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This book offers a response to the inadequate examination of the Midwest in Civil Rights Movement scholarship - scholarship that continues to ignore the city of St. Louis and the Black liberation struggle that took place there. Jolly examines this local movement and organizations such as the Black Liberators, Mid-City Congress, Jeff Vander Lou Community Action Group, DuBois Club, CORE, Zulu 1200s, and the Nation of Islam to illuminate the larger Black liberation struggle in the Midwest in the mid- and late 1960s. Furthermore, this work details the larger atmosphere and conditions in St. Louis, Missouri and the Midwest from which this local movement developed and operated.

This work raises important questions about periodizing and locating Black liberation and Black Nationalism. As racial oppression in the United States was equated with neo-colonialism and internal-colonialism, this discussion reveals the global nature of white supremacy, race and class oppression and exploitation, as well as the material and ideological relationship between local and transnational liberation movements. ... Read more

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A thorough, in-depth study, first presented as the author'sPh.D. thesis (U. of Michigan, 1978). Begins with the origins of black soldiers in the Americas and continues with discussion encompassing blacks in various military and non-military roles, black allies of white armies, blacks on British ex ... Read more

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Armed African Americans Defend the Americas
Armed African Americans have defended the Americas since the beginning of America. They helped to build the military forces in almost all the countries of the New World just as African Americans helped build the infrastructures and cultures in this hemisphere. Their positive military contributions have generally been ignored or downplayed just as minority forms of resistance have been generally overplayed by both historians and the popular culture.

In war most blacks have reacted with motives as complex as those of the whites, Indians and Europeans who led them or fought alongside or against them. This book explores the impact of blacks on war and war on blacks, who served in every kind of military unit and engagement, displaying loyalty, courage and skill often superior to that of white troops. Slave soldiers were often treated equally and honorably in much of the Americas long before the U.S. got around to employing them in the military or integrating them in units. The social, political and psychological effects of arming slaves gave freedom and social mobility to many, breaking down barriers of class, caste, race and color and fostering equality and emancipation in most colonies. Instead of turning their weapons on their masters or the slave system, as some modern ideologues would wish us to believe, the armed slaves nobly and effectively fought for their colonies and homes, demonstrating their human qualities before color, race or African origin. The military turned out to be perhaps the most liberating and egalitarian institution in racial terms, as it still is generally. Liberation through loyal arms stands sentimental ideologies on their head, but the historical evidence speaks for itself. The history of the black soldier is compelling and controversial, but it can help both our understanding of race relations in the past and our commitment to heal the present. ... Read more

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Examines how members of Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament, the first African-American Catholic parish in Cleveland, expressed their religious and culture identity from the founding of the parish to Vatican II. Illuminates the milieu of ethnic parishes, the African-American Catholic experience of be ... Read more

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This book explores a profoundly negative narrative about legally segregated schools in the United States being "inherently inferior" compared to their white counterparts. However, there are overwhelmingly positive counter-memories of these schools as "good and valued" among former students, teachers, and community members. Using interview data with 44 former teachers in three North Carolina counties, college and university archival materials, and secondary historical sources, the author argues that "Jim Crow’s teachers" remember from hidden transcripts—latent reports of the social world created and lived in all-black schools and communities—which reveal hidden social relations and practices that were constructed away from powerful white educational authorities. The author concludes that the national memory of "inherently inferior" all-black schools does not tell the whole story about legally segregated education; the collective remembering of Jim Crow’s teachers reveal a critique of power and a fight for respectability that shaped teachers’ work in the Age of Segregation.

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This study explores the lives, educational philosophies, and social activism of Anna Julia Cooper and Nannie Helen Burroughs. They were among the most outstanding late 19th and early 20th century Black women educators. The study identifies and analyzes themes that illuminate Cooper and Burroughs' "unique angle of vision of self, community, and society" as it relates to their distinctive educational philosophies and contributions to American education. ... Read more

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The historical relationship between American urbanization, industrialization and the emergence of the civil rights movement is examined in this thesis in order to establish why the African-American Civil Rights Movement occurred. The book discusses many factors that were fundamental to causing the rise of the civil rights movement. It begins with a brief introduction to the African-American's political, economic and social conditions since the American Civil War and goes on to consider the effects of the two Great Black Migrations in which millions of black Americans moved to the big industrial cities and began to learn how to make effective use of their voting rights to protect their own interests. Finally the book examines the effect of the Second World War and also the role of the Supreme Court. ... Read more

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A career biography of the first and only Black president ofthe Actor's Equity Association, elected in 1964, and his efforts to improve conditions and to include African Americansand other minorities in all aspects of the American theater. Contains b&w photos; an O'Neal family tree; a list of awar ... Read more

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This fascinating text examines the union of Africans and American Indians in Virginia during colonial times. ... Read more

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This work examines and analyzes how the cinematic image of AfricanAmericans became a fixed image with strict rules of depiction bothwritten and unwritten. And, how those very limited and under-informedimages would not and could not be challenged or transformed until thepower relations in the American film industry began to change andafforded blacks the opportunity at the very least to tell stories froman informed position. ... Read more

