21. Neurobiological Lab - Neurodegenerative Diseases - University Rostock Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pathophysiological and molecular genetic bases oftherapeutic effects of external neuromodulation in basal ganglia diseases. http://neurobiology.med.uni-rostock.de/junior_research_group/neurodegenerative_d

Home Cellular Electrophysiology Junior Research Group Neurobiology ... Publications Neurodegenerative Diseases Pathophysiological and molecular genetic bases of therapeutic effects of external neuromodulation in basal ganglia diseases Deep brain stimulation of basal ganglia is a successful means of therapeutic intervention for instance in Parkinson's disease. However, little is known about the mechanism on the molecular and cellular levels. Therefore an animal model for Parkinson's disease and a brain slice culture for modeling deep brain stimulation will be established in our lab. Effects on GABAergic, dopaminergic and c-fos mediated information pathways and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathways will be characterized by molecular biological and neurophysiological analyses . For the latter in brief: changes in electrophysiological properties of high frequency stimulated compared to unstimulated neurons and networks for the acute and chronic situation will be studied. The influence of deep brain stimulation on the glial enviroment, especially on microglia and astrocytes , is in focus of the project.

22. Macomb Senior High A description of basal ganglia followed by a look at some of the diseases such as sydenhams chorea, huntingtons chorea, cerebral palsy, athetosis, hemiballism and parkinsons disease. http://www.macomb.com/~mhs/basal.htm

23. Jerrold D. Prothero Anatomy; Motor Control Overview; The basal ganglia; basal ganglia Componentsand Pathways; diseases of the basal ganglia; basal ganglia http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/prothero/home.html

Publications Page The Treatment of Akinesia using Virtual Images by Jerrold D. Prothero This document is also available in postscript Contents Abstract List of Figures List of Tables Introduction Kinesia Paradoxa Virtual Vision Organization Contact Literature Review Overview The Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Akinesia Kinesia Paradoxa The Study Overview Methods Overview Subjects Methods for Quantitative Experiment Results Results of Exploratory Phase Can Virtual Images Provide Ambulatory Cues? Field-of-View and Cuing Requirements Use of Laser Pointer for Sustaining Ambulation ... Quantitative Discussion The Feasibility of Non-Tangible Cuing Dominant Versus Non-Dominant Eye Field of View Requirements Spatial Stabilization and Physical Realism ... T.R.'s Summary Medicine and Virtual Environments Overview Visualization Tools Simulation Tools Assistive Technology Tools Medical Background General Brain Anatomy Motor Control Overview The Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Components and Pathways ... About this document ...

24. DIRECTORY.TERADEX.COM - Health/Fitness/Diseases/Neurological Disorders/Brain Dis Health/Fitness / diseases / Neurological Disorders / Brain diseases / basal ganglia (20). basal ganglia Hemorrhage http://directory.teradex.com/Health_Fitness/Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Brai

preloadImages('as_free_x-mail_s','as_anonymous','as_ad-space'); Add your Web Site Add Search to your Site Search for: Search through: Entire site Basal Ganglia Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Meige Syndrome DIRECTORY ... Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage Secondary to Lightning Stroke - A case history of an 18 year old male. Presents clinical history, radiological diagnosis and a discussion. Macomb Senior High - A description of basal ganglia followed by a look at some of the diseases such as sydenhams chorea, huntingtons chorea, cerebral palsy, athetosis, hemiballism and parkinsons disease. - A brief report from 1999. University of Manitoba - An article about the basal ganglia. University of Michigan - A very brief discussion about basal ganglia. Submit Premium Listing! $10 for two years Sign Up User Name: Password: Edit in Real Time, Banner Placement Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor This site is presented in modified Open Directory form E-Mail: webmaster@teradex.com

25. Basal Ganglia And Grating Therapies In Neurodegenerative Diseases English title. basal ganglia and grating therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Swedish title http://research.kib.ki.se/e-uven/public/C41075.html

