Product Description
This digital document is an article from International Journal of Humanities and Peace, published by International Journal of Humanities and Peace on January 1, 2003. The length of the article is 5532 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Bharata Natyam: classical Indian dance: a Hindu fractal.
Author: Sofia Diaz
Publication: International Journal of Humanities and Peace (Refereed)
Date: January 1, 2003
Publisher: International Journal of Humanities and Peace
Volume: 19Issue: 1Page: 83(6)

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Product Description
Nine articles and an essay by B. B. Mandlebrot ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and the electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) are frequently used to measure particle size distributions of combustion aerosols. The instruments are especially popular for diesel exhaust measurements since the emission of ''particulate matter'' is restricted by legislation. A problem is that the interpretation of the results that these instruments give is not straightforward: fractal-like diesel soot agglomerates in the exhaust have a complex interaction with their carrier gas. This paper focuses on this complex interaction in order to assess its effect on the instruments' output. A theoretical model for the aerodynamic behavior of fractal-like agglomerates is used as a tool to assess the performance of the ELPI and the SMPS for the measurement of diesel soot particles. The model couples the aerodynamic diameter and the mobility diameter for fractal-like soot agglomerates. Visual analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) aids model development and instrument performance assessment. It is concluded that the performance of both instruments is affected by the fractal-like structure of diesel soot. The ELPI, if it is set to measure the aerodynamic diameter, gives an underestimation of the apparent size of particles due to their fractal-like structure. As a result, the number of particles is overestimated. The model presented in this paper helps interpretation of the ELPIs response. The SMPS is affected by multiple charging of soot agglomerates, larger than 1000nm, which are abundantly present in diesel exhaust gas and are not removed by the impaction stage at the input due to their small effective density. The diesel engine in this paper emits many of such particles. Multiple charging leads to an underestimation of the size of the agglomerates and hampers size classification in the instrument. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, published by Science Publications on July 1, 2009. The length of the article is 5125 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Key words: Iterated function system, attractor, affine transformation, collage theorem, iterated function system mapping

Citation Details
Title: A new approach in cryptographic systems using fractal image coding.(Report)
Author: Nadia M.G. Al- Saidi
Publication: Journal of Mathematics and Statistics (Magazine/Journal)
Date: July 1, 2009
Publisher: Science Publications
Volume: 5Issue: 3Page: 183(7)

Article Type: Report

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
How the self-preserving distribution for soot aggregate size evolves as the aerosol passes through the transition regime from free molecule to diffusion limited collision dynamics is experimentally studied over the range of fractal dimension from 1.9= ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
In the present work a previously developed model of fractal aggregates evolution from an initial morphology (as described by their fractal dimension) towards to that defined by the prevailing coagulation mechanism is extended in two directions. Firstly a new constitutive law for the fractal dimension of the aggregate resulting from a coagulation event is generalized and secondly a restructuring mechanism is added to the population balance model. Several techniques from detailed Monte Carlo simulations to simple monodisperse (in both volume and fractal dimension) approximations are employed for the solution of the corresponding bivariate coagulation equation. The parametric evolution of the fractal dimension of aggregates for the case of Brownian coagulation in the continuum regime is studied and the results indicate that the existence of restructuring makes the evolution dynamics of the fractal dimension distribution of the aggregate population much richer than in the case of simple coagulation examined previously. As an application of the present approach, the morphological data of Xiong and Friedlander [(2001) Morphological properties of atmospheric aerosol aggregates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 98, 11851-11856] on atmospheric aggregates are examined and are shown to be consistent with a combined coagulation-restructuring process. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The morphological and dynamic properties of fractal-like particles produced from the combustion of wood are studied in this work. Particles with electrical mobility diameters of 200, 275, 350 and 450nm were deposited on filters and imaged using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). The soot particles consisted of aggregated primary spheres with mean radius a"p=25.5+/-3.5nm and standard deviation @s"g=1.27+/-0.09. The fractal dimension of the aggregates, D"f, was derived from three techniques: (1)D"f=1.84+/-0.05 from the projected surfaces in the SEM images; (2)D"f=1.83+/-0.05 from the relationship between number of primary particles per aggregate N, and radius of gyration R"g; (3)D"f=1.80+/-0.13 from the relationship of mobility and N. Thus, there is agreement between the three techniques with an average D"f of 1.83. The dynamic shape factors of the soot particles were between 1.5 and 2.5 and increasing with N. In the regime 0.2 ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The kinetics of iodine oxide aerosol production and growth was studied in an aerosol flow reactor by the photolysis of I"2 in an excess of O"3, at a temperature of 295K and a total pressure of 1atm. The time-resolved evolution of the particle size distribution was fitted using a model which assumes that the initial period of particle growth (in the free molecular flow regime) is dominated by collision-coalescence, maintaining spherical shape and compact structure. This leads to the formation of primary particles of about 3nm radius, which trigger fractal (agglomerative) growth in the transition regime resulting in particle aggregates characterised by lower mass fractal dimensions (D"f) in the range 2.2-2.5. Enhancement of the particle pair collision kernels due to competing van der Waals and hydrodynamic forces is treated within the model. The densities of the fractal aggregates are lower than that of the bulk material, recently identified as I"2O"5 [Saunders, R. W., & Plane, J. M. C. (2005). Formation pathways and composition of iodine oxide ultrafine particles. Environmental Chemistry, 2, 299], as a result of internal void space within the aggregate structures. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from The Geographical Journal, published by Royal Geographical Society on March 1, 1996. The length of the article is 8626 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Fractal Cities: a Geometry of Form and Function.(Brief Article)
Author: J.W.R. Whitehand
Publication: The Geographical Journal (Refereed)
Date: March 1, 1996
Publisher: Royal Geographical Society
Volume: v162Issue: n1Page: p113(2)

