21. Rift Valley Fever - Vads Corner Rift valley fever Medinex.com. Vads Corner Rift valley fever Niklasson B et.alMedline Abstract. Latest available Medline Abstracts on Rift valley fever. http://www.vadscorner.com/rvf.html

Rift Valley Fever Vads Corner - Rift Valley Fever Information and links on the recent outbreak of Rift Valley fever and haemorrhagic disease in Kenya, Somalia,?Tanzania, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and around the world. This page will be updated when information is available. You are welcome to suggest links or comments related to this site by e-mailing directly to me or mentioning the link in the guestbook. I however have the right to moderate these links. Please read the If you appreciate this site do sign my guestbook View comments. See comments of previous guestbook ....also guestbook recent Suggest for updates, see links in italics. Thank you for visiting this site. Last updated on 27 January 2001. Home Software Hindu Malaysian ... email me Updates- When available Current Outbreaks WHO Disease outbreaks reported Rift Valley fever in Yemen - Update 4 (26 Oct 2000) Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia - Update 3 (25 Oct 2000) Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia - Update 2 (10 Oct 2000) Rift Valley fever in Yemen - Update 3 (9 Oct 2000) Rift Valley fever in Yemen - Update 2 (3 Oct 2000) Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia - Update / Acute haemorrhagic fever syndrome in Yemen - Update (29 Sept 2000)

22. Rift Valley Fever Facts Rift valley fever. Rift valley fever is a fevercausing viral disease thataffects livestock and humans in Africa. What is Rift valley fever? http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/rift.html

Rift Valley Fever Rift Valley fever is a fever-causing viral disease that affects livestock and humans in Africa. It is most common during years of heavy rainfall. People get Rift Valley fever mainly from the bite of an infected mosquito. The disease can also be spread by contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected animal. Rift Valley fever can cause serious eye infection, inflammation of the brain, severe bleeding (hemorrhage), and death. To prevent Rift Valley fever, travelers to Africa should take precautions against insect bites: 1) use insect repellent, 2) wear long sleeves and pants, and 3) use bednets. Travelers should also avoid contact with livestock in areas where outbreaks of Rift Valley fever are occurring. What is Rift Valley fever? Rift valley fever is a fever-causing disease that affects livestock (including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats) and humans in Africa. It is named after a trough stretching 4,000 miles from Jordan through eastern Africa to Mozambique. Rift Valley fever is spread mainly by infected mosquitoes and appears most often during years of heavy rainfall. Where is Rift Valley fever found?

23. Environmental Mediation Of Valley Fever valley fever Research Aims. Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) is Centraland South America. valley fever is not spread person to person. http://www.casa.arizona.edu/~peter/valleyfever/web/

Valley Fever Research Aims Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) is an environmentally-mediated systemic infection caused by the inhalation of airborne arthroconidia from Coccidioides immitis , a soil-dwelling fungus found in the southwestern United States, parts of Mexico and Central and South America. Valley Fever is not spread person to person. When soils containing the fungus are disturbed and dust is raised, spores may be inhaled along with the dust. Certain activities such as agriculture and construction, two large industries in Arizona, cast aloft large amounts of dust. Non-human events that act to disturb the soil include wind storms and earthquakes. A rough chain of events can be construed where the soil serves has the initial habitat of the fungus, human or other dust-disturbing events send dust into the atmosphere, the winds distribute the now airborne spores where they can then be inhaled by people or other animals. The University of Arizona, Department of Geography, in association with the United States Geological Survey and the Valley Fever Center for Excellence, has three goals in researching Valley Fever: 1) to use historical and current observations from complementary remote sensor and land-based observing systems to track climatic factors, including precipitation, temperatures, and wind speed and direction, influencing coccidioides immitis' growth and distribution; 2) to characterize linkages between terrestrial and climate models and reported cases of Valley Fever; 3) to assess potential implications, given climatic conditions provided in projected model-generated future climate scenarios, for broader impacts within United States borders. Characterization of the interaction of these factors could promote spatially explicit disease mitigation strategies.

