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This digital document is a journal article from Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Xiphophorus interspecies hybrids provide several well-characterized genetic models of melanoma susceptibility. The Xiphophorus CDKN2A/B gene, homologous to mammalian CDKN2A/B cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16 and p15), is a candidate tumor susceptibility gene in these models. Using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, we analyzed expression of CDKN2A/B in spontaneous and UV-induced primary melanomas from individual backcross hybrid fish. We found that CDKN2A/B mRNA is highly expressed in melanomas (18-fold), relative to other fish tissues. Expression is also elevated, to a lesser extent (9.5-fold), in melanized skin from tumor-bearing fish. However, quantitative levels of CDKN2A/B mRNA in tumors varied considerably and positively correlated with expression of the Xmrk oncogene, suggesting possible functional interaction between Xmrk and CDKN2A/B expression. As a homolog corresponding to members of the mammalian CDKN2 family which regulate cell cycle progression at the G1 checkpoint, the CDKN2A/B p13 protein is a putative regulator of the G1 checkpoint apparatus in Xiphophorus. Since CDKN2A is often observed to be inversely regulated compared to RB in some human tumors, and is capable of transcriptionally regulating RB in human ovarian tumors, we cloned the Xiphophorus maculatus RB cDNA and analyzed RB expression by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis in the fish melanomas. These experiments were designed to ascertain whether CDKN2A/B and RB expression were inversely correlated. Our results indicate that RB mRNA was consistently expressed at only a 2-fold higher level in both tumors and melanized skin than in muscle. Qualitatively similar results were obtained for protein expression. These results collectively suggest that (i) Xmrk and CDKN2A/B may be co-regulated at the transcriptional level, and (ii) there is little, if any, alteration of RB expression in Xiphophorus melanomas. ... Read more

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Treatment of retinoblastoma has evolved at a significant speed over the last two decades; ocular salvage approaches are now at the core of modern treatments, and assessment of visual and functional outcomes has become a priority. New discoveries in retinoblastoma biology are leading the way to the development of targeted therapies that could revolutionize our current approaches to the treatment. In this book, experts address all the important aspects of research and therapy - from biology to epidemiology to treatment. Retinoblastoma will provide a single source for the diagnosis and care of children with this malignancy.

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In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading." Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with retinoblastoma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to conduct medical research using the most advanced tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. ... Read more

