1. Diseases Of The Basal Ganglia Diseases of the Basal Ganglia. As with brain research generally, much of what isknown about the basal ganglia comes from studying diseases which affect them. http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/prothero/node52.html

Diseases of the Basal Ganglia As with brain research generally, much of what is known about the basal ganglia comes from studying diseases which affect them. This section briefly outlines the range of diseases which are caused by damage to the basal ganglia. Damage to both the basal ganglia and the supplementary motor area are correlated with impaired performance on sequential tasks [ The ``theme'' of diseases affecting the basal ganglia appears to be that the balance between the two major pathways is disturbed: the result is either involuntary movements or impairments to motion. According to Kandel et al. ], the impaired motions include ``lack of movement (akinesia), slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and the shuffling gait of Parkinson's disease.'' The list of involuntary movements includes tremors (rhythmic, involuntary, oscillatory movements), athetosis (slow, writhing movements of the fingers and hands, and sometimes of the toes), chorea (abrupt movements of the limbs and facial muscles), ballism (violent, flailing movements), and

2. Basal Ganglia Diseases basal ganglia diseases. Back to previous level Alzheimer DiseaseSearch PUBMED for Alzheimer Disease All Review Therapy Diagnosis; http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/C10/C10.228.140.79.html

Basal Ganglia Diseases Back to previous level Alzheimer Disease Search PUBMED for Alzheimer Disease: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Chorea [1 more specific term/s, 5 more link/s] Search PUBMED for Chorea: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Sydenhams Chorea: Vanderbilt U. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome Search PUBMED for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Report of Meeting on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: CDC Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Search PUBMED for Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Spontaneous Remission Rate of Tardive Dyskinesia: U. of Iowa Dystonia Musculorum Deformans Search PUBMED for Dystonia Musculorum Deformans: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... DYSTONIA 3, TORSION, X-LINKED; DYT3 Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome Search PUBMED for Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Hallervorden-Spatz disease: Med. Coll. of Wisconsin Hepatolenticular Degeneration Search PUBMED for Hepatolenticular Degeneration: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Wilsons disease: Vanderbilt U. Meige Syndrome Search PUBMED for Meige Syndrome: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Multiple System Atrophy [3 more specific term/s, 42 more link/s]

3. Brain Diseases basal ganglia diseases 13 more specific term/s, 107 more link/s SearchPUBMED for basal ganglia diseases All Review Therapy Diagnosis; http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/C10/C10.228.140.html

Brain Diseases Back to previous level Akinetic Mutism Search PUBMED for Akinetic Mutism: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Auditory Diseases, Central [2 more specific term/s, 1 more link/s] Search PUBMED for Auditory Diseases, Central: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Basal Ganglia Diseases [13 more specific term/s, 107 more link/s] Search PUBMED for Basal Ganglia Diseases: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Basal ganglia hemorrhage with hypertension, gross: U. of Utah Webpath Brain Abscess Search PUBMED for Brain Abscess: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Brain Damage, Chronic [1 more specific term/s, 2 more link/s] Search PUBMED for Brain Damage, Chronic: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Brain Diseases, Metabolic [19 more specific term/s, 25 more link/s] Search PUBMED for Brain Diseases, Metabolic: All Review Therapy Diagnosis Brain Edema Search PUBMED for Brain Edema: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Brain Neoplasms [4 more specific term/s, more link/s] Search PUBMED for Brain Neoplasms: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Tumor in the Subinsular Area: Stereotactic Volumetric Resection: NYU. Med. Ctr. Canavan Disease Search PUBMED for Canavan Disease: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Spongy Degeneration (Canavan Disease): Med. Coll. of Wisconsin

4. Basal Ganglia Diseases basal ganglia diseases. Back to previous level http://medir.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/C10/C10.228.140.79.html