24. What Is Valley Fever? What is valley fever? What is valley fever? valley fever (coccidioidomycosis,or cocci) is caused by the soildwelling fungus, Coccidioides immitis. http://www.casa.arizona.edu/~peter/valleyfever/web/page4.html

What is Valley Fever? What is Valley Fever? Valley Fever (coccidioidomycosis, or cocci) is caused by the soil-dwelling fungus, Coccidioides immitis . The tiny seeds, or spores, become wind-borne and are inhaled into the lungs, where the infection starts. When soils containing the fungus are disturbed and dust is raised, spores may be inhaled with the dust. Dust disturbing activities include, the wind, construction, farming, among others. Once inside the lung, the spore transforms itself into a larger, multicellular structure called a spherule. The spherule continues to grow and will eventually burst, releasing endospores which develop into new spherules, and then repeats the cycle ( Figure 1 Valley Fever is a sickness of degree. About 60 percent of the people who breathe the spores do not get sick at all. For some it may feel like a cold or flu. For those sick enough to go to the doctor, it can be serious, with pneumonia-like symptoms, requiring medications and bed rest. Of all the people infected with Valley Fever, one or more out of 200 will develop the disseminated form, which is devastating, and can be fatal. These are the cases in which the disease spreads beyond the lungs through the bloodstream - typically to the skin, bones and the membranes surrounding the brain, causing meningitis. The Endemic Area Valley Fever derives its name from its discovery in the San Joaquin Valley of California, where it was also referred to as "San Joaquin Valley Fever", "desert rheumatism". Valley Fever is prevalent in the San Joaquin and Central Valleys of California, and in the hot, desert regions of southern Arizona (this includes the major metropolitan areas of Phoenix and Tucson), southern Nevada (including Las Vegas), southern Utah, southern New Mexico, western Texas (including El Paso), and Mexico (especially in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua). In addition

25. Rift Valley Fever Go to Science@NASA home page, Rift valley fever. Scientists are learningthat 90 percent. It's called Rift valley fever. Humans can http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/17apr_rvf.htm

Rift Valley Fever Scientists are learning that the key to predicting certain epidemics like Rift Valley fever in Africa or Hanta virus in the U.S. lies in an unexpected place: the ocean. Listen to this story via streaming audio , a downloadable file , or get help April 17, 2002: On the dusty savannahs of eastern Africa, where livestock sustain the economy, about twice a decade an epidemic whips through to decimate the herds. Nearly all of the pregnant animals spontaneously lose their fetuses. Among those already born the lambs and kids the mortality rate can reach 90 percent. It's called Rift Valley fever. Humans can be infected as well, either through mosquitoes that carry the disease, or by handling infected tissue. Few die, but the illness can cause serious complications: meningoencephalitis, an inflammation of the brain, and lesions of the retina, which leave victims with at least some permanent loss of vision. During the most recent and devastating outbreak in 1997-98, an embargo banned exports of East African meat for one and a half years. Above : Rift Valley fever was first identified during the 1930's when it struck residents of Kenya's great Rift Valley, pictured here. [

26. A080 - RIFT VALLEY FEVER Rift valley fever. http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/a_A080.htm

var code_langue1='f';var code_langue2='e';var rep_l='/maladies/fiches/';var lc='en';var code_page='a080.htm'; document.write(ent); Rift Valley fever Aetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and control ... References AETIOLOGY Classification of the causative agent Virus family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus Resistance to physical and chemical action Temperature: Survives several months at 4°C. In serum, inactivated by 56°C for 120 minutes pH: Chemicals: Inactivated by ether and chloroform Disinfectants: Inactivated by strong solutions of sodium or calcium hypochlorite (residual chlorine should exceed 5000 ppm) Survival: Survives in dried discharges and multiplies in some arthropod vectors. Can survive contact with 0.5% phenol at 4°C for 6 months EPIDEMIOLOGY High mortality rate in young animals High abortion rate in ruminants Hosts Cattle, sheep, goats, dromedaries, several rodents Wild ruminants, buffaloes, antelopes, wildebeest, etc. Humans are very susceptible (major zoonosis) African monkeys and domestic carnivores present a transitory viraemia Transmission Haematophagous mosquitoes of many genera Aedes Anopheles, Culex, Eretmapodites

