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Fossil Fuels General:     more books (100)

Fossil fuels DOE's effort to provide clean coal technology to Poland : report to the Honorable Barbara A. Mikulski, U.S. Senate (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-91-155) by U.S. General Accounting Office, Fossil fuels the Department of Energy's magnetohydrodynamics development program : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy, Committee on Science, ... Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-93-174) by U.S. General Accounting Office, 1993 Fossil fuels ways to strengthen controls over Clean Coal Technology project costs : report to the Chairman, Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources ... Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-93-104) by U.S. General Accounting Office, 1993 Fossil fuels improvements needed in DOE's Clean Coal Technology Program : report to the Chairman, Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, ... Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-92-17) by U.S. General Accounting Office, 1991 Fossil fuels : status of DOE-funded clean coal technology projects as of March 15, 1989 : fact sheet for the chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, ... (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-89-166 FS) by U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989 Fossil Fuel Levy Act, 1998 (Public General Acts - Elizabeth II) by Great Britain, 1998-03 Eating Fossil Fuels: Oil, Food and the Coming Crisis in Agriculture by Dale Allen Pfeiffer, 2006-10-01 What If We Run Out of Fossil Fuels? by Kimberly M. Miller, 2002-03 Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels? (In Controversy) by Hal Marcovtiz, 2010-08 Fossil Fuels and Biofuels (Fueling the Future) by Elizabeth Raum, 2008-08-15 The Deep Hot Biosphere : The Myth of Fossil Fuels by Thomas Gold, 2001-05-18 Fossil Fuels and Pollution: The Future of Air Quality (Global Warming) by Julie Kerr, Ph.D. Casper, 2010-01-30 Sustainable Fossil Fuels: The Unusual Suspect in the Quest for Clean and Enduring Energy by Mark Jaccard, 2006-01-16 Energy and the Federal Government: Fossil Fuel Policies, 1900-1946 by John G. Clark, 1986-12-01

lists with details

1. ENC: Curriculum Resources: Fossil Fuels, Future Fuels (ENC-020374, Full Record)
   Looking down an oil well Fueling the blue flame For older students Minority EducationInitiative internship opportunities in fossil fuels general info Coal  
   http://www.enc.org/resources/records/full/0,1240,020374,00.shtm
   
   Extractions: Search ... Ask ENC Explore online lesson plans, student activities, and teacher learning tools. Search Browse About Curriculum Resources Read articles about inquiry, equity, and other key topics for educators and parents. Create your learning plan, read the standards, and find tips for getting grants. URL: http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/index.html The site features four major sections that discuss an overview of fossil fuels, cleaning up coal, new methods being developed to explore for and pump oil from underground reservoirs, and new ways to free natural gas from dense, underground rock formations. Most of our energy today comes from what we call fossil fuels. Fossil fuels come in three major forms: coal, oil and natural gas. In the introduction section, students learn about the role energy plays in our lives and some of the common characteristics of fossil fuels. In the coal section, students explore how coal was formed and mined, and about clean coal technologies that can make fossil fuels future fuels. This section traces the route coal follows from the mine to a power plant of the future. The site provides a link to the Office of Fossil Energy homepage. A glossary is included. Abstracted 01/01. (Author/YK) User Comments: None currently available.

2. Fossil Fuel In General
   Links About fossil Fuel in general Trade Associations. Regulation burning offossil fuels is regulated by both the states and the federal government.  
   http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel/fossil_fuel_general.h

3. The Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil And Natural Gas
   The Energy Story is a general introduction to energy. Chapters explore renewable energy, fossil fuels, electricity, circuits and many other things. three major forms of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. the dinosaurs hence the name fossil fuels. The age they  
   http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html
   
   Extractions: There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs - hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. "Carboniferous" gets its name from carbon the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels. The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae - that green stuff that forms on a pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants. Some deposits of coal can be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers can be found during the late Cretacious period (65 million years ago) - during the time of Tyrannosaurus Rex

4. Fossil Fuels (general)
   nuclear power was the alternative to fossil fuels the Directorgeneral of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)  
   http://www.aplus.nl/project/tavistock2/italie/itaeng.htm
   
   Extractions: There are three kinds of fossil fuels. The first one is coal. Coal is gathered under the ground in solid form. It is mined and brought to a place where it is stored or burned. Oil is also found under the ground, either on land or under the sea, in a liquid form. The oil is drilled and pumped out of the ground. Natural gas is found under the ground and gathered in the same way as oil. What are fossil fuels used for?

