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This digital document is an article from DISAM Journal, published by Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management on March 1, 2010. The length of the article is 2413 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Defense trade cooperation treaties between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia.(LEGISLATION AND POLICY)
Author: Unavailable
Publication: DISAM Journal (Magazine/Journal)
Date: March 1, 2010
Publisher: Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management
Volume: 31Issue: 4Page: 48(5)

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Chapters: Dominican Republic - Central America Free Trade Agreement, Treaty of Tlatelolco, Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, Central America-4 Border Control Agreement, Esquipulas Peace Agreement, Central American Defense Council. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 35. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Dominican Republic Central America Free Trade Agreement, commonly called DR-CAFTA, is a free trade agreement (legally a treaty under international law, but not under US law). Originally, the agreement encompassed the United States and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and was called CAFTA. In 2004, the Dominican Republic joined the negotiations, and the agreement was renamed DR-CAFTA. DR-CAFTA together with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and active bilateral free trade agreements, including the Canada Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement, are seen as bloc agreements instead of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement. Panama has completed negotiations with the US for a bilateral free trade agreement (ratification of which is pending), and Belize is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Haiti, also a CARICOM member, was expected to be given certain additional trade preferences with the US under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act before Congress adjourned during 2006. DR-CAFTA has been approved the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States.The agreement is a treaty under international law, but not under the United States Constitution. In the US, laws require majority approval in both houses, while treaties require two-thirds approval in the Senate only. Under U.S. law, DR-CAFTA is a con...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=458970 ... Read more

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This book offers an in-depth analysis of the rules and principles of international law relevant to the interpretation of, and application to tax treaties. The rules of international law enshrined in Articles 31, 32 and 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties are discussed in detail. Where appropriate, reference is made to the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, and to the law and procedure of other international courts and tribunals. Since tax treaties are not only a source of legal rights and obligations for the contracting States, but can also be invoked by the taxpayers of those States, this book considers the extent to which the relevant rules and principles of international law are binding on domestic courts and taxpayers. The effect of international law in a State's national legal order is largely dependent on its relevant rules of constitutional law, which vary from country to country. In order to address this issue, the book draws upon the example of the Netherlands and provides a number of leading cases decided by the Dutch Supreme Court (Hoge Raad). ... Read more

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Chapters: Dominican Republic - Central America Free Trade Agreement, Treaty of Tlatelolco, Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, Central America-4 Border Control Agreement, Esquipulas Peace Agreement, Honduras - United Kingdom Maritime Delimitation Treaty, Central American Defense Council. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 38. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Dominican Republic Central America Free Trade Agreement, commonly called DR-CAFTA, is a free trade agreement (legally a treaty under international law, but not under US law). Originally, the agreement encompassed the United States and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and was called CAFTA. In 2004, the Dominican Republic joined the negotiations, and the agreement was renamed DR-CAFTA. DR-CAFTA together with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and active bilateral free trade agreements, including the Canada Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement, are seen as bloc agreements instead of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement. Panama has completed negotiations with the US for a bilateral free trade agreement (ratification of which is pending), and Belize is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Haiti, also a CARICOM member, was expected to be given certain additional trade preferences with the US under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act before Congress adjourned during 2006. DR-CAFTA has been approved the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States.The agreement is a treaty under international law, but not under the United States Constitution. In the US, laws require majority approval in both houses, while treaties require two-thirds approv...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=458970 ... Read more

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This volume is produced from digital images created through the University of Michigan University Library's large-scale digitization efforts. The Library seeks to preserve the intellectual content of items in a manner that facilitates and promotes a variety of uses. The digital reformatting process results in an electronic version of the original text that can be both accessed online and used to create new print copies. The Library also understands and values the usefulness of print and makes reprints available to the public whenever possible. This book and hundreds of thousands of others can be found in the HathiTrust, an archive of the digitized collections of many great research libraries. For access to the University of Michigan Library's digital collections, please see http://www.lib.umich.edu and for information about the HathiTrust, please visit http://www.hathitrust.org ... Read more

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Iraq: Weapons Threat, Compliance, Sanctions, and U.S. Policy

Congressional Research Service Report for Congress


...In recent years, the United States has
been unable to maintain an international
consensus for strict enforcement of all applicable
U.N. Security Council resolutions on
Iraq, but it has largely succeeded in preventing
Iraq from reemerging as an immediate strategic
threat to the region. There is U.S. concern
about the long-term threat posed by Iraq and,
in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the
Bush Administration has emphasized regime
change as the cornerstone of U.S. policy.
The exact means to implement that
objective has not been announced, whether it
be through international sanctions and diplomacy,
military action, or covert action. The
regime change policy is not openly supported
by many other governments, particularly if it
involves major military action, but many
governments support U.S. action through the
United Nations to enforce Security Council
resolutions requiring Iraqi disarmament of its
mass destruction weapons (WMD) programs.
During 1991-1998, a U.N. Special Commission
on Iraq (UNSCOM) made considerable
progress in dismantling and monitoring
Iraq’s but was unable to finish verifying Iraq’s
claim that it has destroyed all its WMD or
related equipment. Iraq’s refusal of full cooperation
with UNSCOM eventually prompted
U.S.-British military action in December
1998. All inspectors withdrew and Iraq has
been unmonitored since, leaving uncertainty
as to the degree to which Iraq has rebuilt its
WMD programs.
On November 10, 1994, as required, Iraq
accepted the U.N.-designated land border with
Kuwait (confirmed by Resolution 833) as well
as Kuwaiti sovereignty. Iraq has failed to
account for more than 600 Kuwaitis still
missing from the war, as well as for Kuwaiti
property taken. Iraq initially rejected a 1991
U.N.-sponsored “oil-for-food” program to
address humanitarian needs, but it later accepted
a revised version of that plan, which
has been operational since December 1996.....


Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) serves shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. CRS experts assist at every stage of the legislative process — from the early considerations that precede bill drafting, through committee hearings and floor debate, to the oversight of enacted laws and various agency activities.

CRS's analytic capabilities integrate multiple disciplines and research methodologies. In a fast-paced, ever-changing environment, CRS provides Congress with the vital, analytical support it needs to address the most complex public policy issues facing the nation. Its work incorporates program and legislative expertise, quantitative methodologies, and legal and economic analysis.


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Product Description
The importance of the issues raised by the WTO Agreement cannot be over-estimated. The completion of the Uruguay Round of negotiations has resulted in the creation of international agreements which themselves raise issues of great difficulty and importance in legal terms, and issues of of practical importance for international trade in goods and services and for the entire field of Intellectual Property Rights. This book, written by experts from throughout the world, examines the implementation of the GATT agreement and its national and international legal and constitutional ramifications. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from General Accounting Office Reports & Testimony, published by Thomson Gale on August 1, 2005. The length of the article is 411 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: International Trade: Further Improvements Needed to Handle Growing Workload for Monitoring and Enforcing Trade Agreements.
Publication: General Accounting Office Reports & Testimony (Newsletter)
Date: August 1, 2005
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 2005Issue: 8Page: NA

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This digital document is an article from Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, published by Lockwood Trade Journal Co., Inc. on September 1, 1992. The length of the article is 890 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Senator Brown's ICA amendment. (Hank Brown's amendment would give Congress the right to approve a treaty made with the International Coffee Organization)
Author: John Chwat
Publication: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 1, 1992
Publisher: Lockwood Trade Journal Co., Inc.
Volume: v164Issue: n9Page: p47(3)

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Intelligence and Law Enforcement: Countering Transnational Threats to the U.S.

Congressional Research Service Report for Congress

...laundering are perceived both as criminal matters and as threats to the nation’s
security. Often collectively termed transnational threats, these issues have become the
concerns of law enforcement agencies as well as the U.S. Intelligence Community.
Two foreign banking scandals in the late 1980s led to efforts to ensure that
information in the possession of intelligence agencies would, in the future, be made
available to law enforcement officials. In the mid-1990s, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation began assigning additional agents to newly created offices worldwide.
The tragic events of September 11, 2001 provide a clear demonstration of how large
a threat international terrorism can become to national security. The Bush
Administration and Congress havemoved rapidly to promote intelligence/enforcement
cooperation among U.S. agencies in the campaign against Al Qaeda.
This report looks at the separate roles and missions and distinct identities of
intelligence and law enforcement agencies. Coordinating their efforts has raised
significant legal and administrative difficulties that have been only partially overcome
despite the creation of elaborate coordinative mechanisms under the oversight of the
National Security Council. Some observers also have expressed concerns about the
greater use of information derived from intelligence sources in judicial proceedings,
fearing that it may lead to over-reliance on surreptitious means of information
collection and, thus, undermine civil liberties. Other observers have cautioned that
redirecting intelligence assets to collect information for legal cases may reduce
support available to military commanders and policymakers. Some others believe
that there may also be an overemphasis on law enforcement in dealing with problems
arising abroad. The report notes the employment of covert actions by intelligence
agencies in certain law enforcement efforts.
This report also addresses congressional oversight of the law enforcementintelligence
relationship that is spread among a number of House and Senate
committees, each of which has only partial jurisdiction. Some observers believe that
there should be further efforts to base the evolving relationship in statutory law. They
have argued that closer attention should be given to coordinating the emerging
relationship between intelligence and law enforcement efforts while practices are
malleable rather than to wait until bureaucratic rigidities set in or unfortunate
precedents are established during crises....

Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) serves shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. CRS experts assist at every stage of the legislative process — from the early considerations that precede bill drafting, through committee hearings and floor debate, to the oversight of enacted laws and various agency activities.

CRS's analytic capabilities integrate multiple disciplines and research methodologies. In a fast-paced, ever-changing environment, CRS provides Congress with the vital, analytical support it needs to address the most complex public policy issues facing the nation. Its work incorporates program and legislative expertise, quantitative methodologies, and legal and economic analysis.


