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WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?

The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if a market is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).

The latent demand for fossil fuel powered electric power generation is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be lower either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a country market.

For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this report ... Read more

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Clean coal is a term most often used by the media in news stories that reference carbon capture and storage/sequestration (CCS). The phrase "clean coal" is also referred to as "cleaner coal" in an attempt to mitigate criticism. These technologies are in development and aim to reduce CO2 at coal fired power plants in order to mitigate climate change. Scientific consensus on climate change is that it is caused by human activities, which increase production of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Carbon capture and storage is intended to reduce emissions from coal?fired power generation, which is one of the greatest sources of global warming pollution contributing more emissions than all automobiles in the United States. There is no agreement across groups as to when CCS will be available on a commercial scale. Industry leaders emphasize that the technology should be available by 2020. Meanwhile, others question its feasibility in that time frame. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Solar power in Israel and the Israeli solar energy industry has a history that dates to the founding of the country. In the 1950s, Levi Yissar developed a solar water heater to help assuage an energy shortage in the new country. By 1967 around one in twenty households heated their water with the sun and 50,000 solar heaters had been sold. With the 1970s oil crisis, Harry Zvi Tabor, the father of Israel's solar industry, developed the prototype solar water heater that is now used in over 90% of Israeli homes. Israeli engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. ... Read more

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A flue gas stack is a type of chimney, a vertical pipe,channel or similar structure through which combustionproduct gases called flue gases are exhausted to the outsideair. Flue gases are produced when coal, oil, natural gas,wood or any other fuel is combusted in an industrialfurnace, a power plant's steam-generating boiler, or otherlarge combustion device. Flue gas is usually composed ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor as well as nitrogen andexcess oxygen remaining from the intake combustion air. Italso contains a small percentage of pollutants such asparticulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides andsulfur oxides. The flue gas stacks are often quite tall, upto 400 meters (1300 feet) or more, so as to disperse theexhaust pollutants over a greater area and thereby reducethe concentration of the pollutants to the levels requiredby governmental environmental policy and environmentalregulation.When the flue gases are exhausted from stoves,ovens, fireplaces, or other small sources within residentialabodes, restaurants, hotels, or other public buildings andsmall commercial enterprises, their flue gas stacks arereferred to as chimneys. ... Read more

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A fossil fuel phase-out is transport electrification, decommissioning of operating fossil fuel-fired power plants and prevention of the construction of new fossil-fuel-fired power stations. The purpose of this is to decrease the high concentration of greenhouse gas emissions, which are hypothesized to cause climate change. ... Read more

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The U.S Fossil Fuel Power Generation Industry report, published annually by Barnes Reports, contains timely and accurate industry statistics, forecasts and demographics. The report features 2009 current and 2010 forecast estimates on the size of the industry (sales, establishments, employment) nationally and for all 50 U.S. States and over 900 metro areas. The report also includes industry definition, 5-year historical trends on industry sales, establishments and employment, a breakdown of establishments, sales and employment by employee size of establishment (9 categories), and estimates on up to 10 sub-industries, including electric power generation. ... Read more

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This book tells you about the amazing world of energy.It explains what the different types of energy are and how they can change.The facts are linked to the real world and how different forms of energy help us live our lives.Energy is everywhere! ... Read more

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World Energy Resources and Consumption - Fossil fuel,Renewable energy, Hydropower, Biomass, Biofuel, Windpower,Solar energy, Geothermal power, Oil reserves, Peak oil,Nuclear fuel, Fusion power, Renewable resource, Wavepower,Tidal power ... Read more

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It is widely recognized that the anthropogenicemissions of greenhouse gases are involved in theglobal warming problem. The greenhouse gas makingthe largest contribution from human activities isconsidered to be carbon dioxide: in particular,fossil fuels burning for power generation is largelyresponsible for current anthropogenic CO2 emissions.One of the short-term more effective technologicaloption to reducenet CO2 emissions is carboncapture and sequestration (CCS). The purpose of thisbook is to analyze power plants for electric energyproductionintegrated with an innovative technologyfor CO2 capture based on sorption enhanced water gasshift (SEWGS). The performance of SEWGS integrationin Natural Gas Combined Cycle and IntegratedGasification Combined Cycle are investigated andcompared with the reference commercialcarboncapture technologies. The concept of SEWGS (Sorption- Enhanced Water-Gas-Shift),firstly proposed by AirProducts and Chemicals in collaboration with the US- Department of Energy,has been investigated in theFP7 European project CAESAR. ... Read more

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A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building or portion of a building from one point to multiple rooms. When combined with other systems in order to control the building climate, the whole system may be a HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. Central heating differs from local heating in that the heat generation occurs in one place, such as a furnace room in a house or a mechanical room in a large building though not necessarily at the "central" geometric point. The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion of fossil fuel in a furnace or boiler. The resultant heat then gets distributed: typically by forced-air through ductwork, by water circulating through pipes, or by steam fed through pipes. Increasingly, buildings utilize solar-powered heat sources, in which case the distribution system normally uses water circulation. In much of northern Europe and in urban portions of Russia, where people seldom require air conditioning in homes due to the temperate climate, most new housing comes with central heating installed. Such areas normally use gas heaters, district heating, or oil-fired systems. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The United Kingdom's Climate Change Programme was launched in November 2000 by the British government in response to its commitment agreed at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). The 2000 programmewas updated in March 2006 following a reviewlaunched in September 2004. In 2004, the UK was the world's 8th greatest producer of man-made carbon emissions, producing around 2.3% of the total generated from fossil fuels. ... Read more

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Part of a series that provides a detailed study of the role of energy in the world today, by looking at different energy resources and assessing their effect on the environment. This work contains everyday examples which show the uses of energy resources and explore how energy transfers from one use to another. ... Read more

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This study covers the world outlook for fossil fuel-powered electric power generation across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-à-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. ... Read more

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Fossil Fuel - Fuel, Fossil, Phytoplankton, Petroleum,Fossil-fuel power plant, Peak oil, Hubbert peak theory,Climate change, Three Mile Island accident, Coalphase out,Coal, Natural gas, Bitumen, Synthetic fuel, Internalcombustion engine ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Macmillan Reference USA Science Library: Animal Sciences, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 922 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.This interdisciplinary resource explores the wide-ranging diversity that exists within the animal kingdom. Entries examine how animals develop, animal ecology and behavior, and the connection between animals and humans. Also includes biographies of key scientists who have contributed to the study of animal life, as well as career opportunities within the field. ... Read more