W0098: Natural Gas Hydrates: A Review Hydrate is a problem to natural gas industry because they can stored in seafloormethane hydrates is more the combination of all other forms of fossil fuels. http://www.hwi.buffalo.edu/ACA/ACA01/abstracts/text/W0098.html
Extractions: Natural gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline inclusion compounds in which guest molecules stabilize the cages formed by hydrogen-bonded water molecules at low temperatures and high pressures. There are three known types of natural gas hydrates: structure I (sI), structure II (sII) and structure H (sH). Both sI and sII hydrates have cubic unit cells, while sH has hexagonal unit cell. We suspect that there might be more natural gas hydrate structures based on XRD studies. Hydrate structures are primarily determined by the size of guest molecules. Hydrate is a problem to natural gas industry because they can form plugs in pipelines under certain T P conditions and cause significant production loss; and the dissociation of sea-floor hydrates may cause safety problems. On the other hand, hydrate can be beneficial. It is estimated that the amount of energy stored in sea-floor methane hydrates is more than twice the combination of all other forms of fossil fuels. Hydrate can also be used for energy storage and transportation, and sequestrating green house gases (i.e. CO
Should We Mine Gas Hydrates? Mining gas hydrates could release methane to the atmosphere and be Perhaps we areseeing natural fluctuations of have nothing to do with burning fossil fuels. http://oregonstate.edu/class/wwwboard/OC333_mfisk/messages/6.html
Extractions: Follow Ups Post Followup FAQ Posted by Martin Fisk on April 08, 1998 at 16:08:23: One side of the argument is that we seem to be having a hard time controlling the temperature of the planet. Mining gas hydrates could release methane to the atmosphere and burning methane will produce carbon dioxide and both of these are greenhouse gases. This may have terrible environmental effects. The other side of the argument might be: Perhaps we are seeing natural fluctuations of CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere that have nothing to do with burning fossil fuels. So lets not hurt our economy by trying to fix a problem that may not exist. Can you think of ways that science might help to decide which is the best course of action here?
Summary Of MMS Natural Gas Conference White House to establish a strategy for natural gas supply, to twice as much carbonin hydrates as in fossil fuels. and drilling can release the gas from the http://www.mms.gov/revaldiv/ngsSUM.htm
Extractions: Various Perspectives on Natural Gas Supply The Potential Gas Committee looked at 89 areas in North America and different data sources and methodologies. Their assessment looked at existing and undiscovered fields and assumed that the moratoria on leasing expires. For future supply, they concluded that unconventional gas would have to make a significant contribution. Also for the U.S. and Canada, most of the gas will be found in undiscovered fields. Gulf of Mexico Supply Gas production on the GOM shelf has been stable overall, up and down slightly from year-to-year according to Ziff Energy. The highest production was between 1996 and 1998. Any declines reflect in large part low oil prices. There was a surge in gas condensate production especially between 1996 and 1998. The old leases on the shelf still have life. Deliverability Alternative Sources for Supply The University of Texas at Austin presented uncertainties various gas production projections. There were projections for supply and demand; production since 1975 which went up and down; wellhead prices which all went up from 1980 to post 2000; and remaining gas shown going up after 1985. There was also a reserves projection which had a 1970 view of reserves decreasing with cumulative drilling. The current view is cumulative drilling has plateaued. Between 1960 and 2000, recovery efficiency has gone up.
USGS Fact Sheet: Gas (Methane) Hydrates -- A New Frontier energy resources and climate, but the natural controls on amounts of carbon boundin gas hydrates is conservatively be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/title.html
Extractions: Marine and Coastal Geology Program Hydrates store immense amounts of methane, with major implications for energy resources and climate, but the natural controls on hydrates and their impacts on the environment are very poorly understood. Gas hydrates occur abundantly in nature, both in Arctic regions and in marine sediments. Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules, usually methane, each surrounded by a cage of water molecules. It looks very much like water ice. Methane hydrate is stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 meters, and where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in a surface layer several hundred meters thick. The worldwide amounts of carbon bound in gas hydrates is conservatively estimated to total twice the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth.
