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More On Fossil Fuels
remaining oil and 5% of world's population but our extreme consumption rate reducesour timescale for using fossil fuels unless new So, Let's go Back to coal.
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1999/ph161/l11.html

Extractions: The Hubbert Peak Emprically it is well established that production/consumption and discovery are very strongly related. There is a lag time. Discovery exceeds production so pressure to discover diminishes. When production exceeds discovery, pressure to discover more resource increases. Figure 2.5 in the book shows that this relation is maintained well sinc 1900. Most studies agree with the following prediction: Peak Production is likely to occur somewhere in the range 1990 - 2010. By 2050, world will be down to 10% of the peak production Note that the US has 3.6% of remaining oil and 5% of world's population but our extreme consumption rate reduces our timescale for using fossil fuels unless new sources are found. This is the motivating factor behind off-shore oil drilling What about other countries: The data below comes from the World Bank Social Indicators of Development Database.
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Ethical Investment in fossil fuels? Mining watchdog slams funds puttingsocial dollar into coal, oil. Mineral Policy Institute Monday
http://www.mpi.org.au/rr/page.php?page=161
Fossil Fuels VS. Renewable Energy
striker. Tell the audience that the match represents fossil fuels;gas, coal, or oil. Tell the volunteer to light the match. (be
http://p2.utep.edu/watts/projects/renew.cfm

Extractions: This demonstration helps to explain the difference between the use of fossil fuels compared to renewable energy sources. It also includes a demonstration of solar absorption and reflection. The demonstration includes the direct use of solar energy which of course requires a sunny day. All ages although the questions you ask them will vary depending on average age. 1 magnifying glass 1 piece each of black paper and white paper Wooden kitchen match and striker Background Electricity
Fossilfuelformation
fossil fuels. Hydrocarbons derived from the decay and chemical alterationof buried organisms. Includes oil, natural gas, and coal.
http://www.geosc.psu.edu/People/Faculty/FacultyPages/Kubicki/fossilfuelforms.htm
ClassNote 22
Nonrenewable energy resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas),nuclear, and geothermal energy. For nonrenewable resources
http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/G1010-22.html

Extractions: Class Note 22 Reserves and Resources: The term resources refers to the total resource and includes both renewable and non-renewable and discovered and undiscovered resources. The term reserve refers to the portion of non-renewable resources that have been discovered and are exploitable using current technology under current economic and legal conditions. Renewable energy resources include solar, wind, wood, and agricultural products (e.g. ethanol). Renewable energy sources generally have minimal environmental consequences. Nonrenewable energy resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), nuclear, and geothermal energy. For non-renewable resources we have to consider both the magnitude of the resource (reserves) and the environmental costs of exploitation. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, but also include unconventional sources such as oil shale and tar sands. All of these sources are natural organic matter derived from ancient plant and animal life forms. Oil and gas are fluids and can migrate through permeable rock formations. Because of their low densities, oil and gas migrate upwards and can be trapped beneath impermeable barriers. Coal is the heavier and more complex hydrocarbon residue that does not migrate from the original source. Energy resources are measured in quad units which are based on the archaic BTU unit (British thermal unit). One quad equals 10
Stored Energy And Fuels | Introduction
power generation systems. These fuelscoal, oil, and natural gasareoften referred to as fossil fuels. What do we mean by that?
http://www.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer3_1.html

Extractions: fossil fuels . What do we mean by that? You may have heard that there are countries, such as Ireland, where peat is still burned for fuel. It also might surprise you that in some countries, the dried dung of herbivorous animals, such as cattle or yaks, is burned for fuel. You are probably more familiar with firewood, charcoal, and coal. But there are different kinds of coal, including lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, and meta-anthracite. What are the differences among sphagnum moss, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite coal? Locate samples of sphagnum moss, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite coal. Examine the samples carefully. Find their mass and estimate their volume, make an estimate of density for each. Try to break each of the samples apart. Which is hardest and which is softest? What does each substance look like? You know that the dried sphagnum moss was a plant, and you probably know that peat came from plants. What about lignite and coal? Examine the coal samples very carefully. If necessary, look at several samples, or break your sample apart and look inside. Study the surfaces carefully. Is there anything that would indicate that coal might also have come from plants? From plant to fossil
Climate Change And Canadians: Achieving Our Target Together - Plan For Canada
Demonstrate clean coal technology (4.5 MT); Establish a CO 2 capture and storagepipeline (2.2 MT). Renewable Energy and Cleaner fossil fuels Background and
http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/plan_for_canada/plan/chap_3_4.html
DOE: Fossil Energy - Education - Start Page
For Older Students Mickey Leland Energy Fellowship Program Internship opportunities in fossil fuels Energy from the Past for our Future For Students An introduction to the fuels we use most to power our economy and if we can develop the right
http://www.fe.doe.gov/education
Electric Power Industry Fuel Statistics
this page) are also available in the Electric Power Annual, Volume 1,. Additionalinformation/data on the quality, quantity, and cost of fossil fuels used to
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/at_a_glance/fue_tabs.html
Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems
Its output would double between 1990 and 2050. Economically recoverablecoal reserves outnumber other fossil fuels by several times.
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/wec_info/work_programme2004/tech/cffs/global