27. HealthlinkUSA Valley Fever Links medical and health related topics. FindWhat. Click here for page1 of valley fever information from the HealthlinkUSA directory. http://www.healthlinkusa.com/326ent.htm

28. MDTravel Health - Rift Valley Fever Rift valley fever. Strict barrier and respiratory precautions are essential whenpatients with suspected Rift valley fever are admitted to the hospital. http://www.mdtravelhealth.com/infectious/rift_valley_fever.html

Rift Valley Fever insect protection measures and to wear gloves and protective garments when handling animal tissues or caring for infected patients. Strict barrier and respiratory precautions are essential when patients with suspected Rift Valley fever are admitted to the hospital. From the World Health Organization (WHO) Rift Valley Fever Fact Sheet From the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Travelers' Health Information on Rift Valley Fever Fact Sheet on Rift Valley Fever Rift Valley Fever Fact Sheet Rift Valley Fever Distribution Maps ... Back to list of infectious diseases.

29. VALLEY FEVER valley fever (COCCI) valley fever (coccidioidomycosis, or cocci for short) isa fungal disease caused by the organism Coccidioides immitis, which lives in http://www.csubak.edu/healthcenter/ValleyFever.htm

S TUDENT HEALTH SERVICES 9001 Stockdale Highway Bakersfield, California 93311 (661) 664-2394 Fax: (661) 664-3301 Welcome General Information Antelope Valley Center Services Special Dates ... Wellness VALLEY FEVER (COCCI) Valley Fever (coccidioidomycosis, or "cocci" for short) is a fungal disease caused by the organism Coccidioides immitis, which lives in our soil here in an encapsulated, spore form. Although the disease is present in many of the dry, warm areas of the Southwestern United States, the spore concentration is particularly heavy in the soil of Bakersfield. Cocci cases were up drastically in 1991-1992, possibly due to proliferation of the spores in the soil after the "March Miracle" rains of 1990. How do you get Valley Fever? Essentially, the only way to get cocci is to directly inhale dust-containing spores. There are no reported cases of human-to-human transmission (in other words, cocci is not contagious). The spores initially cause a lung illness one to four weeks after exposure. Most patients either have no symptoms or have a mild, brief flu-like illness, often not serious enough to seek medical attention. On occasion, "primary" (or new) cocci can be more severe, with fever, aches, fatigue, and a dry cough. A variety of skin rashes, some painful and quite spectacular in appearance (including erythema nodosum, a painful nodular rash on the shins and legs), can occur. The chest x-ray may be abnormal, with pneumonias and/or nodules. Even in mild cases, cocci may cause prolonged, mild to moderate fatigue (like mono often does).

30. Rift Valley Fever - Notifiable Diseases (DEFRA, UK) Rift valley fever. Animals affected. Rift valley fever is an infectious zoonoticdisease affecting sheep, goats, and cattle. History and spread of the disease. http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/disease/rift_valley_fever.ht

Skip links DEFRA home Animal Health Home Feedback Disease surveillance and control Home Notifiable Diseases Zoonoses Disease Control ... Disease Information >Rift Valley Fever Rift Valley Fever Animals affected History and spread of the disease Clinical Signs Post-Mortem ... Legislation Related Pages Information from OIE Pictures of disease symptoms Specified Diseases ... Internet Links Rift Valley Fever Animals affected Rift Valley Fever is an infectious zoonotic disease affecting sheep, goats, and cattle. History and spread of the disease First discovered in Kenya in 1931, it is characterised by a short incubation period, fever, hepatitis, high morbidity in lambs less than one week of age, and high abortion rates.The disease is caused by the Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus, a member of the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae and the disease is transmitted by mosquitoes.Limited to Africa in earlier years, it causes enormous waste of livestock, especially in wet conditions. In 2001 Rift Valley Fever also occurred in Saudi Arabia and the Yemen. It is a list A OIE disease The human form of the disease, although rarely fatal, causes temporary incapacitation and physical misery. An outbreak in South Africa in 1951 was estimated to have infected 20,000 people and killed 100,000 sheep and cattle. In Egypt in 1977 there were 18,000 human cases of this disease with 698 deaths..