Article Type: Book Review, Brief Article

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from American Journal of Applied Sciences, published by Thomson Gale on November 1, 2007. The length of the article is 5461 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Keywords: Fractals Cryptography, Digital Signature Scheme, Mandelbrot Fractal Set, and Julia Fractal Set

Citation Details
Title: A new digital signature scheme based on Mandelbrot and Julia fractal sets.
Author: Mohammad Ahmad Alia
Publication: American Journal of Applied Sciences (Magazine/Journal)
Date: November 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 4Issue: 11Page: 850(9)

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Environmental Psychology, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The aim of this study was to explore the suggestion that fractal characteristics may play a role in aesthetic experiences by providing possible empirical evidence for connections between landscape preference and fractal properties. This approach was motivated by the knowledge that many natural forms are fractal and that, in preference research, naturalness has been found an important predictor. For reasons described in the paper, in this study we chose to focus on landscape silhouette outlines. The results indicate that there is a relationship between preference and the fractal dimension, which in turn gives rise to the hypothesis that the fractal dimension could provide part of the explanation to the well-documented connection between preference and naturalness. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Chemical Engineering Journal, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Reactive amorphous aluminas with a high surface area, suitable as a precursor for catalyst supports, are obtained by flash calcination of gibbsite in a reactor for pneumatic transport in the dilute two phase flow regime. In the present paper we study the effects of the gibbsite dehydration temperature on the textural and fractal properties of activated aluminas. The parameters of the pore structure for all samples were evaluated from nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. On the basis of the sorption-structure analysis, the fractal dimension of the aluminas surface were determined by three methods, according to Pfeifer and Avnir, Neimark et al. and Mahnke and Mogel, with a goal to compare obtained values. As expected, a good agreement between the results of these methods was achieve. The values of the fractal dimension of activated aluminas increase with the increase of the temperature of thermal treatment, indicating that the irregularities of their surfaces are greater. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
A tandem differential mobility analyzer (DMA)-electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI)-is employed to measure the effective density, mass per unit mobility volume, of soot particles. These measurements reveal a sharp decline in soot effective density from ~1.2g/cm^3 at 30nm to <0.3g/cm^3 at 300nm. This dependence on mobility diameter is well described by a fractal dimension of d"f=2.15+/-0.10 for flame-generated soot and d"f=2.3+/-0.1 for diesel exhaust particulate matter (PM), with slight deviations suggestive of more compact structures noted for particles at the small end of the size distribution. In the flame, the effective density increases with height above the burner, but the fractal dimension remains constant. Exhaust particle effective densities from two light-duty diesel vehicles and a direct-injection gasoline vehicle are virtually indistinguishable. There is a small, ~20%, systematic variation in effective density between idle, 64km/h, and 112km/h operation, but this appears to be averaged out over transient vehicle operation. The relative independence from speed, load, and driving mode suggests the possibility that particle-sizing instrumentation may afford an accurate alternative to filter collection for the measurement of PM mass emissions. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Journal of Interactive Learning Research, published by Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE) on September 22, 2000. The length of the article is 6497 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Towards Adaptivity and Agility A Fractal view on Learning Environments.
Author: Sylvain Giroux
Publication: Journal of Interactive Learning Research (Refereed)
Date: September 22, 2000
Publisher: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)
Page: 333