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Chapters: Ncoa6, Retinoblastoma-Like Protein 1, Casein Kinase 2, Alpha 1, Ywhab, Rgs19, Id1, Taf4, Laminin, Alpha 5, Cd40, Ogfr, Pigt, Th1l, Epb41l1, Thrombomodulin, Trib3, Syntrophin, Alpha 1, Eif6, Slpi, Snrpb, Plcb1, Psma7, Arfgef2, Cbfa2t2, Birc7, Gdf5, Cox4i2, Rae1, Eif2s2, Stau1, Ptk6, Snai1, Tgm3, Pak7, Arfgap1, Mapre1, Visa, Semenogelin I, Map1lc3a, Peptidase Inhibitor 3, Wisp2, Tcea2, Secretoneurin, Pck1, Pank2, Cst4, Vapb, Endothelin 3, Nsfl1c, Hm13, Tpx2, Mafb, Cyp24a1, Cst2, Rps21, Semg2, Prnd, Cst1, Eef1a2, Col9a3, Psmf1, Rassf2, Acot8, Sall4, Sox18, Sfrs6, Kif3b, Gnrh2, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7, Itpa, Adam33, Cst7, Snrpb2, Pard6b, Cstf1, Dynlrb1, Prex1, Eya2, Dido1, Ube2c, Mkks, Cathepsin Z, Tfap2c, Wfdc2, C20orf42, Zmynd8, B4galt5, Rrbp1, Myt1, Cdh4, Tpd52l2, Cst5, Scand1, Smox, Gnas Complex Locus, Snx5, Vsx1, Nxt1, Plcb4, Znf217, Atrn, Cst8, Dnajc5, Dlgap4, Arfrp1, Dsn1, Tubb1, Entpd6, Adrm1, Ctcfl, Idh3b, Pax1, Nol5a, Bactericidal/permeability Increasing Protein, Gata5, Dpm1, Ptprt, Elmo2, Cdk5rap1, Rpn2, Tomm34, Bfsp1, L3mbtl, Dok5, Angpt4, Jph2, Chmp4b, Cpxm1, Rab22a, Nfs1, Bcas1, Cep250, Polr3f, Ss18l1, Raly, Insm1, Zhx3, Lime1, Cst9l, Rbm39, Mmp24, Tmepai, Mocs3, Cds2, Sulf2, Sla2, Tnnc2, Pfdn4, Dbndd2, Slc35c2, Atp5e, Nkx2-2, Plagl2, Rbbp9, Ctnnbl1, Apba2bp, Nat5, Mrps26, Rbck1, Phactr3, Sgk2, C20orf27, Pigu, Gmeb2, Wfdc5, Ncoa5, Ddx27, Osbpl2, Pric285, Asxl1, C20orf132, Tmc2, Mmp9, Bpil1, Cst11, Otor, Mcm8, Ggtl3, Tp53rk, Pkig, Flrt3, Slc2a4rg, Sec23b, Blcap, Spinlw1, Tgif2, Sox12, Acss2, Uqcc, Defb126, Cstl1, Tasp1, Gins1, Destrin, Defb127, Txndc13, Snx21, Serinc3, Phf20, Sdcbp2, Zgpat, Kif16b, Nrsn2, Defb129, Znf133, Ergic3, Esf1, Dusp15, C20orf3, Edem2, Kiaa1219, Rp4-691n24.1, Zfp64, Myl9, Defb118, Samhd1, Spata2, Activating Protein 2, C20orf43, Agouti Signalling Peptide, Spag4l, C20orf117, Zbp1, Pxmp4, Spef1, Napb, Defb119, Uckl1, Myh7b, Neurl2, Tox3, Plunc, Ptgis, Tox2, Mylk2, Agouti Gene, C...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=14761101 ... Read more

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Chapters: Retinoblastoma Protein. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 201. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The retinoblastoma protein (abbreviated pRb or Rb) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in many types of cancer. One highly studied function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide.It is also a recruiter of several chromatin remodelling enzymes such as methylases and acetylases. pRb belongs to the pocket protein family, whose members have a pocket for the functional binding of other proteins. Should an oncogenic protein, such as those produced by cells infected by high-risk types of human papillomaviruses, bind and inactivate pRb, this can lead to cancer. In humans, the protein is encoded by the RB1 gene located on 13q14.1-q14.2. If both alleles of this gene are mutated early in life, the protein is inactivated and results in development of retinoblastoma cancer, hence the name Rb. It is not known why an eye cancer results from a mutation in a gene that is important all over the body. Two forms of retinoblastoma were noticed: a bilateral, familial form and a unilateral, sporadic form. Sufferers of the former were 6 times more likely to develop other types of cancer later in life. This highlighted the fact that mutated Rb could be inherited and lent support to the two-hit hypothesis. This states that only one working allele of a tumour suppressor gene is necessary for its function (the mutated gene is recessive), and so both need to be mutated before the cancer phenotype will appear. In the familial form, a mutated allele is inherited along with a normal allele. In this case, should a cell sustain only one mutation in the other RB gene, all pRb in that cell would be ineffective at inhibiting c...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2929806 ... Read more

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The article is excerpted fromGale Encyclopedia of Medicine.

Consultthe second edition of this authoritative, comprehensive, in-depthmedical guide for information on more than 1,700 medical topics inlanguage accessible to adult laypersons. Presented in a singlealphabetical sequence, articles range in length from one or twoparagraphs for minor topics, to several pages or more for major topics.Disease/disorder articles typically cover definition; description;causes and symptoms; diagnosis; treatments; prevention; and more.Test/treatment articles typically cover definition; purposes;precautions; preparation; risks; normal and abnormal results; and muchmore. This second edition includes more than 200 new entries, 300updated entries, approximately 650 color images and illustrations, anda comprehensive subject index. New features include biographical andhistorical sidebars throughout the text.