Basal Ganglia Diseases Back to previous level Alzheimer Disease Search PUBMED for Alzheimer Disease: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Chorea [1 more specific term/s, 5 more link/s] Search PUBMED for Chorea: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Sydenhams Chorea: Vanderbilt U. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome Search PUBMED for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Report of Meeting on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: CDC Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Search PUBMED for Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Spontaneous Remission Rate of Tardive Dyskinesia: U. of Iowa Dystonia Musculorum Deformans Search PUBMED for Dystonia Musculorum Deformans: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... DYSTONIA 3, TORSION, X-LINKED; DYT3 Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome Search PUBMED for Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Hallervorden-Spatz disease: Med. Coll. of Wisconsin Hepatolenticular Degeneration Search PUBMED for Hepatolenticular Degeneration: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Wilsons disease: Vanderbilt U. Meige Syndrome Search PUBMED for Meige Syndrome: All Review Therapy Diagnosis ... Multiple System Atrophy [3 more specific term/s, 42 more link/s]

5. A New Striatal Model And Its Relationship To Basal Ganglia Diseases - Connolly, A New Striatal Model and its Relationship to basal ganglia diseases (1993) (Make Corrections) (5 citations) http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/connolly93new.html

A New Striatal Model and its Relationship to Basal Ganglia Diseases (1993) (Make Corrections) (5 citations) Christopher I. Connolly, J. Brian Burns Home/Search Context Related View or download: umass.edu/cgibin/getfile/ nr93.ps.gz Cached: PS.gz PS PDF DjVu ... Help From: umass.edu/publications (more) Homepages: J.Burns HPSearch (Update Links) Rate this article: (best) Comment on this article (Enter summary) Abstract: A new model of the striatum has recently been proposed. This model suggests that the somatotopic regions of the striatum correspond to state spaces governing various aspects of organism behavior (e.g., reaching, egomotion, task planning). The model is reviewed, and shown to be applicable to sequencing tasks. The model is also discussed in the context of some basal ganglia diseases. 1 Introduction In (Connolly and Burns, 1993), a model was proposed for the operation of the striatum, along... (Update) Context of citations to this paper: More ...emphasize different aspects of the basal ganglia thalamocortical interaction. For example, electrotonic coupling (EC) model of the BG

6. Basal Ganglia Diseases http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html. Parkinson_disease Praderwilli_syndromeRett_syndrome Spinocerebellar atrophy Williams_syndrome http://freesense.free.fr/Diseases/c/1111.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html Prader-willi_syndrome Spinocerebellar atrophy Williams_syndrome THE BRAIN and nervous_system form an intricate network of electrical signals that are responsible_for coordinating muscles, the senses, speech, Alzheimer brain plaques and the inclusion_bodies found in contain at_least one common component, Tropes Web V1.0

7. Www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2K/MB_cgi?term=Basal+Ganglia+Diseases Similar pages HONselect Brain Diseases MeSH Narrow term(s) Auditory Diseases, Central, basal ganglia diseases. BrainAbscess, Brain Damage, Chronic. Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Brain Injuries. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2K/MB_cgi?term=Basal Ganglia Diseases

8. GeneReviews : Familial Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification of the review. Free access to the fulltext version of the reviewrequires brief registration. basal ganglia diseases / genetics. http://omni.ac.uk/whatsnew/detail/4007455.html

Back to whats new page. GeneReviews : familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification Notes for physicians on familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (FIBGC), a neurodegenerative disorder. This document includes diagnosis, a clinical description, differential diagnosis, management, genetic counselling, and molecular genetics. Posted in April 2002, this resource forms part of GeneReviews (formerly GeneClinics profile), a peer-reviewed clinical genetic information resource that is funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and produced by the University of Washington, Seattle. This resource contains a summary and bibliographical references of the review. Free access to the full-text version of the review requires brief registration. Basal Ganglia Diseases / genetics Last modified 26/Apr/2002 [Low Graphics]

9. Psyc 473 Lecture Notes - Basal Ganglia DISEASES OF THE BASAL GANGLIA Tremors. The basal ganglia diseases arethought to be positive. Parkinson's Disease (paralysis agitans). http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/CourseNotes/old/PSYC476/basalganglia.html

10. 22-02: Essentials Of Human Physiology As a result, basal ganglia diseases such as Parkinson's Disease are accompaniedby impaired ability to perform preparatory movements, and patients appear to http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/3468/22-02.html