Research project #C41075 English title Basal Ganglia and grating therapies in neurodegenerative diseases Swedish title Basala ganglierna och transplantationsterapier vid neurodegenerativ sjukdom Project leader Ingrid Strömberg All projects by this author Institution Department of Neuroscience All projects at this institution Section/unit Division of Development, Growth Factors and Transplantation All projects at this section/unit Description Main Financing mfr Partners University of Colorado HSC, Denver Network(s) Neuroscience-psychiatry All projects affiliated with this network References Johansson M, Friedemann M, Hoffer B, Strömberg I. Effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on developing and mature ventral mesencephalic grafts in oculo. Exp. Neurol. 134: 25-34, 1995. Gould TJ, Strömberg I, Bickford PC. Decline in striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptor activation in aged F344 rats. Neurobiology of Aging. 17: 877-883, 1996. Strömberg I, Björklund L, Förander P. The age of striatum determines the pattern and extent of dopaminergic innervation: A nigrostriatal double graft study. Cell Transplantation 6: 287-296, 1997. Björklund L, Spenger C, Strömberg I. Tirilazad mesylate increases dopaminergic neuronal survival in the in oculo grafting model. Exp. Neurol. 148: 324-333, 1997. ... Strömberg I, Adams C, Bygdeman M, Hoffer B, Boyson S, Humpel C. Long-term effects of human to rat mesencephalic xenografts on rotational behavior and striatal dopamine receptor binding and mRNAs levels. Brain Res. Bull. 38: 221-233, 1995. Project staff

26. 1Up Health > Health Links Directory > Conditions And Diseases: Neurological Diso Macomb Senior High A description of basal ganglia followed by a look at some of thediseases such as sydenham’s chorea, huntington’s chorea, cerebral palsy http://www.1uphealth.com/links/brain-diseases-basal-ganglia.html

Home Contact Us Privacy Caring For Your Well Being Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials Health News Poisons ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Health Directory Addictions Alternative Animal ... Weight Loss By Demography Child Health Teen Health Men's Health Women's Health ... Brain Diseases : Basal Ganglia Description Categories Dystonia Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome Hepatolenticular Degeneration Huntington's ... Tourette Syndrome Sites Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage Secondary to Lightning Stroke A case history of an 18 year old male. Presents clinical history, radiological diagnosis and a discussion. Macomb Senior High A description of basal ganglia followed by a look at some of the diseases such as sydenham’s chorea, huntington’s chorea, cerebral palsy, athetosis, hemiballism and parkinson’s disease. Sydenham's Chorea and Chorea Gravidarum A brief report from 1999. University of Manitoba An article about the basal ganglia. University of Michigan A very brief discussion about basal ganglia. Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web.

27. 1Up Health > Basal Ganglia Dysfunction > Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors Of 1Up Health diseases Conditions basal ganglia dysfunction Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors. http://www.1uphealth.com/health/basal_ganglia_dysfunction_info.html

1Up Health Basal ganglia dysfunction Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Basal ganglia dysfunction Information Basal ganglia dysfunction Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Definition : Basal ganglia dysfunction involves dysfunction of the basal ganglia, a brain region involved in motor control and movement. Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Numerous brain disorders can cause basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease Huntington's disease progressive supranuclear palsy , corticobasal degeneration, multiple system atrophy Wilson disease , and dystonia In addition, any insult to the brain can potentially damage the basal ganglia including strokes, metabolic abnormalities, liver disease, multiple sclerosis , infections, tumors, drug overdoses or side effects, and head trauma. When the basal ganglia are damaged, control over functions such as speech and movement can be impaired. Difficulties with initiating movement, sustaining movement and stopping movement are all possible when this area is injured. Previous Next Jump to Another Section of this Guide Definition Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors

28. Motor Control 3: Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia And Movement Disorders diseases of the basal ganglia produce a variety of motor symptoms tremor,athetosis, chorea, ballism, dystonia, akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity. http://www.anatomy.unimelb.edu.au/subjects/976/lectures/Cerbg.htm

Motor control: The cerebellum and basal ganglia Dr Peter Kitchener Anatomy and Cell Biology Medical Science Bldg. room E632 pdk@anatomy.unimelb.edu.au Part I: Basal Ganglia 1. The five components of the basal ganglia. Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus (internal and external regions) Sub-thalamic nucleus Substantia nigra. (zona reticularis and zona compacta) All of these nuclei exept the substantia nigra, are regions of sub-cortical gey matter of the forebrain (telencephalon). The substantia nigra is part of the brainstem - midbrain. See figure 42-1 in the textbook (3rd ed) for anatomical locations. Note that there are various ways to group these nuclei: the caudate and putamen are collectivley the "striatum", the putamen and globus poalidus are refered to as the "lentiform nuclei". 2. Connectivity. The following diagram (modified from Kandel et al. 1991) summarises the connections of the basal ganglia. Note that there is a direct and an indirect pathway from the input to the output regions. 3. Neurochemistry.