Disease/disorder articles contain some or all of the following sections:

• Definitions -- brief dictionary-style definition of the disorder
• Descriptions -- overview of the disorder; who gets it and why
• Causes & symptoms -- process, substance or organism thatproduces the condition; any risk factors that increase susceptibilityto the condition; signs and symptoms of the disease
• Diagnosis -- overview of procedures and tests used todiagnose the condition; how the test is done; who should be tested andwhen; time required; cost; whether it's typically covered by insurance
• Treatments -- overview of conventional methods of care ormanagement of the condition, such as drugs, surgeries, physicaltherapy, etc.
• Alternative treatments -- overview of alternative/complementary therapies that may be used to treat the condition
• Prognosis -- probable outcome of the disease
• Preventions -- what actions can be taken to prevent the condition from occurring

Test/treatment articles contain some or all of the following sections:

• Definitions -- brief dictionary-style definition of the test/treatment
• Purposes -- why and when this test/treatment is prescribed
• Precautions -- when this test/treatment should not be prescribed
• Descriptions -- overview of the test/treatment including cost,length of time required, procedures followed, whether typically coveredby insurance
• Preparation -- pre-test treatment procedures, if any
• Aftercare -- post-test treatment procedures, if any
• Risks -- any complications/side effects commonly associated with the test/treatment
• Normal results -- for tests, describes the normal values; for treatments, describes the anticipated outcomes
• Abnormal results -- defines abnormal test values

Published/Released: December 2001

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This up-to-date and comprehensive CD-ROM provides a superb collection of official Federal government documents on childhood cancer: signs and symptoms, diagnosis, lab tests, treatment and management options, and ongoing clinical research. Every aspect of the disease is thoroughly covered. There is no other reference that is as fast, convenient, and portable - everything you need to know, from the federal sources you trust.Tumors covered include: Brain Tumor (Brain Stem Glioma, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Cerebral Astrocytoma, Ependymoma, Medulloblastoma, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal and Pineal Tumors, Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Other Brain Tumors); Ewing's Sarcoma Family of Tumors; Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial Hodgkin's Disease; Leukemia; Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic; Leukemia, Acute Myeloid; Liver Cancer; Neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma; Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; Retinoblastoma; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Soft Tissue Sarcoma; Unusual Childhood Cancers; Wilms' Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors.

For patients, practical information is provided in clearly written patient education documents. For medical professionals, doctor references and texts have detailed technical information and clinical background material. Documents from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are included. In addition to disease-specific information, there is extensive coverage of the broad subject of cancer and its prevention and treatment along with current cancer research projects.

A unique feature is the inclusion of the results of a database search using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID).

Since navigating the Internet to find additional non-governmental medical information can be confusing and difficult, we've also provided our exclusive "Guide to Leading Medical Websites" with links to 80 of the best sites for general health and medical information! By using weblinks built into the documents reproduced on the CD-ROM, you can quickly and easily check for the latest clinical updates directly from the government.

In all, the disc has over 47,000 pages reproduced using Adobe Acrobat PDF software - allowing direct viewing on Windows and Apple Macintosh systems. Reader software is included on the CD.

Our CD-ROMs are designed to provide a convenient user-friendly reference work, utilizing the benefits of the Acrobat format to uniformly present thousands of pages that can be rapidly reviewed or printed without untold hours of tedious searching and downloading. Vast archives of important public domain government information that might otherwise remain inaccessible are available for instant review no matter where you are. (Information on this CD-ROM is not a substitute for professional medical advice; of course, readers are urged to consult with a professional health care provider for any suspected illness.) This book-on-a-disc makes a great reference work and educational tool for patients and their families, physicians, and other medical professionals. ... Read more

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Avoiding hard-to-understand medical jargon, the four-volume “Gale Encyclopedia of Children’s Health” uses language that parents can understand, while still providing enough depth to benefit today's health science students. The set provides in-depth coverage of pediatric diseases and disorders, along with issues related to physical and cognitive/behavioral development.