Extractions: Terms of Reference Committee Membership Contact Details Agenda and Minutes Back to the Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems Main Page Background WEC published in summer 2000 "Restructuring and privatization of the coal industries in central and eastern Europe and the CIS" elaborated jointly by Groups A (CIS) and B (Central Europe) under the auspices of the WEC East-West European Energy Programme. At a related expert meeting held in Katowice in January 2000, the delegations of Poland and Russia requested that a similar global study be undertaken by the WEC, in cooperation with other competent international organisations. It was noted that the last global coal study had been undertaken (outside the WEC frame) twenty years ago (Carroll L. Wilson, Coal - Bridge to the Future, Cambridge/Massachusetts, May 1980). Justification It is unusual for the WEC to address the future of a particular fuel, unless its growth (renewables) or decline impact significantly on world energy supplies. Coal is expected to have such an impact, either way. According to most of the scenarios A and B of the WEC/IIASA study on "Global Energy Perspectives" (Cambridge 1998), coal will remain the number 2 fuel worldwide till 2020 and 2050. Its output would double between 1990 and 2050. Economically recoverable coal reserves outnumber other fossil fuels by several times.
Fossil Fuels - Heat From Prehistory
Processed fossil fuels. All processed fossil fuels are made by heatingcoal so that some or all of the volatile hydrocarbons are driven off.
http://home.clara.net/steve.thackery/stoves/fossil.htm

Extractions: Introduction In the beginning Heating with wood If you are interested in using wood to keep warm, think about coal as well. Coal isn't as environmentally friendly as wood. It smokes a lot and releases sulphur into the atmosphere, contributing to acid rain. On the other hand, it can be incredibly convenient. For example, weight-for-weight it contains twice as much heat as wood, so there's less carrying to do and clearly you don't need to cut and split it. Also, if your stove is glass fronted, coal can look very attractive as it burns. As well as coal, there are plenty of smokeless fuels which are made from processed coal. These certainly burn cleanly in your stove. One thing to remember, though: your stove must have a grate if you want to burn coal. Unfortunately, wood burns best on a solid bed. To get round this you can buy "multi-fuel" stoves which have either a removable grate, or one with closable gaps. If you do have a multifuel stove, I would recommend that you always keep a small stock of coal. Sometimes you'll run low on wood. Other times you just can't face the hassle of tramping around in the rain sorting out some good logs. First, we'll look at where fossil fuels come from, then we'll give a very brief description of the various types.
Geoscape Calgary - Fossil Fuel Energy
fossil fuel energy. Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary was coveredby an inland sea teeming with marine life. Burial of land plants creates coal.
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/calgary/geoscape/topics/fuels_e.html

Extractions: Contributors Fossil fuel energy Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary was covered by an inland sea teeming with marine life. The land to the west featured rivers draining from the ancestral Rocky Mountains and swamps covered by dense vegetation. Burial of land plants creates coal Dead land plants were buried by mud and sand as environments shifted. Through heat and pressure resulting from burial over millions of years, the sediments gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. The plant matter, concentrated at levels that were formerly swamps, became the coal seams of the Canmore and Bankhead areas. They were deformed to mineable thicknesses by faulting and folding. Burial of marine life produces oil and gas When the marine plants and animals died, their remains settled on the seafloor where they were buried by layers of sediment and fossilized. As the soft organic tissue was buried, heat and pressure transformed it into oil and gas: lower heat preserves oil whereas gas can survive to higher temperatures. Migration and entrapment The rocks in which oil and gas form are called source rocks. Due to the pressure of overlying rock layers, oil and gas seldom remain in the source rock. Instead, they migrate with water through the layers of rock until they either escape at the surface or are trapped by an impermeable barrier. There are two main types of traps: stratigraphic and structural.
Canada's Fossil Fuel Dependency
http://www.elements.nb.ca/theme/fuels/irene/novaczek.htm
Energy Fossil Fuels
Energy fossil fuels. Please read the Disclaimer. Acid rain starts as burning coaland oil releases sulfur and nitrogen, which combines with oxygen to form
http://users.rcn.com/agnews/EnergyFossilFuels.htm