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
It has been suggested that the scaling relationships of many features of the physical environment and biological traits are fractal-like, but for the marine benthic infauna certain aspects of the environment clearly are not. These include temporal features such as the cycles of annual climate, primary production and tides, and also some spatial features such as sediment granulometry and the size of the primary producers that constitute the food supply. We explicitly addressed these issues by determining the degree to which infaunal assemblage structure (diversity, species composition, spatial pattern) varies with mesh size, sample size and sample dispersion within an apparently homogeneous area of coarse intertidal sand in the Isles of Scilly, UK. Samples were extracted using a standard range of 5 mesh sizes (63, 125, 250, 500, 1000 @mm), with the sample areas and distances between samples scaled to the mesh size. All metazoans were identified to species level. Diversity and species composition did not show a gradual and even degree of change over the size range. Instead, they showed a dramatic stepwise change between the 250 and 500 @mm mesh size samples, being relatively constant in the <500 and >500 @mm categories, with diversity higher in the former. Higher proportions of species in the <500 @mm categories had values of an index of dispersion significantly different to 1 than among species in the >500 @mm categories. This suggests a fractal structure within but not between the <500 and >500 @mm body size categories. The implications of this for rapid diversity assessment by extrapolation between size classes are discussed. Although the interplay between 3 and 2 dimensional processes in what is a essentially a 2-D study may account for some of the observations, comparative studies suggest that these patterns do not simply correspond to the physical scaling of habitat complexity, and they must therefore relate to some more universal scaling relationships that are not fractal-like. We suggest that the important relationships are those between body size and various biological characteristics such as feeding behaviour, reproductive mode and life history as they are affected by the spatial and temporal structure of the environment. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and a Couette centrifugal particle mass analyzer (Couette CPMA) were used to measure the effective density and fractal dimension of particles emitted from a light-duty diesel vehicle fitted with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). It was found that at high engine loads, the DOC increased in temperature, sulphate levels in the particulate matter increased, and a transient nucleation mode was observed. The increase in sulphate levels resulted in a drastic increase in the effective density and fractal dimension of the particles. At low engine loads (8-15%), sulphate levels were much lower, no nucleation mode was present and the fractal dimension varied from 2.22 to 2.48, which is in good agreement with previous studies. At 40% load, sulphate levels were much higher and the fractal dimension was 2.76. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Evolution of soot aggregate morphology, size and concentration is investigated during and after formation of soot in propane/air diffusion flame. Monitoring of gaseous intermediates in the flame is done by gas chromatography. Soot aggregate size and morphology are analyzed by a transmission electron microscope; soot number concentration is determined by an automated diffusion battery. Aggregate-aggregate collisions and aggregate structural transformations are observed in real time using a video system. It is determined that soot aggregates formed in flame are charged. The electric charge per aggregate is determined by video observation of aggregate movement in electric field. Both positively and negatively charged aggregates are formed. Typical net charge per aggregate is a few elementary units. An effect of soot aggregate restructuring from chain-like to compact structures is observed. It is determined that the driving force for this restructuring is Coulomb interactions between different parts of the aggregate. It is demonstrated that Coulomb interactions between aggregates can affect considerably coagulation process and the final aggregate shape. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Chemical Engineering Journal, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Forward light scattering has been a popular technique for measuring the fractal dimension of aggregated or flocculated particles. The method relies on the measurement of the slope of scattered intensity versus scattering vector (q) on a log-log plot. In the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye approximation, the negative of the slope has the value of the mass fractal dimension of the aggregates. In this work, simulation results were used to test the idea that Fraunhofer diffraction can be used to describe scattering from fractal aggregates. Polystyrene latex of diameter 4.9@mm was aggregated in a forward light scattering instrument, and the fractal dimension was determined independently by the volume obscuration method. Comparison of the experimental data with simulations showed poor agreement. It is suggested that multiple scattering within the aggregate structure, ignored in the usual Fraunhofer formulation, is significant. ... Read more