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The importance of training and education is on the increase. While the production of 'human capital' is seen as a motor for a competitive economy, skills and expertise prove to be necessary for social mobility. Remarkably, in conceiving modern forms of 'apprenticeship', several mechanisms from the acien regime, seem to return. The difference between public and private initiative is disappearing, education and training is being confused, and in order to acquire generic skills such as flexibility, communicability, self-rule, creativity and so on, youngsters have to learn 'in context'. Even for maths, scholars now talk of 'situated learning'.

Before the advent of a formal schooling system, training took place on the shop floor, under the roof of a master. The apprentice not only worked but also lived in his master's house and was thus trained and educated at the same time. In cities, this system was formally complemented by an official apprenticeship system, prescribing a minimum term to serve and an obligatory masterpiece for those who wanted to become masters themselves. Traditionally, historians see this as an archaic and backward way of training, yet this book's aim is to show that it was instead a very flexible and dynamic system, perfectly in tune with the demands of an early modern economy.

In order to understand it fully, however, we should differentiate the informal training system organised via a 'free market' of indentures on the one hand and the institutionalised system of craft guilds on the other. In Antwerp, early modern guilds had a project of 'emancipating' their members. They didn't simply produce certain skills, but through a system of quality marks defended the honour of craftsmen. This is the difference with current practices. By representing hands-on skills as superior, guilds supplied a sort of symbolic capital for workers. ... Read more

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Volume: 2Publisher: London : BoulgerSubjects: Belgium -- HistoryNotes: This is an OCR reprint. There may be numerous typos or missing text. There are no illustrations or indexes.When you buy the General Books edition of this book you get free trial access to Million-Books.com where you can select from more than a million books for free. You can also preview the book there. ... Read more

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This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone! ... Read more

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This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishings Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the worlds literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone! ... Read more

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Chapters: 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade, Belgian State Security Service, Philippe Ambroise Eugène Ghislain D'olmen de Poederlé, Belgian General Information and Security Service. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 22. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Belgian 1st Infantry Brigade, also known as the "Brigade Piron", after its commander, Jean-Baptiste Piron, was a Belgian and Luxembourger army unit which fought in World War II. Within the British 6th Airborne Division, it participated in the Battle of Normandy and, later, the liberation of Belgium and the Netherlands. The "Piron Brigade" originated in 1940, with hundreds of Belgian soldiers who had escaped to Britain, as had the Belgian Government. A new command of the Belgian Army, under the command of Lieutenant-General Victor van Strydonck de Burkel, was created in Tenby on 25 May 1940, three days before the Belgian capitulation. Van Strydonk de Burkel became commander of the Belgian Forces of Great Britain in June 1940 and in the same month, a Belgian Minister (Jaspar) called upon all Belgians to come to Britain to continue fighting. At the end of July 1940 there were 462 men in the Belgian Forces of Great Britain; the arrival of many Belgians allowed the creation of several military units. The troops were trained in Great Britain and Canada and in 1942, Major Jean-Baptiste Piron arrived in Scotland where he quickly joined the Army Staff, with the responsibility of improving the training of Belgian troops. In an artillery competition, the Belgian battery came first. The Belgian Forces in Britain were officially made available to the Allies on 4 June 1942. By the end of the year the army had been restructured, including the creation of the 1st Belgian Brigade, under the command of Major Piron, with a mix of infantry, artillery and ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=430900 ... Read more

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Chapters: Language Legislation in Belgium, 2007-2008 Belgian Political Crisis, Resolutions of the Flemish Parliament of 1999, Tournai. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 22. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: This article describes the history of the laws on the use of official languages in Belgium. One of the causes of the Belgian Revolution of the 1830s was the growing ascendancy of the Dutch language in the administration of the Southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands - the Dutch language in its standardised form being closely related to the Flemish dialects spoken in the northern half of modern-day Belgium. This led to friction with the aristocracy of the southern provinces (modern-day Belgium), whose main language was French. The citizens in the Flemish provinces sought to be treated by the authorities in their Dutch language. After the Belgian Revolution, the Belgian Constitution guaranteed the general freedom of languages. Practically, it did not mean citizens would be treated by the authorities in their language, but that the authorities could address themselves to the citizens in the language the authorities wished to use. The authorities, dominated by the French-speaking upper classes, generally made their institutions and courts function in French. French became the lingua franca, being neither the everyday language of the Flemish speaking North, nor of the South, where Walloon dialects were the everyday speech; apart from in the mainly German- or Luxemburgish-speaking environs of Arlon. As universal education developed in Belgium, French was initially the sole language of instruction, causing increasing resentment in the northern half of the country. In 1860, two Flemish labourers, Jan Coucke and Pieter Goethals, were sentenced to death for the murder ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=12364244 ... Read more