29. Korean Standard Classification Of Diseases G23 Other degenerative diseases of basal ganglia Exclusion multisystemdegeneration(G90.3) G23.0 Hallervorden-Spatz disease Pigmentary pallidal http://www.nso.go.kr/eng/standards/edis/g23.htm

G23 Other degenerative diseases of basal ganglia Exclusion £ºmulti-system degeneration(G90.3) G23.0 Hallervorden-Spatz disease Pigmentary pallidal degeneration G23.1 Progressive supranuclear ophthalmoplegia [Steele-Richardson- Olszewski] G23.2 Striatonigral degeneration G23.8 Other specified degenerative diseases of basal ganglia Calcification of basal ganglia G23.9 Degenerative disease of basal ganglia, unspecified

30. Conditions And Diseases: Neurological Disorders: Brain Diseases: Basal Ganglia: Information on Conditions and diseases, Neurological Disorders, Brain diseases,basal ganglia, Meige Syndrome and much more Treasure Coast Health. http://treasurecoasthealth.com/treasurecoasthealth.php/Health/Conditions_and_Dis

Find Doctors on the Treasure Coast Select Specialty Ambulatory Care Anesthesiology Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Family Practice Gastroenterology Hematology/Oncology Infectious Diseases Internal Medicine Maxillofacial Surgery Neonatology Nephroology Neurology Neurosurgery Obstetrics/Gynecology Ophthalmology Orthopedic Surgery Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatics Physical Medicine Plastic Surgery Podiatry Psychiatry Psychology Pulmonary Radiation Oncology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery Thoracic Surgery Urology Vascular Surgery Select City Sebastian Palm Bay Vero Beach Fort Pierce Okeechobee Port St. Lucie Jensen Beach Stuart Palm City Hobe Sound Loxahatchee MENU Home Doctor Directory Health Resources Women Only ... About Us Conditions and Diseases: Neurological Disorders: Brain Diseases: Basal Ganglia: Meige Syndrome See also: Health: Conditions and Diseases: Rare Disorders http://www.nutrisystem.com We have helped millions of people lose weight for more than 30 years. Lose up to 10 lbs. in your first month! Blepharospasm, Meige Syndrome and Hemifacial Spasm

31. Conditions And Diseases Neurological Disorders Brain Diseases Information on Conditions and diseases, Neurological Disorders, Brain diseases,basal ganglia, HallervordenSpatz Syndrome and much more Treasure Coast http://treasurecoasthealth.com/treasurecoasthealth.php/Health/Conditions_and_Dis

32. Notes On The Basal Ganglia substantia nigra pars reticulata to the superior colliculus and reticularformation. III. diseases of the basal ganglia 1. Parkinson's Disease http://www2.umdnj.edu/~paneuweb/basgang.htm

Maintained by David P. Crockett . E-mail suggestions to crockett@umdnj.edu (revised 3/11/97 David P. Crockett, M.A., Ph.D. Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Room R-306, Telephone: 1-718-235-3404 Notes on the Basal Ganglia PA Neuroscience Home Page I. Introduction: 1. Diseases produce three characteristic types of motor disturbances: (1) involuntary movements, including tremor (particularly resting tremor); (2) poverty or slowness of movement without paralysis; and (3) changes in posture and muscle tone. 2. Terminology: The terminology is very confusing and has changed with time. It is now used to designate those structures which when damaged produce "extrapyramidal syndrome" (This too is a confusing term). Today the list includes: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. a. Lenticular (lentiform) nucleus = putamen + globus pallidus (pallidum) b. Striatum (neostriatum) = caudate nucleus + putamen (common embryology and similar connections and identical histology, a functional term; anterior part of putamen fuses with the head of the caudate above the orbital surface of the frontal lobe) c. Corpus striatum = caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus

33. CNS Pathology Index basal ganglia hemorrhage with hypertension, gross CT; basal ganglia hemorrhagewith hypertension, gross CT; Acquired and Congenital Degenerative diseases. http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CNSHTML/CNSIDX.html