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Chapters: Creb Binding Protein, Retinoblastoma Protein, Ep300, Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2, Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1, Nuclear Receptor Coregulators, Pcaf, Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2, Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1, Ncoa6, Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3, Trim24, P300-Cbp Coactivator Family, Sin3b, Rnf14, Transcription Coregulator, Crtc2, Crtc1, Ppargc1b, Hr, Trim33, Swi/snf, Ncoa7, Tripartite Motif Family, Ncoa5, Crtc3, Lcor, Pnrc2, Pnrc1, Pelp-1, Chromatin Structure Remodeling Complex, Mn1, Carm1, Corepressor. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 185. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: CREB-binding protein (Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome), also known as CREBBP or CBP, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CREBBP gene. This gene is ubiquitously expressed and is involved in the transcriptional coactivation of many different transcription factors. First isolated as a nuclear protein that binds to cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), this gene is now known to play critical roles in embryonic development, growth control, and homeostasis by coupling chromatin remodeling to transcription factor recognition. The protein encoded by this gene has intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity and also acts as a scaffold to stabilize additional protein interactions with the transcription complex. This protein acetylates both histone and non-histone proteins. This protein shares regions of very high-sequence similarity with protein EP300 in its bromodomain, cysteine-histidine-rich regions, and histone acetyltransferase domain. Mutations in this gene cause Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS). Chromosomal translocations involving this gene have been associated with acute myeloid leukemia. CREB-binding protein has been shown to interact with CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, SERT...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=9927027 ... Read more

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Students, researchers, and patients can find reliable, up-to-date and clearly written information in “The Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer,” a comprehensive survey of 120 cancers, cancer drugs, traditional and alternative treatments and diagnostic procedures.

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Der Erwerb des Buches enthält gleichzeitig die kostenlose Mitgliedschaft im Buchklub des Verlags zum Ausprobieren - dort können Sie von über einer Million Bücher ohne weitere Kosten auswählen. Das Buch besteht aus Wikipedia-Artikeln: BRCA1, Retinoblastom-Protein, Mitochondrialer Tumorsuppressor 1, P53, Merlin, BRCA2, Vinculin, Retinoblastoma-like protein 1, Neurofibromin, Fanconi-Anämie-Gruppe-J-Protein, Axin, Phosphatase PTEN, Adenomatous-polyposis-coli-Protein, Tumorsuppressorgen, Endostatin, Hamartin, CDK-Inhibitor 1, Wilms-Tumor-Protein,. Online finden Sie die kostenlose Aktualisierung der Bücher. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer 1, early-onset), in einigen Publikationen auch als Brustkrebsgen 1 bezeichnet, ist ein menschliches Gen, welches zur Klasse der Tumorsuppressorgene gehört. Eine loss-of-function Mutation oder Deletion des BRCA1-Gens erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Tumorbildung, insbesondere für Brustkrebs (Mammakarzinom), Eierstockkrebs, (Ovarialkarzinom), Dickdarmkrebs (Kolonkarzinom) und Prostatakarzinom. Das von BRCA1 codierte Protein besteht aus 1863 Aminosäuren und hat eine Molare Masse von 207.732 Dalton. Es interagiert im Zellkern vieler normaler Körperzellentypen mit dem Protein RAD51 und dem von BRCA2 codierten Protein. Alle drei Proteine zusammen reparieren Unterbrechungen in geschädigter DNA. Diese Unterbrechungen können beispielsweise durch ionisierende Strahlungen hervorgerufen werden. Aber auch bei der Zellteilung können diese Unterbrechungen natürlicherweise entstehen. Die Funktionen und Interaktionen der drei DNA-Reparaturproteine sind Gegenstand intensiver Forschungsarbeiten und noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt bzw. verstanden. Das BRCA1-Gen liegt auf dem langen Arm (q-Arm) von Chromosom 17 auf der Bande 21.31 zwischen den Basenpaaren 38.449.840-38.530.994 und kodiert für 10 verschiedene Transkripte (Isoformen). Es wird im allgemeinen angenommen, dass Mutationen von BRCA1 für ...http://booksllc.net/?l=de&id=3082649 ... Read more