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Chapters: History of Freemasonry in Belgium. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 29. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The history of Freemasonry in Belgium reflects the many influences on what is now Belgium from the neighbouring states. In the 18th century, Belgium was made up of 2 states - the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Freemasonry in the Austrian Netherlands was very varied in its origins and expressions. The source of this fragmentation was to be found particularly in the complexity of its institutions, the influence of the government or surrounding powers, and its very deeply-rooted local sense of identity. The first Belgian lodge was founded in 1721 in Mons, under the name "La Parfaite Union" ("The Perfect Union"). It has frequently changed its name and allegiance since then, but still exists today as number 1 of the Grand Orient of Belgium. Other, more short-lived lodges seem to have been created in Ghent and Tournai in 1730. The first evidence of masonic activity in the provinces dates to 1743, in Brussels.. This would be the "La Discrète Impériale" ("The Discrete Imperial") lodge of Aalst which would have number one on the tablet of the order of the Provincial Grand Lodge (Grande loge provinciale) of the Austrian Netherlands, the mother-lodge of London several times recognising it as the oldest in the region. It disappeared with the Provincial Grand Lodge of the Austrian Netherlands.. Thanks to the War of the Austrian Succession, from 1746 several lodges formed under the influence of French forces occupying the country and of the Grand Lodge of France (of which a French prince de sang, Louis de Bourbon Condé, Comte de Clermont, was Grand Master). These lodges received their patents from the Grand Lodge of France, the Grand Lodge of London, the G...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=19357855 ... Read more

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This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishings Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the worlds literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone! ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Circa400,000 BCE, Neanderthals lived on the edge ofthe Meuse river, near the village of Spy. From 30,000BCE onwards the inhabitants were Homo sapiens.Neolithicremains can be found today at Spiennes where there was a silex mine. The first signs ofBronze age activity in Belgium date from around 1750BC. From 500 BC Celtic tribes settled in the regionand traded with the Mediterranean world. From c. 150BC, the first coins came into use. ... Read more