Essentials Of Human Physiology by: Uwe Ackermann, Ph.D. Lymphocytes Immunoglobulins Venules Limbic System ... Cerebellum Basal Ganglia The Basal Ganglia exert their influence over networks that link the Motor Cortex to other Cortical areas. They behave as a variable filter, with two primary functions: They match the performance specifications of motor programs to the criteria that have been established by the Motivational and Sensory cues that define a particular circumstance They facilitate the selection of only those motor programs that meet the specific criteria Basal Ganglia participate in motor control only if incoming signals are facilitated by Dopaminergic input from the Substantia Nigra Compacta . The loss of this facilitation leads to Parkinson's Disease. In their subsequent function, the Basal Ganglia facilitate or inhibit the incoming signals and modify them by signals from the SubThalamic Nucleus The overall effect of Basal Ganglia activity on motor activity is inhibition of inappropriate networks that link the Motor Cortex to the entire Non-Motor portion of the Cerebral Cortex They are of particular importance for the selection of bridging (preparatory) subprograms that move a Limb or Muscle from its initial position to one from which a standard Motor program can continue.

11. Entrez-PubMed Antipsychotic Agents/administration dosage; basal ganglia diseases/therapy;basal ganglia diseases/epidemiology; basal ganglia diseases http://www.biomedcentral.com/pubmed/9541337

PubMed Nucleotide Protein Genome ... Books Search PubMed Protein Nucleotide Structure Genome PMC OMIM Taxonomy Books PopSet ProbeSet 3D Domains UniSTS Domains SNP Journals UniGene NCBI Web Site for Limits Preview/Index History Clipboard ... Text Version Entrez PubMed Overview FAQ Tutorial New/Noteworthy ... E-Utilities PubMed Services Journals Database MeSH Browser Single Citation Matcher Batch Citation Matcher ... Cubby Related Resources Order Documents NLM Gateway TOXNET Consumer Health ... PubMed Central Summary Brief Abstract Citation ASN.1 MEDLINE XML UI List LinkOut Related Articles Domain Links 3D Domain Links Genome Links ProbeSet Links Nucleotide Links OMIM Links PMC Links Cited in PMC PopSet Links Protein Links SNP Links Structure Links Show: Sort Author Journal Pub Date Text File Clipboard Order J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59 Suppl 3:38-43 Related Articles, Links Comment in: J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;61(3):219. Maximizing clozapine therapy: managing side effects. Lieberman JA. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7160, USA. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial

12. Entrez-PubMed Agents/adverse effects*; basal ganglia diseases/epidemiology; BasalGanglia Diseases/chemically induced; Cohort Studies; Drug Therapy http://www.biomedcentral.com/pubmed/10847307

PubMed Nucleotide Protein Genome ... Books Search PubMed Protein Nucleotide Structure Genome PMC OMIM Taxonomy Books PopSet ProbeSet 3D Domains UniSTS Domains SNP Journals UniGene NCBI Web Site for Limits Preview/Index History Clipboard ... Text Version Entrez PubMed Overview FAQ Tutorial New/Noteworthy ... E-Utilities PubMed Services Journals Database MeSH Browser Single Citation Matcher Batch Citation Matcher ... Cubby Related Resources Order Documents NLM Gateway TOXNET Consumer Health ... PubMed Central Summary Brief Abstract Citation ASN.1 MEDLINE XML UI List LinkOut Related Articles Domain Links 3D Domain Links Genome Links ProbeSet Links Nucleotide Links OMIM Links PMC Links Cited in PMC PopSet Links Protein Links SNP Links Structure Links Show: Sort Author Journal Pub Date Text File Clipboard Order J Clin Psychiatry 2000 May;61(5):335-43 Related Articles, Links Comment in: J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;62(10):828-9. The safety of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotic drugs: results of an observational prospective study in patients with schizophrenia (EFESO Study). Pharmacoepidemiologic Study of Olanzapine in Schizophrenia. Gomez JC, Sacristan JA, Hernandez J, Breier A, Ruiz Carrasco P, Anton Saiz C, Fontova Carbonell E.