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The Black Panther Party has been at once the most maligned and most celebrated Black Power organization, and this study explores the party's origins in the tumultuous history of race relations in the San Francisco Bay Area after the Second World War.The massive influx of African American migrants into the Bay Area during the war years upset the racial status quo that the white majority and tiny black minority had carefully crafted and maintained for more than a century.This realignment of racial boundaries strained relations between whites and blacks, and the postwar crises of black unemployment, inadequate housing, segregated schools, and police brutality produced in the Bay Area a virtual race war that culminated in the black revolution of the 1960s.Despite the attempts of moderate African American leaders to push for civil rights and black equality in the 1950s and 1960s, a new generation of militants came to the fore in the 1960s.Emerging from the direct-action protests of the Congress of Racial Equality and the Community Action Programs of the War on Poverty, this new radical leadership agitated for black self-determination and trumpeted black pride and self-sufficiency.From this maelstrom sprang the Black Panther Party, led by two ghetto toughs whose families had fled Dixie for the promised land of California during the Second World War.These prophets of rage would transform the nature of African American protest, change the character of domestic policy, and redefine the meaning of blackness in America. ... Read more

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Oakland and Richmond are *not* San Francsico
I purchased this book to find out more about the little known history and contributions of African Americans in the city and county of San Francisco. As a native-San Franciscan I was disappointed to learn that the majority of the book centers around Oakland and Richmond, both of which are more than 7 miles outside of the city and county of San Francisco. I was also disappointed with the coverage of the Black Panther Party in San Francisco. The research is fine, but don't expect to find much on San Francisco-proper... although the title prominently displays the name "San Francisco." (And, no, Oakland and Richmond are *not* San Francisco --they have their own rich histories that should be explored with their city's name in title.) ... Read more

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This work sets forth the guidelines for an Afrocentric literary theory and goes on to apply that theory to three novels: Invisible Man, Song of Solomon and The Chaneysville Incident. ... Read more

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Before the Civil War, upstate New York earned itself a nickname: the burned-over district.African Americans were few in upstate New York, so this book focuses on reformers in three predominately white communities.At the cutting edge of revolutions in transportation and industry, these ordinary citizenstried to maintain a balance between stability and change. ... Read more

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Examines the role of African Americans in the largest abolitionist organization in the US, the American Missionary Association, and its precursor, the Union Missionary Society, during the generation before the Civil War. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or. ... Read more

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Black poets of the Harlem Renaissance (1920-1929) relied heavily upon traditional rhetorical devices, specifically irony and paradox. In contrast, their counterparts of the sixties adopted a more radical approach, employing instead street idiom and other modes of Black discourse. While the poets' strategies of the two periods differ, one element remained constant--the theme of protest. It is this similarity in purpose that marks the poetry of the Harlem Renaissance as a precursor of the revolutionary poetry of the sixties. ... Read more

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The Rise and Fall of the Garvey Movement in the Urban South provides the first detailed examination of the Universal Negro Improvement Association's rise, maturation, and eventual decline in the urban South between 1918 and 1942. It examines the ways in which Southern black workers fused locally-based traditions, ideologies, and strategies of resistance with the Pan-African agenda of the UNIA to create a dynamic and multifaceted movement. A testament to the multidimensionality of black political subjectivity, Southern Garveyites fashioned a politics reflective of their international, regional, and local attachments. Moving beyond the usual focus on New York and the charismatic personality of Marcus Garvey, this book situates black workers at the center of its analysis and aims to provide a much-needed grassroots perspective on the Garvey movement. More than simply providing a regional history of one of the most important Pan-African movements of the twentieth century, The Rise and Fall of the Garvey Movement in the Urban South demonstrates the ways in which racial, class, and spatial dynamics resulted in complex, and at times competing articulations of black nationalism.

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This work addresses how the Progressive National Baptist Convention has historically confronted, and presently addresses issues of race, class and gender in a rapidly changing, highly technological and newly global capitalist world. ... Read more

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This book explores the relationship between three African American women's dance-art-music sensibilities within the context of a Pan African aesthetic. Its purpose is three-fold: to show commonalities between Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday and Nina Simone's lives and original compositions; to codify, examine and evaluate their selected song performances in accordance with the Pan African aesthetic "Nzuri theory/model;" and to illuminate the vast sources of transformational values that aesthetic analysis of African American song performance can foster.

Following concordant procedures and principles of Afrocentricity, the study focuses on Smith, Holiday and Simone's performances as part of a whole African artistic and cultural value system. The goal of the Afrocentric methodological structure is to locate relevant African dynamics in songs and to promote knowledge for cultural transformation and continuity. Its use in this study provides meta-criteria for analyzing African American music, which the author has used to uniquely argue connections between African cultural memory and African-derived cultural expression.

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Boys, Boyz, Boies concerns questions of ethics, gender and race in popular American images, national discourse and cultural production by and about black men. The book proposes an ethics of masculinity, as ethnics refers to a system of morality and valuation and as ethics refers to a care of the self and ethical subject formation. The texts of analysis include recent films by black/African American filmmakers, gansta rap and hip-hop and black star persona: texts ranging from Blaxploitation and New Black Cinema to contemporary music video to autobiography and the public image of Sidney Poitier. The book is a significant contribution to cultural studies and gender studies and critical race theory. What is distinctive about the book is the question of ethics as a question of race and gender. ... Read more