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The Belgian Revolution was the conflict which led to the secession of the Southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium. Much of the population of the south were Catholic, French-speaking, or liberals who regarded King William I's rule as despotic. There were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes. On August 25, 1830 after a performance at the Brussels opera, a riot erupted, quickly followed by uprisings elsewhere in the country. Factories were occupied and machinery destroyed. Order was restored after William committed troops to the Southern Provinces. Rioting continued and the leadership was seized by extremists, who started talk of secession. An intense battle took place in Brussels and the Northern troops were forced to withdraw, while the States-General in Brussels voted for secession and declared independence. In the aftermath a National Congress was assembled and William refrained from future military action and appealed to the Great Powers. ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Yugoslavia, Charles de Gaulle, Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, History of Norway, History of Belgium, History of Luxembourg, Haakon Vii of Norway, Dutch Government in Exile, Free French Forces, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Polish Government-In-Exile, Zog of Albania, Czechoslovak Government-In-Exile, Peter Ii of Yugoslavia, Free Belgian Forces, Estonian Government in Exile, Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Nygaardsvold's Cabinet, Zdeněk Fierlinger, Jan Šrámek, Greek Government in Exile, Bulgarian Government-In-Exile. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt:Haile Selassie I (Ge'ez: , "Power of the Trinity"; ) (23 July 1892 27 August 1975), born Tafari Makonnen, was Ethiopia's regent from 1916 to 1930 and Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. The heir to a dynasty that traced its origins to the 13th century, and from there by tradition back to King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, Haile Selassie is a defining figure in both Ethiopian and African history. At the League of Nations in 1936, the Emperor condemned the use of chemical weapons by Italy against his people. His internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations, and his political thought and experience in promoting multilateralism and collective security have proved seminal and enduring. His suppression of rebellions among the nobles (mekwannint), as well as what some perceived to be Ethiopia's failure to modernize adequately, earned him criticism among some contemporaries and historians. Haile Selassie, who was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian, is revered as God incarnate among the Rastafari movement, the number of followers is estimated between 200,000 and 800,000. Begun in Jamaica in the 1930s, the Rastafarian movement perceives Haile Selassie as a mess...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=42120 ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Taxil Hoax, History of Freemasonry in Belgium, History of Freemasonry, History of Freemasonry in France, Premier Grand Lodge of England, Richmond Royal Arch Chapter No. 3, Antient Grand Lodge of England. Excerpt:The Antient Grand Lodge of England or Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of England, according to the Old Constitutions was a rival Grand Lodge to the Premier Grand Lodge of England . It existed from 1751 until 1813 when the United Grand Lodge of England was created. They called themselves the Antients . The Grand Lodge was also informally called the Atholl Grand Lodge because the Third and Fourth Dukes of Atholl presided over them as Grand Masters for half of its 62-year existence. History The grand Lodge was founded in 1751 mainly by Irish freemasons, which were disillusioned by the way freemasonry had been changed by the freemasons of the Grand Lodge of England. On 17 July 1751, representatives of five Lodges gathered at the Turk's Head Tavern, in Greek Street , Soho , London - forming a rival Grand Lodge of England According to the Old Institution. They accused the Grand Lodge founded in 1717, which they called the Moderns , of not adhering to the old customs of freemasonry and claimed that only themselves upheld the Craft's old customs. Constitution Laurence Dermott wrote a constitution for the Antients, the Ahiman Rezon , as an alternative for the Constitution of the Moderns which was written by James Anderson . Grand Masters Grand Secretaries See also (online edition) Source A hyperlinked version of this chapter is at Main article: Freemasonry Part of a series of articles on Freemasonry item Core Articles Freemasonry · Grand Lodge · Masonic Lodge · Masonic Lodge Officers · Grand Master · Prince Hall Freemasonry · Regular Masonic Jurisdictions · Masonic Gran... ... Read more

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Chapters: Vieille Montagne, Malmedy Massacre, Charter of Kortenberg, Sabena, Guelders, Partition of Belgium, 2007-2008 Belgian Government Formation, Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy, Congo Free State, Belgian Stay-Behind Network, Heerlijkheid, Prince-Bishopric of Liège, List of Prime Ministers of Belgium, Duchess of Brabant, Belgian Revolution, Council of Troubles, Eupen-Malmedy, Duchess of Limburg, Belgian Franc, Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai, History of Belgium Before 1830, Southern Netherlands, Pillarisation, Valois Tapestries, Pacification of Ghent, Joyous Entry, Nijvel Gang, Language Legislation in Belgium, History of Dutch, Count of Flanders, History of Urban Centers in the Dutch Low Countries, Spanish Road, Jan Coucke and Pieter Goethals, Westland New Post, Eight Articles of London, House of Mérode, Compromise of Nobles, Ten Days Campaign, Belgian Colonial Empire, Order of Flemish Militants, Joyous Entry of 1356, Dawes Plan, Great Council of Mechelen, Duke of Brabant, Colonel Borremans, Princess Henriette of Belgium, George Washington Williams, Burgundian Netherlands, Jodocus Hondius, Battle of Roosebeke, Counts and Dukes of Guelders, United States of Belgium, de La Marck, Flemish Immigration in Wallonia, International African Association, Belgian State Security Service, 2006 Brussels Riots, Twentieth Convoy, Province of Limburg, Marols, Auguste Toubeau, Peace of Münster, League of the Rhine, Flamenpolitik, Notker of Liège, War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault, Cluysen - Ter Donck Regatta, Colonial Exhibition, Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg Acquisitions in the Low Countries, Talleyrand Partition Plan for Belgium, Royal Trust, Hesbaye, Wibald, Peasants' War, Barrier Treaty, Wind Rights, Breendonk, Siege of Antwerp, Provisional Government of Belgium, Ijzerwake, Adolf Daens, French Fury, Revolutions of 1830, Province of Brabant, Belgian General Information...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=13452960 ... Read more