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Product Description
This directory lists titles, addresses, telephone and fax numbers, as well as email addresses for the following offices: competent national authorities empowered to issue certificates and authorization for the import and export of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; national authorities empowered to regulate or enforce national controls over precursors and essential chemicals; International bodies that might assist national competent authorities in case no authority is listed for a given country or region, or in case contact cannot be established with the listed authorities. The information is provided in English, French, and Spanish. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Nonwovens Industry, published by Rodman Publications, Inc. on June 1, 2001. The length of the article is 1470 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Summit Ends With FTAA Deadline.(Free Trade Area of the Americas treaty to be developed by January 2005)(Statistical Data Included)
Author: Peter Mayberry
Publication: Nonwovens Industry (Magazine/Journal)
Date: June 1, 2001
Publisher: Rodman Publications, Inc.
Volume: 32Issue: 6Page: 18

Article Type: Statistical Data Included

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Product Description

Language carries more than meanings; language conveys a means of conceiving the world. In this sense, national legal systems expressed through national languages organize the Law based on their own understanding of reality. International Law becomes, in this context, the meeting point where different legal cultures and different views of world intersect.

The diversity of languages and legal systems can enrich the possibilities of understanding and developing international law, but it can also represent an instability and unsafety factor to the international scenario. This multilegal-system and multilingual scenario adds to the complexity of international law and poses new challenges. One of them is legal translation, which is a field of knowledge and professional skill that has not been the subject of theoretical thinking on the part of legal scholars. How to negotiate, draft or interpret an international treaty that mirrors what the parties, – who belong to different legal cultures and who, on many occasions, speak different mother tongues – ,want or wanted to say?

By analyzing the decision-making process and the legal discourse adopted by the WTO’s Appellate Body, this book highlights the active role of language in diplomatic negotiations and in interpreting international law. In addition, it also shows that the debate on the effectiveness and legitimacy of International Law cannot be separated from the linguistic issue.

Product Description
The proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) over the past two decades has highlighted the need to look closely at the potential conflicts between regional and WTO rules or disciplines. A major obstacle to advancing understanding of RTAs is the absence of detailed information about their contents. This has limited the debate between those who view RTAs as discriminatory instruments hostage to protectionist interests and those who see them as conducive to multilateral trade opening. This book provides detailed analysis of RTA rules in six key areas - market access, technical barriers to trade, contingent protection, investment, services and competition policy - across dozens of the main RTAs in the world. The analysis helps to provide new insights into the interplay between regional and multilateral trade rules, advances understanding of the economic effects of RTAs and contributes to the discussion on how to deal with the burgeoning number of RTAs. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Westchester County Business Journal, published by Westfair Communications, Inc. on October 4, 2004. The length of the article is 1059 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Shifting export landscape: China's share rises, but Canada remains a strong partner.(International Trade and the Global Economy)
Author: Gail Kalinoski
Publication: Westchester County Business Journal (Magazine/Journal)
Date: October 4, 2004
Publisher: Westfair Communications, Inc.
Volume: 43Issue: 40Page: 21(1)

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Among the United Nations most pervasive achievements has been the development of a body of international law - conventions, treaties and standards - that play a central role in promoting economic and social development, as well as international peace and security. Many of the treaties brought about by the United Nations form the basis of the law governing relations among nations. While the United Nations work in this area does not always receive attention, it has a daily impact on the lives of people everywhere. Over the years, the United Nations has sponsored over 500 multilateral agreements, which address a broad range of common concerns among states and are legally binding for the countries that ratify them.

Pioneering work

In many areas, the United Nations legal work has been pioneering. It has been in the forefront of tackling problems as they take on an international dimension, providing the legal framework for regulating the use of the oceans, protecting the environment, regulating migrant labour, curbing drug trafficking and combating terrorism, to mention a few.


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Product Description
This digital document is an article from NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs, published by Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute on May 24, 2002. The length of the article is 1134 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: REGION: ANDEAN TRADE PREFERENCE ACT EXPIRES.
Publication: NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (Newsletter)
Date: May 24, 2002
Publisher: Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute
Page: NA

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This digital document is an article from Arkansas Business, published by Journal Publishing, Inc. on January 20, 2003. The length of the article is 1251 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Poultry firms worried about free-trade pacts.
Author: Kyle Mooty
Publication: Arkansas Business (Magazine/Journal)
Date: January 20, 2003
Publisher: Journal Publishing, Inc.
Volume: 20Issue: 3Page: 22(1)

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This digital document is an article from Business Mexico, published by American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico A.C. on July 1, 2004. The length of the article is 1474 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The future of Nafta: compelling reasons in both experience and law suggest Mexican courts will declare the deal unconstitutional.(North American Free Trade Agreement)
Author: George (African American religious leader) Baker
Publication: Business Mexico (Magazine/Journal)
Date: July 1, 2004
Publisher: American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico A.C.
Volume: 14Issue: 7Page: 20(2)

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This digital document is an article from Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, published by Vanderbilt University, School of Law on January 1, 2010. The length of the article is 13606 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Cultivating farmers' rights: reconciling food security, indigenous agriculture, and TRIPs. (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)
Author: Lauren Winter
Publication: Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (Magazine/Journal)
Date: January 1, 2010
Publisher: Vanderbilt University, School of Law
Volume: 43Issue: 1Page: 223(32)

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