CNS Pathology Index Return to the organ system pathology menu. Tutorials Go to the tutorial on CNS degenerative diseases. The following images are present: CNS Hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage with intraventricular hemorrhage in 28 week gestational age newborn, gross Basal ganglia hemorrhage with hypertension, gross [CT] Basal ganglia hemorrhage with hypertension, gross [CT] Epidural hematoma, gross [CT] ... Cerebrum, coronal section, white matter petechiae with fat embolism syndrome, gross Infarction Pons, lacunar infarct, gross Lacunar infarct, microscopic Cerebrum, coronal section, acute cerebral infarct, gross Cerebrum, coronal section, acute watershed infarct, gross ... Cerebrum, brain stem, Wallerian degeneration, high power microscopic Edema and Herniation Cerebrum, coronal section, edema, gross Cerebrum, external view, edema, gross Cerebrum, uncal herniation from edema, gross Cerebrum, uncal herniation from edema, gross ... Pons, Duret hemorrhages, gross Infections Cerebrum, external view, vertex, acute bacterial meningitis, gross Cerebrum, external view, vertex, acute bacterial meningitis, gross Cerebrum, external view, vertex, acute bacterial meningitis, gross Cerebrum, acute bacterial meningitis, gross ... Cerebrum, coronal section, hydrocephalus, gross Congenital Malformations Anencephaly, gross

34. Syllabus Chapter 12 Discussion of these basal ganglia includes reference to the subthalamic nucleus Nonetheless,a group of neurologic diseases are called extrapyramidal diseases http://medlib.med.utah.edu/kw/hyperbrain/syllabus/syllabus12.html

12. The Basal Ganglia The objectives of this chapter are to: Understand the relationship of the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex. Study the connections through which the basal ganglia affect motor function. The subcortical nuclei of the telencephalon are known collectively as the basal ganglia ( fig 12a The three basal ganglia that are studied in this chapter are the caudate ( ), putamen ( ), and globus pallidus ( Discussion of these basal ganglia includes reference to the subthalamic nucleus (nucleus of Luys) ( ) and the substantia nigra. ( All of these structures are included in the extrapyramidal motor system . The problem with this term is that it is ill-defined. Nonetheless, a group of neurologic diseases are called extrapyramidal diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease . One of their characteristic features is the presence of involuntary movements, for example, tremor and writhing movements. These abnormal movements are referred to as dyskinesias. Although there are attempts to develop a coherent explanation of the structure and function of the basal ganglia and their connections, these nuclear masses are still treated largely in an anecdotal fashion. Current ideas about the basal ganglia are based largely on neuropathologic case studies.

35. Basal Ganglia Disorders nigrostriatal degeneration, dementing diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Pick’s;Multiple or bilateral strokes affecting basal ganglia; Toxicmetabolic http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~ncr3025/roussel/codi555/basalganglia.html

CODI 555 Motor Speech Disorders Lecture 4: Basal Ganglia Disorders: Hypokinetic/Hyperkinetic Dysarthria Basal Ganglia Control Circuits Frontal cortex especially premotor area Thalamic nuclei Substantia nigra Globus pallidus is site or origin for major efferent (output) from basal ganglia Basal Ganglia Pathways Loops Striatum to globus pallidus to thalamus to cortex to striatum Striatum to substantia nigra to striatum Globus pallidus to subthalamus to globus pallidus Efferent pathways - major pathway is from globus pallidus to ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus and then back to cortex Functions of the Basal Ganglia Control Circuits Site for 2 influential neurotransmitters - dopamine and acetylcholine Balance between these two NT within the striatum is important for motor control Regulation of amplitude, velocity and initiation of movement Probably aid in generating components of motor speech programs Modulate cortical discharges/ suppression of unwanted movements Effects of Lesions within Basal Ganglia Circuits Hypokinesia - reduced mobility Increase in muscle tone Resistence to movement Movements are slow, stiff and difficult to initiate or stop

36. Member Sign In confronted with an MRI pattern of bilateral basal ganglia lesions, the differentialdiagnosis includes hypoxic injury, mitochondrial diseases, toxin exposure http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/434346_2

If you are having trouble logging in: In order to use Medscape, your browser must be set to accept "cookies." To find out how to adjust your browser settings, please click here Log In Username Password Forgot your password? Not a Member? Register Now for free access to: MEDLINE (Optimized for Physicians) 200+ Free CME Courses 25 Medical Specialty Sites 100+ Medical Journals Conference Coverage Daily Medical News About Medscape Help WebMD Health

37. Untitled production because the symptoms of Gulf War syndrome strongly resemble early symptomsof wellstudied degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia like Huntington http://www.swmed.edu/home_pages/epidemi/gws/dopamine.htm