31. RIFT VALLEY FEVER RIFT valley fever. Etiology. Rift valley fever is caused by a threestrandedRNA virus in the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae (11). http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/RVF.htm

BACK MENU NEXT PART IV FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES RIFT VALLEY FEVER (Infectious enzootic hepatitis of sheep and cattle) Definition Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne (primarily mosquito), acute, febrile, viral disease of sheep, cattle, and goats (4). The disease in these species is characterized by high abortion rates, high mortality in neonates, and hepatic necrosis (6). Humans are highly susceptible. Symptoms in humans in most cases are those of an acute undifferentiated febrile disease; severe cases (about 1 percent) resemble a dengue-like disease (18) accompanied by hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis, retinopathy, and sometimes death (10). Etiology Rift Valley fever is caused by a three-stranded RNA virus in the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae (11). All isolates are serologically similar. Detection of differences between isolates requires RNA fingerprinting. Rift Valley fever virus is inactivated by lipid solvents, detergents, and low pH. At neutral or alkaline pH in the presence of protein such as serum, the virus can remain viable for up to 4 months at 4 o C. Specimens stored below

32. RIFT VALLEY FEVER Rift valley fever (RVF) is an arthropodborne (primarily mosquito), acute, febrile,viral disease of sheep, cattle, and goats (4). The disease in these species http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/Handheld/rvf.htm

RIFT VALLEY FEVER (Infectious enzootic hepatitis of sheep and cattle) Definition Etiology Host Range Geographic Distribution ... FAD Table of Contents Definition top Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne (primarily mosquito), acute, febrile, viral disease of sheep, cattle, and goats (4). The disease in these species is characterized by high abortion rates, high mortality in neonates, and hepatic necrosis (6). Humans are highly susceptible. Symptoms in humans in most cases are those of an acute undifferentiated febrile disease; severe cases (about 1 percent) resemble a dengue-like disease (18) accompanied by hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis, retinopathy, and sometimes death (10). Etiology top Rift Valley fever is caused by a three-stranded RNA virus in the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae (11). All isolates are serologically similar. Detection of differences between isolates requires RNA fingerprinting. Rift Valley fever virus is inactivated by lipid solvents, detergents, and low pH. At neutral or alkaline pH in the presence of protein such as serum, the virus can remain viable for up to 4 months at 4 o C. Specimens stored below

33. Valley Fever - The Cure A Remedy for valley fever! There is a remedy for valley fever (Coccidioidomycosis)that works! My dad discovered it in 1947. My http://www.breaman.net/ValleyFeverInfo/

A Remedy for Valley Fever! There is a remedy for Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) that works! My dad discovered it in 1947. My mother's last wish before she passed away was that my dad's discovery not be allowed to die with her. So, here's the story. First, the remedy! How do you take it? A brief background A Critical Incident Case History ... Canine Valley Fever? Check here The information presented on these pages is provided for educational purposes only. There are no warranties either expressed or implied regarding the outcome of the treatment methodology identified herein. As with all health decisions, you should consult with your physician regarding specific treatment plans. Last Updated 03/11/2002 Comments.....

34. Valley Fever - The Cure After all, here was a mere lay person trying to tell the medical professionthat he had a cure to valley fever. Good grief! But dad was not a saint. http://www.breaman.net/ValleyFeverInfo/heard.html