The Chronicle: View Results Methane, whether in conventional deposits of natural gas or bound as hydrates, producesless carbon dioxide when it is burned than other fossil fuels do, and http://nasw.org/users/mdowns/clips/CH4Hydate.htm
Extractions: Researchers who are looking for a healthier alternative to the nation's gluttonous diet of oil and coal have become intrigued by the possibility of tapping the natural gas trapped in hydrates ice-like crystals that form in the sea floor and in the Arctic permafrost. Cleaner-burning than oil and coal, and producing more energy per unit of carbon dioxide released, gas hydrates seem to offer a palatable alternative as the search for a renewable source of energy continues. But scientists at the Oceans for a New Millennium Conference here last week warned lawmakers and the public that the tempting resource may have drawbacks as well. All fossil fuels come originally from organic matter. Oil and coal are the heated and compressed remains of plants and animals, while methane, the chief component of natural gas, is produced by microbes living on that organic matter. At temperatures cold enough and pressures great enough, the trickle of methane produced in permafrost and on the ocean bottom can become trapped as gas hydrate. Huge quantities of methane exist in that form along the continental shelves at depths greater than about 1,600 feet.
Untitled Document to be played by gas hydrates, still untapped gas reservoirs under the earth's polesand the exploitation of hydrogen. Of all fossil fuels, natural gas has the http://www.eurogas.org/naturalgas/nat_txt5.htm
Extractions: Natural gas is not only an environmentally friendly energy source; it has also long-term available reserves, making a significant contribution to secure energy supplies for Europe. European gas companies have made substantial investments in supply security and infrastructure for gas supplies well into the 21st century. Though an end to the upward trend for natural gas in Europe is not in sight, gas companies are nonetheless looking further ahead and developing scenarios for using natural gas together with, perhaps, renewable energies as a "pipeline to the future". In this context, a major role is likely to be played by gas hydrates, still untapped gas reservoirs under the earth's poles and the exploitation of hydrogen. Of all fossil fuels, natural gas has the highest hydrogen content and is thus suitable for building the bridge to a future hydrogen economy. The present supply structure has a pipeline network which can be used for future sustainable energy systems without need for any fundamental modifications. It virtually provides the cornerstone for a new supply structure in the future. It is possible to inject into this system a mixture of fossil fuels from conventional and non-conventional sources, hydrogen from renewable energies and methane from biomass. The existing storage facilities can be utilised for intermediate storage. On the consumption side, particularly in the residential sector, there will be a combination of fossil and renewable fuels, including solar energy.
NOAA Ocean Explorer: Deep East at least twice as much as all other fossil fuels (eg oil, natural gas, coal) combined. as200,000 trillion cubic feet of methane in hydrates (Kleinberg and http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/deepeast01/background/fire/fire.html
Extractions: Gas hydrates are a class of materials that Sir Humphrey Davy first described in the early 1800s. They since have been defined as "an ice-like crystalline mineral in which hydrocarbon gases and non-hydrocarbon gases are held within rigid cages of water molecules" (Sassen et al. 2001). Described in this way, gas hydrates may not sound very interesting or important, but they are. If you hold a hydrate nodule in your hand and light it with a match, it will burn like a lantern wick. There is fire in this ice. People near the poles generally are familiar with gas hydrates because, like ice, glaciers and polar bears, they can exist on land at temperatures below freezing. They also can exist underwater above the freezing point at high pressures. When light natural gases (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and their relatives) exist under either of these conditions, hydrates may form. ( Learn more about how gas hydrates form.)
TAMU Oceanography: Gas Hydrates secret that the world's production of conventional fossil fuels will begin soon, withthe goal to recover natural gas by decomposing hydrates from offshore http://oceanography.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.3/sassen.html
Extractions: Home Student Info Research About Us ... Directory Gas Hydrates Although gas hydrates contain hydrocarbons that are colorless, not all of them are white like snow. Some hydrates from the deep Gulf of Mexico are richly colored in shades of yellow, orange, or even red. The ice-like masses are beautiful, and contrast with the dull gray of deep sea muds. Hydrates from the Blake-Bahamas Plateau in the Atlantic Ocean can be gray or blue. Scientists would like to explain why hydrates show these colors, but so far there is little agreement on reasons. A number of different factors, including oil, bacteria, and minerals, are probably at play in producing the rainbow hydrates . Almost all gas hydrates are found by drilling in sediments at 10s to 100s of meters depth, but the gulf is different. The Gulf of Mexico is the best natural laboratory in the world for studying gas hydrates because they outcrop on the seafloor as mounds and can be easily sampled in sediments. Scientists aboard research vessels first found gas hydrates in the deep waters of the gulf in 1983 by taking core samples at sites where oil was naturally seeping out of the bottom. Hydrates have since been recovered in cores from water depths as shallow as 425 meters and at depths greater than 2000 meters.