5. The Carbon Cycle, Climate, And The Long-Term Effects Of Fossil Fuel Burning
   Two general conclusions have been reached by most researchers who have looked carefully at the subject. continue to burn oil and coal and other fossil fuels at everincreasing rates.  
   http://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/vol4no1/carbcycle.html
   
   Extractions: By James F. Kasting Much has been said and written about the probable effects of human activities on the Earth's climate. Without question, the concentrations of carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases that act to keep the planet warmand therefore habitableare increasing very rapidly, and governments around the world are rightfully concerned about what we need do about it. A wealth of information has been gathered on different aspects of the problem, and since 1990 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has published a continuing series of reports that represent an unprecedented international consensus of scientific and economic thinking. While there have been pauses and year-to-year fluctuations, the mean surface temperature has systematically risen over the past century, and particularly in the last two or three decades. But while many scientists suspect that greenhouse gases of anthropogenic Although caution is warranted in matters that involve economic choices, I am among those who feel that the United States in particular has already procrastinated longer than is prudent and conscionable on this issue. While many of the details of global warming have yet to be sorted out, we know enough about the general nature of the problem to justify certain actions. In particular, we can predict with some confidence that over the next several hundred years, the continued, unrestricted use of fossil fuels will dramatically alter the Earth's climate, in ways that will impact nearly every living thing.

6. PaleoZoo's Prehistoric Colorado!
   Zoo. Home. Partnered With Geobop's North America, general Store. Stories in theRocks Digging fossils. Limestone, Marble Chalk fossil fuels. PaleoZoo Home.  
   http://www.geobop.com/paleozoo/Topics/

7. Fossil Fuels
   A presentation by Osman Chughtai and David Shannon fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are a nonrenewable source of energy. on fossil fuels. The first internal combustion engine was invented by Nicolaus August Otto. There are 4 general types  
   http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/fossilfuels.htm
   
   Extractions: A presentation by Osman Chughtai and David Shannon Introduction Formation Going back to the earlier days of Earth, the plants and animals that lived then eventually died and decomposed. The majority of these life forms were phytoplankton and zooplankton. When these ancient ocean dwellers died, they accumulated on the bottom of a seabed; this is how a good portion of our fossil fuel reserves began. The actual transformation process of these prehistoric creatures is not known, but scientists do know that the pressure, heat, and a great deal of time go into the making of fossil fuels. Geologists are fairly certain that the beds of organic remains mixed with silt and mud to form layers. Over time, mineral sedimentation formed on top of the organisms, effectively entombing them in rock. As this occurred, pressure and temperature increased. These conditions, and possibly other unknown factors, caused organic material to break down into the simpler form of hydrocarbons: chains of carbon and hydrogen ranging from simple configuration to complex compounds. Another affect of extreme pressure is that the oil and gas which are various mixtures of hydrocarbons, migrate upwards to the surface. Exactly when in the conversion process and the nature of this migration is not known and is subject to conjecture.

8. What Are Fossils? (PaleoZoo)
   general Store. Stories in the Rocks SPECIAL TOPICS for fossil Detectives!Under construction since the beginning of time! fossil fuels.  
   http://www.geobop.com/paleozoo/Topics/Coal/
   
   Extractions: of the article for links to websites that focus on petroleum (oil). M any people think of coal when they hear the word Appalachia, for much of the nation’s coal is mined there. What is coal? Coal is formed in lowland areas where plants grow near the sea, lakes, or in swamps. The formation of coal begins when plant remains are covered with water. Because oxygen is kept away from the dead plants, they do not completely decay, but leave behind carbon. This is the beginning of a coal seam When the water retreats, another forest may grow. If it is also covered by water, another coal seam begins to form. But it is not coal yet. First, the plants become peat, which is about 50-60 percent carbon. As the seams are buried under other seams or sediments, the pressure changes the peat to lignite or brown coal. This is about 70 percent carbon. If you broke apart a piece of lignite, you could still see some plant material.

9. Best Replacement Energy To Fossil Fuels
   general Science Archive. Best Replacement Energy to fossil fuels. name Laurel status student age 17  
   http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov:70/askasci/gen99/gen99773.htm

10. Safer Sources Of Energy: 1992 UUA General Resolution
    to reduce reliance on fossil fuels by replacing them with less polluting, ecologicallysafer means of energy conversion; and. WHEREAS the general Assemblies of  
    http://www.uua.org/actions/energy/92safer.html
    
    Extractions: 1992 General Resolution BECAUSE future generations have the right to inherit a livable biosphere; and Because the responsibility for ensuring the livability of the biosphere lies ultimately with every person; and WHEREAS the quality of the environment is deteriorating; and WHEREAS the burning of fossil fuels is a major contributing factor in this deterioration; and WHEREAS fossil fuels are non-renewable resources; and WHEREAS the true economic costs of processing and disposing of fossil fuels and their byproducts are not accounted for; and WHEREAS it is now possible to reduce reliance on fossil fuels by replacing them with less polluting, ecologically safer means of energy conversion; and WHEREAS the General Assemblies of 1977, 1979, and 1981 adopted resolutions urging the development and the use of non-polluting, renewable sources of energy; THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Unitarian Universalist Association support efforts such as the Seventh Principle Project whose aim is to: provide a network to collect and distribute ecological and environmental information; and