13. UMHS Department Page Clinical Activities Ataxia clinic. Research Interests Cerebellar diseasesbasal ganglia diseases Dementia Positron emission tomography. http://www.med.umich.edu/neuro/resfaculty.htm

Neurology Home Page Neurology Residency Program Educational Philosophy Clinical Training in Neurology Educational Activities Neurology Outpatient Clinics ... Ann Arbor Neurology Faculty This list includes all faculty members who are regularly involved in resident education. The list does not include some faculty members whose primary activity is research, medical student teaching, or clinical practice. SID GILMAN, M.D. William J. Herdman Professor of Neurology Chair, Department of Neurology Director, Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Clinical Activities: Ataxia clinic Research Interests: Cerebellar diseases Basal ganglia diseases Dementia Positron emission tomography PROFESSORS JAMES W. ALBERS, M.D. Ph.D. Clinical Activities: Director, Neuromuscular clinic

14. SyMoN - Dr Peter Pramstraa The basal ganglia modulate cortical function and the altered function of basal gangliathalamo cortical circuitry in basal ganglia diseases can be approached http://www.bham.ac.uk/symon/people/peter.htm

SyMoN Peter Praamstra Home People Location Labs ... Up Co-Director Research Interests Main research interests are in sensorimotor physiology and neurological movement disorders. Movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease offer an opportunity to study the physiology and the function of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia modulate cortical function and the altered function of basal ganglia thalamo- cortical circuitry in basal ganglia diseases can be approached by means of non-invasive research methods like EEG, event-, and movement-related potentials. Basal ganglia and the cortical motor system are increasingly recognised as involved in cognitive functions. In our research this aspect is addressed in studies on visual spatial attention and visuomotor function in Parkinson’s disease and in work on the timing function of the lateral premotor cortex and the basal ganglia. Recent publications: Praamstra P, Meyer AS, Cools AR, Horstink MWIM, Stegeman DF (1996) Movement preparation in Parkinson's disease: Time course and distribution of movement-related potentials in a movement precueing task. Brain Praamstra P, Stegeman DF, Cools AR, Horstink MWIM (1998) Reliance on external cues for movement initiation in Parkinson’s disease; Evidence from movement-related potentials.

15. ClinicalTrials.gov - Linking Patients To Medical Research: Browse: B 6. Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (1 study recruiting). 7. basal ganglia diseases(48 studies recruiting). 8. Behavior (121 studies recruiting). http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/gui/screen/BrowseAny?recruiting=true&path=/brow

16. ClinicalTrials.gov - Linking Patients To Medical Research: Browse: B 6. Bacterial Infections and Mycoses (304 studies). 7. Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (2studies). 8. basal ganglia diseases (72 studies). 9. Behavior (179 studies). 10. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/gui/screen/BrowseAny?recruiting=false&path=/bro

17. Caudate Nucleus absence of triggering stimuli. It is also consistent with the breakdownof postural mechanisms that occur in basal ganglia diseases. http://dubinserver.colorado.edu/prj/jde/DOCS/bdiv.htm

Overview of the Basal Ganglia Divisions Location Function Pathways ... Return to Main Page Divisions The basal ganglia consist of five subcortical nuclei that participate in the control of movement. Caudate nucleus Putamen the caudate nucleus and putamen both develop from the same telencephalic structure and are composed of indentical cell types. They are fused anteriorly and together are called the striatum or neostriatum. The striatum is the major input nuclei of the basal ganglia. Globus pallidus internal segment external segment Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra the pars reticula is the ventral pale zone the pars compacta is the dorsal, darkly pigmented zone comprised of dopaminergic neurons whose cell bodies contain neuromelanin The globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticula constitute the major output nuclei of basal ganglia. Location The basal ganglia lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres, the diencephalon, and the mesencephalon. The cerebral hemispheres hold the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. The diencephalon holds the subthalamic nucleus.

