lapin's "America's Biblical Blueprint" tape series).
As for the existence of G-d, Mach is neutral. His position is in the same ballpark as that of Immanuel Kant, the father of German philosophy. Mach admits to being a recovering Kantian -
"His (Kant's) critical idealism was, as I recognize with the greatest gratitude, the starting point of all my critical thought; but it was impossible for me to retain my allegiance to it."
Mach's science boils down to the study of the dependence of elements or sensations upon each other. Connections and relationships change yet the phenomenon of dependence is always at work. Who or what created the elements and the pervasive dependence doesn't matter to a man of science, Mach holds -
"A dependence of the `elements' on one another is theoretically and practically all that is required." (note, p.361-362).
The science of Mach is of an inductive, empirical, and conservative bent. Experiment and verification go hand in hand. Understandably, physics is paramount to Mach, whose 1877 paper on supersonic velocity resulted in his name becoming forever attached to the sound barrier (see Chuck Yeager).
"The concepts of modern physics will stand comparison...They offer at the same time the advantage that they can always be traced back with ease and certainty to the sensational elements on which they are built up." (p.364).
Misuse of consciousness (the ego) combined with long-standing "superstitions" has caused man to assume a false separateness between physical and psychical, Mach writes. This is called dualism. The American poet Robert Frost, a well-known dualist, labeled the physical and the psychical "matter" and "spirit" (see W. Wesley McDonald's review of Peter J. Stanlis's "Robert Frost: The Poet as Philosopher," The American Conservative magazine, Feb. 25, 2008).
Mach is a monist, seeing the phenomenon and the universe as one. The relationship between the physical and the psychical is explained by the mathematical concept of function, Mach states.
One can see how subsequent thinkers might have used Mach's science as a license to mathematize all of reality. The field of mathematical economics (econometrics) comes to mind. Yet Mach himself echoes the caution of the German Historical School about misplaced theorizing.
"The physicist has frequent occasion to observe how greatly our knowledge of some field of research may be hampered, when, instead of the unprejudiced investigation of that field for its own sake, views are transferred to it which have been formed in some other department of knowledge. Far more serious is the confusion which arises from such transference of preconceived opinions from the field of physics to that of psychology." (p.38).
Mach's view of biological evolution fits the pattern of his anti-system, probing mindset. His skepticism mirrors that of the father of evolution, Charles Darwin, a theist who suspected there was more at work in the universe than "natural selection."
"I regard the theory of evolution, in whatever form, as a working scientific hypothesis capable of being modified and of being made more precise, which is valuable in so far as it facilitates the provisional understanding of what is given in experience. I have been a witness of the powerful impetus which Darwin's work gave in my time, not merely to biology, but to all scientific inquiry, and it is not likely that I should underestimate the value of the theory of evolution. But I would not quarrel with anyone who should rate its value very low." (p. 79-80).
Those awaiting Mach to mention the human soul and how it makes us qualitatively different from animals will wait in vain. Our author was caught up in the explosion of scientific inquiry into sense perception of his era that pushed metaphysics to the margin. "The fear of ghosts is the mother of all religions," he quipped.
Rabbi Moses Maimonides - physician, scientist, theologian, and philosopher (one who would not compartmentalize those roles the way I just did) - wrote (as did King David, see Psalms 111:10) that the beginning of wisdom is know that there is a G-d. Among other things, that leads to questions like: Does the two mentions in the morning blessings of Krias Shema (the Jewish profession of faith) that G-d "in His goodness renews daily, perpetually, the works of creation" imply constancy of certain parts of creation while He's at working changing other parts through evolution?
Mach is content to let theologians and philosophers field those queries. He knew his science would be considered thin gruel by the schools of philosophy in existence at the time he wrote ("Analysis" was first published in 1886 under the title "Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations."). In his humility, our author asked history to judge between truth and falsehood.
"Whether I shall ever succeed in making my fundamental ideas plausible to the philosophers, I must leave to time to decide. I do not attach much importance to this at present, though I have a deep reverence for the gigantic intellectual labors of the great philosophers of all ages. But I have an honest and lively desire for an understanding with the natural scientists, and I consider that such an understanding is attainable." (p.369).
The naturalists and the philosophers both came to hover around Mach's flame (BTW, he called fire a "process."). The Vienna Circle, organized by Hans Hahn and Moritz Schlick, alongside Hans Reichenbach's Berlin Circle, incorporated Mach's ideas and disposition into a science known as logical positivism or logical empiricism. Famous names in this milieu include Ludwig Wittgenstein and Auguste Comte. Mach devotes an entire chapter of "Analysis" to praising the work of Richard Avenarius and its material emphasis.
Despite Mach's poo-poohing of philosophy, his powerful ideas and novel approach were bound to create a system. A forerunner and cousin of positivism, it came to be regarded as "the philosophy of science." Positivist Richard von Mises (younger brother of Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises, who was decidedly negative about positivism, viewing it as the yeast in the dough of totalitarian government and central planning) summarized the great physicist's legacy:
"Since the times of Ernst Mach, natural scientists have known that the explanation or theory of a group of phenomenon is only a description of the facts at a higher level."


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