Media Contact: Mindy Baxter melinda.baxter@email.swmed.edu BRAIN CELL DAMAGE UNDERLYING GULF WAR SYNDROME CAUSES ABNORMAL BRAIN DOPAMINE PRODUCTION, STUDY SHOWS DALLAS – Sept. 14, 2000 – In a study released today, researchers say they have found a strong link between brain cell loss on the left side of the brain in sick Gulf War veterans and abnormal over-production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter chemical important in such conditions as degenerative brain diseases. The UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas study, published in the American Medical Association’s Archives of Neurology , links brain cell loss in the left basal ganglia of sick Gulf War veterans with out-of-control production of a brain neurotransmitter chemical called dopamine. With fewer total brain cells, the remaining dopamine-producing cells become over-responsive and produce too much dopamine. “This finding gives increased importance to our earlier brain scan evidence of brain damage in these veterans," said Dr. Robert Haley, professor of internal medicine and holder of the U.S. Armed Forces Veterans Distinguished Chair for Medical Research, Honoring America’s Gulf War Veterans. “Showing that the degree of brain cell injury directly affects the level of brain dopamine production indicates that the brain damage is having a real effect on these veterans’ brain function and is not just a coincidental finding.” In the June issue of Radiology , UT Southwestern researchers reported that sick Gulf War veterans had 9 percent fewer brain cells in the left basal ganglia than healthy veterans. Previous research has shown that brain damage in the left basal ganglia causes a dramatic increase in dopamine production, while brain damage in the right basal ganglia has less effect.

38. Basal Ganglia Physiology, Pharmacology And Pathophysiology pharmacology, physiology and pathophysiology of basal ganglia and movement disordersusing PET, MRI and in vitro measurements. The diseases studied include http://research.medicine.wustl.edu/ocfr/Research.nsf/Abstracts/845B21B1B58968588

39. Paroxysmal Neuro Dysfunction/ Basal Ganglia diseases of the basal ganglia give certain types of movement disorderssuch as dystonia, choreathetosis, chorea, etc. diseases such http://www.medhelp.org/forums/neuro/messages/30351a.html

Advertisement Welcome to Med Help International A not-for-profit organization Questions in The Neurology Forum are being answered by doctors from The Cleveland Clinic , consistently ranked one of the best hospitals in America. Subject: Paroxysmal Neuro dysfunction/ Basal Ganglia Topic Area: Movement Forum: The Neurology and Neurosurgery Forum Question Posted By: Kathleen on Thursday, January 20, 2000 Thank You for taking my question. I have seen a neuro doc for second opinion concerning "seizure like" episodes that started many years ago. The opinion is that I show symtoms sugggestive of basal ganglia dysfunction as well as possible mitochondrial disorder. Further testing has been sugested. Although I was able to locate the Mito disorder that was referred to , I cannot locate anything on Basal Ganglia. Could you help describe this type of disorder please? Answer Posted By: CCF Neuro[P] MD, RPS on Thursday, January 20, 2000 Dear Kathleen: Basal ganglia are responsible for control of motor movements, they act in concert with the cortex to smooth out movements. Diseases of the basal ganglia give certain types of movement disorders such as dystonia, choreathetosis, chorea, etc. Diseases such as mitochondrial cytopathies, Wilson's, Hunington's, essential tremor, Parkinson's etc have all been related to having a connection with the basal ganglia. Many mitochondrial disorders effect the basal ganglia, but not all. Even the same type of mitochondrial disease (i.e. MELAS) may or may not affect the basal ganglia.

40. TWO DISEASES, ONE HOPE This surgical procedure is just as complicated as the diseases themselves. Thebiopsy entails taking precursors of adult basal ganglia cells from fetuses http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper3/Sangaramoothy3.html

Biology 202 1998 Third Web Reports On Serendip TWO DISEASES, ONE HOPE: Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease Meera Sangaramoothy Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Huntington's Disease (HD) are neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by malfunctions within the motor sector of the nervous system. These malfunctions, which are caused either by the surplus (as in HD) or absence (as in PD) of hormones, are a direct result of neural cell deterioration within the brain. PD and HD illustrate two very different behavioral patterns that are subsequently caused by two opposite and extreme biological abnormalities. Yet the common thread between the two conditions is that there are major mechanical predicaments arising between cellular connections within the brain. Thus, it is the occurrence of cell death that functions as a key link between these two very different diseases. And it is because of this commonality, that the most controversial experimental treatment for PD and HD, fetal transplant surgery, functions as a possible cure for both these diseases. ( ). The cause of neurodegenerative diseases, like PD and HD, is basically a story of how abnormal chemical interactions result in motor problems. Generally speaking, the brain is the body's communication headquarters. It obtains a myriad of information from various parts of the sensory system and processes this information in an organized fashion. It then relays sensory input to different parts of the motor system. Such messages from the brain dictate specific muscular and behavioral patterns. (

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