18. M2cnsdeg Disease). Extrapyramidal/basal ganglia diseases include Parkinson'sDisease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (also Huntington's Disease). http://www.neuro.nwu.edu/meded/m2/m2cnsdeg.html

CNS Degenerative Disease Numa Marquez-Sterling, MD, Northwestern University Medical School Return to Education Index This material is the lecture handout for the lecture of the same title for the Scientific Basis of Medicine Course, offered to 2nd Year Medical Students at Northwestern University Medical School. Background CNS degenerative diseases are characterized by progressive, selective neuronal loss in defined regions or functional systems (e.g., cerebellum, basal ganglia, upper or lower motor neurons, associative neocortex) with varying degrees of replacement gliosis . Associated histopathologic changes include neuronal inclusions (e.g., Lewy bodies , neurofibrillary tangles) and extraneuronal accumulations (e.g., senile plaques). Etiology or primary inciting pathophysiologic event is generally unknown (i.e., these diseases are generally regarded as idiopathic ). Degenerative diseases may be sporadic or inherited . For some diseases both sporadic (predominate) and inherited (lesser component; generally autosomal dominant) forms exist (e.g., sporadic and familial Alzheimer's Disease). Degenerative diseases range from very common (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease) to very rare (e.g., Hallervorden-Spatz Disease). Prevalence generally increases with age . Treatment options are generally quite limited and consist largely of palliative/supportive care. Goals / Basic Concepts 1. Understand the basic paradigm for neurodegenerative disease as summarized above (SEE also summary figures below).

19. Research Pathogenesis and treatment of basal ganglia diseases. CL Rice Anatomicaland functional divisions of skeletal muscle contraction. http://www.uwo.ca/anatomy/research.htm

Home Faculty Research Under- Graduate Program Graduate Program ... D. J. Belliveau The role of neurotrophins and their receptors in neuronal growth. The role of p75NTR in neuronal death. Neurotrophin therapy and peripheral neuropathies. S. M. Bernier Molecular events involved in cartilage development, response to injury and inflammation. Correlation of changes in activation of individual signalling pathways such as PKC and MAP kinase. Identification of differentially expressed genes that are functionally involved in the progression of chondrocyte differentiation. D. F. Cechetto The role neurotransmitters and neuropeptides play in normal and abnormal cardiac function. Stroke and neurodegeneration. B. A. Flumerfelt Chemical neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. The role of neurotransmitters and receptors in motor disorders. Neural transplantation as a therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. J. A. Kiernan The role of blood-tissue barriers in responses of the nervous system to injury, disease and neuron death. The mechanisms of cell death as it relates to the neuron and neurodegenerative diseases. Histochemical processes involved in the fixation and staining of tissues. P. K. Lala

20. Snyder1.html Some major dopaminerelated basal ganglia diseases, including Parkinson'sDisease, can be ameliorated by estrogen replacement therapy. http://neurobio.mcphu.edu/SnyderWeb/snyder.html

Gretchen L. Snyder Ph.D. Associate Professor Molecular Neuroscience, Signal Transduction, Basal Ganglia Email, Gretchen.L.Snyder@drexel.edu Some major dopamine-related basal ganglia diseases, including Parkinson's Disease, can be ameliorated by estrogen replacement therapy. However, the biological basis for the ability of estrogen to protect and/or promote dopamine actions on brain neurons is unclear. A second major interest in my laboratory is to seek to define the biochemical interactions of dopamine and the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, in the basal ganglia. These experiments are aimed at characterizing elements of the dopamine signaling cascade that may be impacted by the sex hormones. To date, these studies have identified DARPP-32, a d opamine and c A MP- r egulated p hospho p rotein (Mr kDa) as a substrate that is phosphorylated in response to estrogen replacement in female ovariectomized rats. Future studies will seek to identify downstream substrates of DARPP-32 as possible targets for estrogen (and neurosteroid) action. In addition, behavioral measures will be used to assess estrogen's impact on dopamine-mediated behavioral function. The eventual goal of these experiments is to uncover the molecular basis for the facilitation of dopamine function by estrogen. Biography Selected Publications Auger, A.P., Meredith, J.M., Snyder, G.L., and Blaustein, J.D. (2001) Estradiol increases phosphorylation of a dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) in female rat brain.

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