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Webster's bibliographic and event-based timelines are comprehensive in scope, covering virtually all topics, geographic locations and people. They do so from a linguistic point of view, and in the case of this book, the focus is on "Retinoblastoma," including when used in literature (e.g. all authors that might have Retinoblastoma in their name). As such, this book represents the largest compilation of timeline events associated with Retinoblastoma when it is used in proper noun form. Webster's timelines cover bibliographic citations, patented inventions, as well as non-conventional and alternative meanings which capture ambiguities in usage. These furthermore cover all parts of speech (possessive, institutional usage, geographic usage) and contexts, including pop culture, the arts, social sciences (linguistics, history, geography, economics, sociology, political science), business, computer science, literature, law, medicine, psychology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology and other physical sciences. This "data dump" results in a comprehensive set of entries for a bibliographic and/or event-based timeline on the proper name Retinoblastoma, since editorial decisions to include or exclude events is purely a linguistic process. The resulting entries are used under license or with permission, used under "fair use" conditions, used in agreement with the original authors, or are in the public domain. ... Read more

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The article is excerpted fromGale Encyclopedia of Cancer
The resource students and researchers will turn to for reliable, up-to-date and clearly written information, the Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer is a comprehensive survey of 120 cancers, cancer drugs, traditional and alternative treatments and diagnostic procedures. The Encyclopediaincludes entries covering cancers, cancer drugs, treatments, sideeffects and diagnostic procedures. Entries typically include thefollowing elements:

• Causes and Symptoms
• Definition
• Description
• Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Resources
• Risks
• Special Concerns
• And more

An appendix provides complete contact information for cancercenters, national support groups, government agencies and researchgroups. Features include anatomical illustrations of the major bodysystems, a subject index and approximately 200 photographs and drawings. ... Read more

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Chapters: Retinoblastoma Protein, Rfc3, Klotho, Ing1, Cdc16, B-Cell Activating Factor, Arhgef7, Foxo1, Upf3a, Pou4f1, Stk24, Fgf9, Dach1, Sgcg, Dnajc3, Akap11, Rap2a, Dock9, Ercc5, Tbc1d4, Klf5, Tsc22d1, Gtf2f2, Carkd, Gap Junction Protein, Parp4, Cenpj, Dopachrome Tautomerase, Col4a2, Collagen, Type Iv, Alpha 1, Gja3, Hsph1, Rfxap, Sap18, Tpt1, Zmym2, Atp12a, Rasa3, Cln5, Wasf3, Zic2, Polr1d, Lmo7, Ckap2, Cog3, Mycbp2, Postn, Klf12, Dis3, Lats2, Mtmr6, Nufip1, Ufm1, Tripeptidyl Peptidase Ii, Ift88, Spg20, C13orf15, Fgf14, Uchl3, Sacs, Itm2b, Ints6, Esd, Lect1, C13orf24, Sugt1, Slitrk1, Kcnrg, Med4, Cldn10, Exosome Component 8, Arl11, Pcdh8, Mcf2l, Nek3, Fam48a, Rcbtb1, Pomp, Tpte, Frem2, Pcdh17, Ndfip2, Vps36, Zc3h13, Ubl3, Sox21, Farp1, Pds5b, Tmtc4, Nupl1, Glypican 5, Stard13, Slitrk5, Kctd12, B3galtl, Dclk1, Rcbtb2, Lhfp, Scel, Pabpc3, Wbp4, Xpo4, Slitrk6, Ccdc70, Thsd1, Kbtbd7, Mbnl2, Dzip1, Glypican 6, Fndc3a, Pcdh20, D-Amino Acid Oxidase Activator, Tm9sf2, Rbm26, Tubgcp3, Klhl1, C13orf8, Mtrf1, Mphosph8, Tdrd3, Cab39l, Fbxl3, Brn-3. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 487. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The retinoblastoma protein (abbreviated pRb or Rb) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in many types of cancer. One highly studied function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide.It is also a recruiter of several chromatin remodelling enzymes such as methylases and acetylases. pRb belongs to the pocket protein family, whose members have a pocket for the functional binding of other proteins. Should an oncogenic protein, such as those produced by cells infected by high-risk types of human papillomaviruses, bind and inactivate pRb, this can lead to cancer. In humans, the protein is encoded b...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2929806 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed., brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 4589 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The third edition of this authoritative, comprehensive, in-depth medical guide features information on medical topics in language accessible to adult laypersons. Disease/disorder articles typically cover definition; description; causes and symptoms; diagnosis; treatments; prevention; and more. Test/treatment articles typically cover definition; purposes; precautions; preparation; risks; normal and abnormal results; and much more. ... Read more