11. DOE Fossil Energy - Ultra Clean Transportation Fuels
    This section of the U.S. Department of Energy's fossil Energy web site provides information on the Federal program to develop ultra clean transportation fuels. it would cut sulfur levels in transportation fuels by 90 percent. Office of fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 20585. general email fewebmaster@hq.doe.gov  
    http://www.fe.doe.gov/fuels/fuels_ultraclean.shtml
    
    Extractions: Home Ultra Clean Fuels Driving accounts for more than 30 percent of the air pollution in the United States. In December 1999, the Clinton Administration took the first of a series of steps to cut tailpipe emissions from the nation's automobiles, sport utility vehicles, and trucks. In announcing some of the toughest emission standards ever, the Administration said it would cut sulfur levels in transportation fuels by 90 percent. Sulfur in gasoline or diesel fuel creates two problems. First, when sulfur is burned in an internal combustion engine, it is released as a gaseous pollutant which can contribute to poor air quality. Second, sulfur acts as a poison to the catalysts used in a vehicle's catalytic converter, reducing the converter's effectiveness in removing other air pollutants. Six weeks after President Clinton announced new sulfur standards for gasoline (diesel standards are to be finalized in late 2000), the Department of Energy began a new research effort to develop improved, more economical ways to produce ultra-low-sulfur fuels and better pollution control devices for cars and trucks. The Department issued a $75 million (federal share) solicitation, asking for proposals to develop advanced refining and fuel processing technologies that could meet, or exceed, the Administration's new standards. Also included in the solicitation was a request for proposals to design and test new types of pollution control devices for automobiles and trucks.

12. General Board 1991 Resolution On Global Warming And Atmospheric Degredation
    Church of the Brethren general Board Resolution on Global Warming and AtmosphericDegradation. WHEREAS our vastly increased use of fossil fuels is substantially  
    http://www.brethren.org/genbd/GBResolutions/91GlobalWarming.htm
    
    Extractions: Church of the Brethren General Board Resolution on Global Warming and Atmospheric Degradation WHEREAS our vastly increased use of fossil fuels is substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, thereby enhancing the strong possibility of catastrophic warming of the earth's surface, and WHEREAS the negative consequences of the greenhouse effect are likely to intensify human suffering especially in the developing countries, and WHEREAS the Annual Conference statement "Creation: Called to Care" challenges us to take seriously our role as stewards of the earth, and to work for the renewal of creation, and WHEREAS the General Board is committed to study and action on issues of justice, peace, and integrity of creation THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Church of the Brethren General Board, meeting in Elgin, Illinois on October 19-22, 1991 commits itself and urges Brethren congregations, institutions and members to: Reaffirm our belief Join together Work together through global, local, and personal efforts to safeguard the world's reliance on fossil fuels, and by Pledge ourselves to address the causes and reverse the consequences of global warming by FURTHER the General Board commits itself to;

13. NUCLEAR POWER ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS, IAEA DIRECTOR INFORMS GENERAL ASSEMBL
    along with a growing awareness of the need for sustainable development, nuclearpower was the alternative to fossil fuels the Directorgeneral of the  
    http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/GA9938.doc.htm

14. The End Of Fossil Fuels
    In general however, what fossils that have been found in coal beds are Not onlyshould we stop calling hydrocarbons fossil fuels , but we should also stop  
    http://www.borderlands.com/archives/arch/endfos.html
    
    Extractions: 1998 by Thomas J Brown "To the writers of books upon meteorites, it would be as wickedby which we mean departure from the characters of an established speciesquasi-established, of courseto say that coal has fallen from the sky, as would be to something in a barnyard, a temptation that it climb a tree and catch a bird. Domestic things in a barnyard: and how wild things from forests outside seem to them. Or the homeopathistbut we shall shovel data of coal." Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned The End With a title like The End of Fossil Fuels you may think that this is an article about alternative energy or "free" energy, but alas, it is not. It is an attempt to describe the inadequacy of the term "fossil fuel" and to prevent its further usage in the English language through education in the mysteries of the hydrocarbon structures in the earth. I can't blame people for having used this misleading phrase, being guilty myself. We are regularly taught such misconceptions in school. But one should always be ready to learn new ideas and concepts, especially once the evidence is investigated. The term "fossil fuel" is a standard phrase used in reference to hydrocarbons in their various permutations as petroleum, coals, and natural gas. The argument to be presented here is that hydrocarbon deposits are not "fossilized carbon" at all in the sense implied in the modern usage of that term, that there is a larger "carbon dynamic" eventuating in the earth process. The standard response to this is "well, they FIND fossils in the deposits". This is scientific fact and will not be disputed, fossils certainly are found in SOME deposits, many of them being quite curiouscoal balls and roof ballsand will be discussed in turn as they will further our argument. There are also serious fossil anomalies, evidences of human intelligence which crop up in various coal beds supposedly laid down hundreds of millions of years before humans are supposed to have existed. But we will first look at the hydrocarbon structures themselves.