Why haven't I heard about this before? When two obstinate forces meet head-on, chances of any meaningful progress dwindles to nil. On one side stood my father. And he was "certifiably stubborn". On the other side stood the medical profession. And they proved to be just as intractable as my father. After all, here was a mere lay person trying to tell the medical profession that he had a cure to Valley Fever. Good grief! But dad was not a saint. He never really approached this as an effort to be a Good Samaritan. His first dream was that of achieving some financial reward for his discovery. He wrote letters to many of the drug companies asking if they would be interested in his cure. Some seemed to have an initial interest until it became known that the cure was based on a common over-the-counter chemical. The drug companies were quick to point out that, as a common product already in the marketplace, it cannot be patented. Consequently, any investment they made in setting up production and distribution could not be protected. Second, since Valley Fever was more or less localized to Bakersfield, California (USA), the market was just too small to be economically viable. After a few years of contacting various companies and hearing essentially the same story, my dad's thoughts of monetary rewards had to be abandoned. His next desire was to gain some recognition for his discovery. After all, he considered this to be quite a discovery! His initial contact was the California Health Department. They suggested he contact a Dr. Smith at the University of California at Berkeley who was conducting all research into Valley Fever. The first contact did not go well at all. When the Dr. Smith found out that a geologist - that's right, a geologist - said he had a cure for Valley Fever, he wanted nothing to do with him.

35. Scenario:  Rift Valley Fever Rift valley fever Scenario. http://www.vetmed.iastate.edu/services/institutes/iicab/fad/riftvalleyfever/rvfi

Emerging and Exotic Diseases of Animals Scenario: Rift Valley Fever Scenario CSIRO Livestock Industries Division, and Iowa State University Course Introduction Overview 1 Modes of introduction of exotic animal disease agents. Overview 2 Overview 3 Description of recent incursions of exotic diseases. Overview 4 Global perspectives on infectious diseases of livestock and poul try with special references to FADs. Outline of Exotic Diseases OIE List A Diseases OIE List B Diseases Exotic Agents not on OIE Lists ... Related Links INTRODUCTION - Click on the Play button above. "You are a veterinarian in a small practice in a fair size town in rural Australia. It's late March - hot - though it's been a wet summer as far as summers go. It's late afternoon. You're at your desk. The phone is about to ring..." Download Quicktime Player to view movies

36. Rift Valley Fever Scenario - What Is Rift Valley Fever? Rift valley fever Scenario. What is Rift valley fever? Click on the Play button above.Rift valley fever is a viral disease carried and spread by mosquitoes. http://www.vetmed.iastate.edu/services/institutes/iicab/fad/riftvalleyfever/what

Rift Valley Fever Scenario Introduction Farm History Locate Farmer Signalment ... Disease Scenarios What is Rift Valley Fever? Click on the Play button above. Rift Valley Fever is a viral disease carried and spread by mosquitoes. It is named after the Rift Valley in Kenya where it was first described in 1931. It has never been reported outside Africa. If it gets into Australia it will be brought in by a person in the incubative stages of the disease. It is unlikely, but it has happened in Canada. Fortunately, there was no outbreak. Rift Valley Fever causes high abortion rates and deaths in the newborn. The younger the animal, the higher the death rate. Expect an abortion storm. It affects most animals and is severe in sheep and goats. Horses and pigs are resistant. Farmer (flashback) : "Yeh, the horses are in the same area. But there's nothing wrong with them, nothing at all." Click here for more detailed information on Rift Valley Fever.

37. Coccidioidomycosis - Valley Fever Coccidioidomycosis valley fever By Kenneth L. Jeffery, DVM. What itis valley fever Coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever, is a disease http://www.mesavet.com/library/coccidi.htm

Coccidioidomycosis - Valley Fever By Kenneth L. Jeffery, DVM What it is Valley Fever Coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever, is a disease caused by the fungus coccidioides imminia, which exists as a mold found in the soil. The highest incidence of this disease occurs in the desert areas of the southwestern United States. The environmental conditions necessary for survival of the fungus include a warm, arid climate, low elevations with small amounts of rainfall, and relatively alkaline soil. The disease occurs in most species of domestic animals, many exotic animals, and in man. It is usually not considered contagious from one animal to another or from animal to man. The disease occurs as a result of the inhalation of fungal spores directly from the soil or from dust in the air. An animal of nearly any age may be susceptible. Statistics also show that most breeds and sizes of pets are capable of contracting the fungal infection. Two Forms Of Valley Fever Know What To Look For The signs seen with the primary form of the disease would include an elevated temperature of 104 to 105 degrees, listlessness, anorexia or loss of appetite, and a pronounced dry; harsh cough. The cough sounds similar to a bronchial type and may be confused with canine kennel cough in dogs. In disseminated cases, infection of the bones is the most prevalent type, causing lameness or limping. Other signs could include swelling of joints, weight loss, chronic coughing, skin abscesses, pain, incoordination, or seizures.