The Nanocatalysis And Fossil Fuels Report the main component of natural gas, and the cleanest of the fossil fuels) that couldlast for thousands of years, in the form of methane hydrates sitting at the http://nanotech-now.com/nanocatalysis-fossil-fuels-report.htm
Extractions: Recent developments in the application of nanotechnology to catalysis are promising to lower oil price pressure through improved coal liquefaction and gas to liquid processes, allowing countries such as China, the US, Canada, India, Russia and Australia to significantly reduce or eliminate their requirements for imported oil. Table of Contents ORDER The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (TM) Executive Summary Energy is the world's largest market, and one that has political and strategic impacts unmatched by any other sector. Most countries are entirely dependent for their energy needs on the finite resources of fossil fuels. Fluctuations in energy prices can bring economies to their knees, and allow otherwise less influential or developed countries to become major players in world politics.
Natural Resources Canada Press Release: 2002/40 first step toward evaluating gas hydrates as an suggest that the world's natural gashydrate reservoirs other known sources of fossil fuels (including natural http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2002/200240_e.htm
Extractions: RESEARCH EXPEDITION IN NORTHWEST TERRITORIES OTTAWA Natural gas hydrates, a vast potential source of clean energy, are ice-like substances composed of water and natural gas that form in low temperatures and under high pressure. Many reservoirs are associated with deep permafrost of certain Arctic sedimentary basins and in marine sediments in coastal zones. NRCan's Geological Survey of Canada led a research project involving more than 50 scientists, which began in mid-December 2001, in the Mallik gas hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta on the shores of the Beaufort Sea. Three research wells were drilled through the permafrost to carry out a diverse scientific program aimed at contributing to the evaluation of the potential and economic viability of gas hydrate production and to study the role of gas hydrates in climate change. "This project positions Canada at the forefront of natural gas hydrate research, and Canadian industry stands to benefit greatly from developing technologies to produce gas hydrates commercially," said Herb Dhaliwal, Minister of Natural Resources Canada. "Through its support of this research, NRCan demonstrates that it is dedicated to assuring a sustainable Canadian supply of energy for the future." The scientists leading this research project are very encouraged by the results of the production testing, a first step toward evaluating gas hydrates as an energy source. Estimates suggest that the world's natural gas hydrate reservoirs contain more than twice the amount of energy found in all other known sources of fossil fuels (including natural gas, oil, coal and oil sands). In Canada, natural gas hydrate reserves may be up to 32 times larger in volume than conventional natural gas sources. Transforming hydrates into a useable energy source could make a major contribution to self-sufficiency in many countries.
ABCNEWS.com : Congress Looks To Mining Methane Hydrates more than twice that of all other fossil fuels combined States at 320,000 trillioncubic feet of gas, some 200 times conventional natural gas resources and http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/methane000404.html
ONGC :: Library :: Technical Paper 21 X 10 15 cubic meters of methane in natural gas hydrates at STP where it is a powerfulgreenhouse gas (CK Paull twice the amount of all fossil fuels on Earth http://www.ongcindia.com/techpaper1.asp?fold=techpaper&file=techpaper5.txt
Conventiional Energy natural gas is the most environmentally friendly of the fossil fuels. Another possiblylarge future source of natural gas may be methane hydrates that exist http://euclid.dne.wvnet.edu/~jvg/ENV101/Conventional_Energy.html
Extractions: Conventional Energy Resources: fossil fuels Fossil fuels have fueled the industrial development of the world for the last several centuries, but due to dwindling supplies and an ever-growing thirst for energy, new energy resources will have to be developed. Look at THIS LINK for a list of actual and potential world energy reserves. (Be patient. This link is sometimes slow to load.) Your textbook lists petroleum, natural gas, and coal as the "fossil fuels". The list is actually slightly longer than that. As presently defined, fossil fuels (hydrocarbon fuels) include: While nearly 95 percent of the commercial energy we use comes from hydrocarbon fuels, these materials have other uses as well. A sizable proportion of the world's oil production is not burned at all but is instead used as a chemical feedstock for the manufacture of a variety of products such as chemicals, plastics, and synthetic fibers. Coal and natural gas also serve as chemical feedstocks, but to a much smaller extent than petroleum.
Extractions: The 125,000-member ASME is a nonprofit, worldwide educational and technical Society. It conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations, holds more than 30 technical conferences and 200 professional development courses each year, and sets a significant number of industrial and manufacturing standards. The COE Energy Committee comprises 27 members from 17 Divisions of ASME, representing approximately 40,000 members. The Committee tracks energy legislation and appropriations, and provides testimony to Congress on issues of importance to ASME members. Last year, the COE Energy Committee developed a document titled "U. S. Energy Research and Development Needs in the New Millennium: Securing a Sustainable Energy Future," which we provided to the members of Congress, including members of this Subcommittee. Energy has consistently emerged as one of the highest areas of interest to the ASME in annual surveys of our membership. In addition to our interests in improving technologies for energy extraction, generation, and use, we are also concerned about protecting our environment and our energy and economic security. We are pleased that the Department of Energy also shares these concerns.