15. General NEED Energy Guidelines
    general NEED Energy Guidelines Energy Forms and Transformations 1. Energy is 9. Petroleum,natural gas, propane, and coal are called fossil fuels because they  
    http://www.need.org/guidelines/genguides.htm

16. Frequently Asked Questions - General
    FAQ's general Questions and Answers. The use of biological fuelsgenerates far less carbon dioxide than the use of fossil fuels.  
    http://www.arkenol.com/faq01.html
    
    Extractions: Home FAQs Title Page Site Map What is a "bio-refinery"? What is the "Carbohydrate Economy"? Do sugar-derived chemicals have advantages over those derived from petroleum? Can Arkenol compete in today's market? ... How do I contact Arkenol? Chemists and engineers think of a "refinery" as an adjustable conversion of petroleum to many usable commodities. This approach results in a process and business that responds to changing market conditions by "tuning" its output production to suit the market. This same concept can be applied to renewable biomass conversion processes. Biomass can be converted to usable products through biochemical and thermochemical processes. Through these processes, products like transportation fuels and industrial chemicals, fine chemicals, bio-polymers, fertilizers and pharmaceuticals, other oils and gases may be manufactured. Back to Top One hundred years ago most of our fuels, construction materials, clothes, inks, paints, and even synthetic fibers and chemicals were made from plant matter. Then petroleum flooded the economy and a new industrial era began. By the 1980s less than 5 percent of our industrial products and fuels came from biological materials.

17. INTRODUCTION GENERAL INFORMATION
    In general, bioenergy is durable if certain conditions are fulfilled during the Themost important reasons are fossil fuels are running out, and bioenergy  
    http://www.biomasster.nl/en/gen/gen1.html
    
    Extractions: The market for bioenergy is developing fast. Bioenergy is energy which is generated from vegetable material (biomass). With biomass one can think of: Certain types of organic waste can also be qualified as biomass. In general, these streams are considerably less polluted, and can be qualified as (clean) fuel in stead of the material that is processed at a waste-incineration plant. By combustion, gasification, fermentation or production of liquid substances, biomass can be transformed to bioenergy.

18. DOE Fossil Energy - General
    growth in other power generation fuels especially natural gas is maintained by theOffice of fossil Energy, US of Energy, Washington, DC, 20585 general e-mail  
    http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal_power/cct/cct_why.shtml
    
    Extractions: Coal is the United States' most abundant domestic energy resource. One quarter of all the world's known coal supplies are found within the United States. In terms of energy value (Btus), coal constitutes approximately 95% of U.S. fossil energy reserves. Our nation's recoverable coal has the energy equivalent of Coal is also an energy bargain for the United States. Historically it has been the least expensive fossil fuel available in the country, and in contrast to other primary fuels, its costs are likely to remain stable or decline as mine productivity continues to increase. During the past decade, in fact, coal prices at U.S. steam electric power plants actually declined about 30%, in nominal terms, while petroleum and natural gas prices increased by 26% and 60%, respectively.

19. DOE Fossil Energy - General
    In 2020 fossil fuels are expected to account for nearly 90 $10,000,000 for the ultraclean fuels initiative and a decrease of $600,000 for general plant projects  
    http://www.fe.doe.gov/budget/01/rpt_house.shtml
    
    Extractions: (DEFERRAL) The Committee recommends deferral of $67,000,000 in previously appropriated Clean Coal Technology budget authority until fiscal year 2002 instead of a $221 million deferral and a rescission of $105 million as proposed by the Administration. To the extent funds are not needed because of premature project terminations, the Committee will continue its practice of rescinding excess funds. The Committee believes more substantial deferrals or rescissions are not warranted at this time. The Committee agrees to the following: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS BILL, 2001

20. Untitled
    fossil fuels Waste Management fossil Energy. Hydrogen Synthetic fuels Alcoholfuels Biomass fuels Ethane Hydrocarbon fuels, general Hydrocarbon fuels  
    http://www.womenandgender.buffalo.edu/forms/1200000.html

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