38. Report Ties Valley Fever To Climate; Cases Continue To Climb The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirms in a report to be releasedformally Friday that valley fever is seasonal and blames the drought and http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/0213valleyfever13-ON.html

the buzz Weather Education Traffic Info ... Internacional All azcentral Republic - Today News Sports Features Style Travel Business Food/Home Advanced search, tips Report ties valley fever to climate; cases continue to climb Kerry Fehr-Snyder The Arizona Republic Feb. 13, 2003 02:20 PM Cases of valley fever skyrocketed last year, partly due to the drought and urban sprawl, according to a report that will be formally released Friday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The report also confirms that the severity and spread of the disease depend on the season. The CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report reveals the number of valley fever cases has been climbing steadily. Preliminary numbers show there were more than 3,000 cases last year, a record over the previous year in which 2,203 cases were reported to the state health department as required by law. Valley fever, or cocci, is a naturally occurring fungus in the soil of the Southwest that becomes airborne when the soil is disturbed. The report warns doctors to test anyone who has moved or traveled recently to Arizona and says patients might benefit from a vaccine, such as one being developed in Tucson. Ken Komatsu, an epidemiologist with the state health department, said although he's been monitoring the valley fever rise for years, "I was surprised to see a better correlation between climate and incidence."

39. '02 Cases Of Valley Fever Up Severely Similar pages More results from www.azcentral.com CLIMAS Predicting valley fever IncidenceResearch and Products Predicting valley fever Incidence. Background. Annualhealthcare costs related to valley fever are upwards of $60 million. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/0214valleyfever.html

the buzz Weather Education Traffic Info ... Internacional All azcentral Republic - Today News Sports Features Style Travel Business Food/Home Advanced search, tips '02 cases of valley fever up severely Kerry Fehr-Snyder The Arizona Republic Feb. 14, 2003 12:00 AM Valley fever cases soared last year, partly due to the drought and urban sprawl, says a report to be released today by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Another key finding: It's seasonal. The study indicates the number of valley fever cases topped 3,000 last year, a record over the previous year, in which 2,203 cases were reported to the state Department of Health Services as required by law. Valley fever is caused by a fungus that occurs in the Southwest. When the soil is disturbed, spores of the fungus can be inhaled and cause fatigue, weight loss, a chronic cough and low-grade fever. In severe cases, valley fever kills. The CDC report warns doctors to test anyone who has moved or traveled recently to Arizona and says patients may benefit from a vaccine, like one being developed in Tucson. "They confirmed this is a real epidemic, not a pseudo epidemic," said Dr. John Galgiani, director of the Valley Fever Center for Excellence in Tucson.

40. CLIMAS - Predicting Valley Fever Incidence Research and Products Predicting valley fever Incidence. Related Links.Andrew Comrie's homepage UA researcher Andrew Comrie is currently http://www.ispe.arizona.edu/climas/research/vf/links.html

Search site by keyword: Home About CLIMAS What's New Forecasts ... Links In this Section: Background Project Overview Research Methods Status of Project ... Contacts Valley fever spherule (on right) in lung tissue. Credit: Valley Fever Center for Excellence Research and Products Predicting Valley Fever Incidence Related Links Andrew Comrie's homepage UA researcher Andrew Comrie is currently investigating links between climate and valley fever, summer and winter climate variability in the Southwest United States, climate and human factors influencing air pollution at local and regional scales, and new techniques for mapping climate and air quality information. Environmental Mediation of Valley Fever This page summarizes research on valley fever being conducted at the University of Arizona Department of Geography and Regional Development (in addition to the research described on this page), and includes a FAQ about valley fever, as well as links to other valley fever research centers. The Valley Fever Center for Excellence (VFCE) Established in 1995 to promote education, research and patient care for Valley Fever in the community.

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