HWU: Science, Engineering And Technology: Hydrates gas hydrates could form in numerous hydrocarbon production and In the natural environment,suitable conditions for is twice that of total fossil fuels, a vast http://www.hw.ac.uk/prosp/pg/courses/pet_research6.php
Extractions: Petroleum Engineering Edinburgh College of Art All Courses Available Taught Course Research Distance Learning New Course English Tuition Available HYDRATES Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds that can form when water or ice and suitably sized molecules are brought together under favourable conditions, usually at low temperatures and elevated pressures. Gas hydrates could form in numerous hydrocarbon production and processing operations, causing serious operational and safety concerns. In the natural environment, suitable conditions for methane hydrate formation can be found in some marine and deep lake sediments, and in the subsurface of arctic permafrost regions. Current estimates suggest that the energy held in this form is twice that of total fossil fuels, a vast untouched natural gas reserve. The Centre for Gas Hydrate Research at Heriot-Watt University addresses various aspects of gas hydrate research, including: avoiding gas hydrate problems in deepwater drilling and production, design and testing of low dosage hydrate inhibitors and the natural occurrence of hydrates in marine sediments. Further areas of interest include positive aspects of gas hydrate technology, such as their application in processing and transportation of hydrocarbon fluids, CO 2 sequestration and the potential of natural gas hydrates as a source of energy.
Heriot-Watt University natural gas hydrates are formed where methane, a gas resulting from but contain hugeamounts of gas it is form is twice that of fossil fuels, and therefore http://www.hw.ac.uk/annual-review/res_foc2.htm
About Offshore Oil And Gas is more carbon trapped in hydrates than in all the fossil fuels. Scientists are alsoresearching new ways to obtain natural (methane) gas from biomass http://www.noia.org/info/natgas.asp
Extractions: About Natural Gas What is Natural Gas? Natural gas is generally considered a nonrenewable fossil fuel. Natural gas is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants that died 200-400 million years ago. When these tiny sea animals and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans where they were buried by layers of sand and silt. Over the years, the layers of sand and silt became thousands of feet thick, subjecting the energy-rich plant and animal remains to enormous pressure. Most scientists believe that the pressure, combined with the heat of the earth, changed this organic mixture into petroleum and natural gas. Eventually, the natural gas became trapped in the rock layers, like water becomes trapped in a sponge. Raw natural gas is a mixture of different gases. Its main ingredient is methane, a natural compound that is formed whenever plant and animal matter decays. By itself, methane is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. As a safety measure, natural gas companies add a chemical odorant called mercaptan (it smells like rotten eggs) so escaping gas can be detected. Natural gas should not be confused with gasoline, which is made from petroleum. History of Natural Gas The ancient peoples of Greece, Persia, and India discovered natural gas many centuries ago. The people were mystified by the burning springs created when natural gas seeping from cracks in the ground was ignited by lightning. They sometimes built temples around these eternal flames so they could worship the fire.
Fossilfuelformation III. Methane hydrates These are vast deposits of natural gas located at from thesematerials is approximately twice that of all other fossil fuels. http://www.geosc.psu.edu/People/Faculty/FacultyPages/Kubicki/petroleum.html
Pravda.RU:Japan Turns To Natural Gas Accomodation natural gas hydrates had previously been considered troublesome is early commercialization. natural gas emits less global warming than fossil fuels such as http://english.pravda.ru/comp/2002/08/27/35321_.html
Extractions: Global Natural Gas Perspectives " by Nakicenovic, et al, published by the International Gas Union for the Kyoto Council and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, October 2-5, 2000. [ abstract full report, pdf, 1.4mb This is a very well written paper with interesting graphs and a good history of natural gas, but I disagree with its claims that gas resources are very abundant, which appear on almost every page often without real justification by data or reference and with its belief that resources are similar to reserves. I offer below some more detailed comments by page. Page 2 The most recent findings indicate that the perceptions about global methane resources have changed drastically. Natural gas is much more abundant around the world than was estimated just a decade ago The estimates of unconventional gas have in fact been declining: In 2000, the best-known Russian hydrate expert, Soloviev, estimated the potential for hydrates to be as much as a hundred times less than in the previous estimates: " All published global estimates of methane content in gas hydrates of the Ocean are enormous and range more than three orders of magnitude from 1E15 [1x10 ] to 7.6E18 cub.m... the global methane content in submarine gas hydrates is estimated at 2E14 cub.m