Extractions: defaultStatus="Point to a link at left to view summary info here..." Please read the Acid rain starts as burning coal and oil releases sulfur and nitrogen, which combines with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Once in the atmosphere, these compounds transform into sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids then fall to earth as acid rain. In extreme circumstances, these compounds turn rain as acidic as vinegar. In Wheeling, West Virginia, rain has been found as acidic as battery acid. Acid rain has damaged wide expanses of forest far from polluting factories or electrical utilities. Besides directly causing the crowns of trees to thin and leaves to drop prematurely, acid rain undermines the health of trees by entering soils and leaching out vital nutrients. In Eastern Europe, air pollution from fossil fuels has damaged 475,000 square kilometers of forest, an area larger than the state of California. Acidic cloud cover over the eastern United States has reduced growth rates and increased mortality rates in high elevation red spruce forests. Population and Energy, by Michael Weber Acid rain can greatly affect fish and other aquatic organisms. Even slightly acidic water dissolves heavy metals including aluminum that reduce the intake of oxygen by fish. Changed water chemistry can also reduce the reproductive success of fish, whose eggs are extremely susceptible to such changes. Population and Energy, by Michael Weber
UCEI: Energy Organizations By Subject
Institute for Gas Utilization and Processing Technologies fossil FuelsCoal. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology
http://www.ucei.berkeley.edu/ucei/nrgorgs.html
Zero Emission Coal To Hydrogen--Los Alamos National Laboratory
is also developing viable options for sequestering the CO 2 waste produced by fossilfuels. to handle all the carbon associated with the world's coal reserves.
http://www.lanl.gov/energy/ziock/ziock.html

Extractions: -More than twice as much electrical energy per unit of fuel -Less than 1/2 the CO production per kilowatt-hour -Simultaneous production of a pure CO waste stream -No combustion involved -No oxygen separation unit needed -Inputs required are only coal, water, and continuously recycled calcium oxide Los Alamos National Laboratory always seeks partners and sponsors to help develop its technological innovations. To learn how to collaborate with the Laboratory in developing this technology and others, contact the Energy and Sustainable Systems Program Office. Ben Wampler T he high standard of living in developed countries depends upon the availability of abundant and inexpensive energy. Eighty-five percent of the world's energy is still produced from fossil fuels, and the economic stability of many nations, including the US, will depend upon the continued use of fossil fuels well into the next century. However, rising population and more countries aspiring to the US lifestyle could cause carbon dioxide emissions in the next century to exceed all current carbon in the air, all organic carbon in plants and soils, and the ocean's capacity to absorb CO
Greenhouse Education - What Is The Greenhouse Effect
The problem we now face is that human actions particularly the burning of fossilfuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and land clearing - are increasing the
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/education/what.html

Extractions: Home ... Education The greenhouse effect is a term that describes how natural gases in the earth's atmosphere reduce the amount of heat escaping from the earth into the atmosphere. The more of these gases there are, the more the earth heats up. These gases act like a blanket around the earth - they allow the sun's rays in to warm the earth's surface, but they also prevent much of the heat escaping. It is a bit like car windows on a sunny day - they allow the sun's rays in to heat up the car, but prevent much of the heat escaping. That is why the inside of your car is warmer than the outside air on sunny days. Greenhouse gases are a natural part of the atmosphere. They trap the sun's warmth, and maintain the earth's surface temperature at a level necessary to support life. The problem we now face is that human actions - particularly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and land clearing - are increasing the concentrations of these gases, creating the prospect of global climate change. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. Increases in the earth's temperature can occur naturally as a result of climatic fluctuations caused, for example, by solar cycles and changes in the sun's radiation. Human activity such as burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and land clearing, however, are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These additional gases are like additional blankets around the earth. They allow the sun's energy to reach the earth's surface, but they prevent more heat escaping. This means that the earth slowly heats up. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect - it causes global warming and it is changing our climate.
DOE: Fossil Energy - Education - Start Page
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/
CorpWatchIndia.org - Issues - Energy
ISSUE LIBRARY Energy. fossil fuelscoal, oil and natural gaspowercorporate globalization. India is a case in point.. As it becomes
http://www.corpwatchindia.org/issues/PII.jsp?topicid=107

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