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Chapters: Palynology. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 90. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Palynology is the science that studies contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen, spores, orbicules, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans and scolecodonts, together with particulate organic matter (POM) and kerogen found in sedimentary rocks and sediments. Palynology does not include diatoms, foraminiferans or other organisms with silicaceous or calcareous exoskeletons. Palynology is an interdisciplinary science and is a branch of earth science (geology or geological science) and biological science (biology), particularly plant science (botany). Stratigraphical palynology is a branch of micropalaeontology and paleobotany which studies fossil palynomorphs from the Precambrian to the Holocene. The earliest reported observations of pollen under a microscope are likely to have been in the 1640s by the English botanist Nehemiah Grew who described pollen, the stamen and successfully predicted that pollen was required for successful reproduction in plants. As microscopes began to improve further studies included work by Robert Kidston and P. Reinsch examined the presence of spores in coal and compared them to modern spores. The early pioneers also included Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (radiolarians and diatoms), Gideon Mantell (desmids) and Henry Hopley White (dinoflagellates). The earliest quantitative analysis of pollen was published by Lennart von Post who laid out the foundations of modern pollen analysis in his Kristiania lecture of 1916. Pollen analysis was initially confined to Nordic countries because many early publications were in Nordic languages. This isolation ended with the publication of Gunnar Erdtman's thesis of 1921 when pollen analysis became widespread th...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=328274 ... Read more

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This volume describes in detail the results of a decade of collaboration between stratigraphers from Saudi Aramco and palynologists from the Commission Internationale de Microflore du Paleozoique (CIMP) on a programme to document the unique character of palynomorph assemblages recovered from the Ordovician to Permian sequences in the Arabian Peninsula. Not only are the assemblages described in detail for the first time but their potential as an exploration tool for regional correlation and palaeoenvironmental interpretation are fully realised.
The Arabian Peninsula with its major hydrocarbon resources in the Palaeozoic, has long been dependant on long range comparisons to achieve effective correlations of deposits in the absence of a proven regional palynostratigraphic database. Despite the fact that independent biostratigraphic calibration of the sections still remain absent, the results from this study, based on data from more than 40 wells, allows the establishment of a sequence of more than 30 palynozones which can be accurately equated with lithostratigraphic units. The consistency of these results across the Peninsula have allowed numerous changes to be made to the ages of many of the lithostratigraphic units and for the magnitude for the tectonically induced hiatuses between formations to be reassessed.
The volume which consists of 13 stratigraphically arranged chapters with 40 colour plates, emphasises the unique regional character of the assemblages but also demonstrates the close links with other north Gondwanan areas.
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The main theme of this book is the reconstruction of past arid environments, with the help of palynology. Palynology was for a long time rarely practised in arid lands due to both technical and conceptual difficulties, mainly centered around poverty in pollen grains and different approaches necessary for treating the spectra, as compared with forested regions. However, recent developments in extraction techniques, along with new concepts applied for analysis of data, show the great potential lying in reconstructing past arid environments, along with a variety of ensuing ramifications. The book provides an update of the state of the art in this branch of science.

Firstly, it deals with natural agents relevant to palynology in arid lands, from pollen release by parent plants through transportation, deposition and preservation in various types of rocks. Then it describes sampling strategies, various treatments for extracting
microfossils from host rocks, identifying, counting and presenting the results. Concepts and ways for interpretations of results are discussed. There are several case studies, to demonstrate prospects and possibilities in reconstructing late Cenozoic vegetation, climate, transport,
environments of deposition, structure, stratigraphy, regional paleogeography and human settlement of past arid environments. A discussion of pre-late Cenozoic arid lands palynology is also included, with examples from the late Paleozoic and earlyMesozoic deserts. Each topic is accompanied by photographs and line-drawings. There is an extensive bibliography and subject and author indexes.

The book is intended for students and scientists, mainly in palynology, Quaternary sciences, geology, climatology, environmental sciences, paleoclimatology, evolution, biology, geomorphology of arid lands, botany, anthropology and archeology. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Finding pollen in a desert
Since the early 1900s, more than 90% of all Quaternary-age pollen analyses have come from sediments with well-preserved fossil pollen such as peat bogs or related type deposits; furthermore, until the 1960s, many palynologists considered sediments from deserts and other arid-like environments a waste of processing and analysis time. Horowitz's book on arid lands is his attempt to change our minds about the potentials for recovering fossil pollen data from arid environments.He admits that although arid land sediments pose many special problems for sampling, processing, and recovering fossil pollen for analyses, they are, nevertheless, worthy of our attention and analysis. To date, Horowitz's book is the most thorough coverage written on the subject of fossil palynomorph sampling, processing, and recovery from arid environments. Thirty years earlier, Paul S. Martin of the University of Arizona wrote a now classic monograph called the Last 10,000 Years.During the 1960s his book served as a "wake-up call" to archaeologists, geologists, ecologists, and palynologists, and demonstrated that deposits collected from highly alkaline arroyo soils, from arid land archaeological sites, from playa lakes, and from desert surface transcets should be examined and utilized for interpretive purposes.It was the pioneering efforts of Martin and some of his graduate students that encouraged others to rethink their attitudes about fossil pollen recovery from arid lands, and go on to develop new techniques that would conquer the special palynological problems posed by arid land deposits.One of these other people was Aharon Horowitz.During the past 25-30 years as a palynologist he has tried to solve some of the sampling, processing, and interpretive problems created by arid land environments. Palynology of Arid Lands...is a book most of us should own as a handy reference.It is divided into 11 chapters with half of them covering a host of narrow topics such as sampling, extraction, identification, and interpretation.The rest address broader topics related to vegetational reconstructions, special problems created by archaeological sites, and the constraints and precautions that one should heed when examining arid land samples. One of the strong points of the book is that for many topics Horowitz discusses many different points of view, whether he agrees with them or not.Also included in the book is an extensive bibliography, a reference index of authors cited, and a subject index. As a palynologist who studied under Paul S. Martin, and who has also spent most of my career working with pollen records from arid lands, I found one major point in Horowitz's book with which I could not agree.In the United States, one major focus of current fossil pollen research in arid lands is trying to determine the interpretive importance of pollen influx, pollen concentration, and the ratio of identifiable vs. indeterminate pollen grains per unit volume (or weight) of sediment.Horowitz admits that this is not one of his major concerns.He says he is more concerned with knowing what "is still identifiable" in an arid land sample than he is in determining how many palynomorphs, or which taxa, may have been present originally.Also, he doesn't state whether or not he counts, or includes in his statistical data, the number of pollen grains in each sample that are no longer recognizable as anything more than just being a palynomorph of some indeterminate type.My major research thrust, and the research of a number of others working in the arid regions of the United States, have focused more on trying to understand the elements that cause pollen destruction in arid land sediments.Our efforts center on trying to determine what the total palynomorph assemblage of an arid land sediment may have been at the time of deposition, and how the palynomorph assemblage has changed in composition through time.We believe that knowing "only" what palynomorphs remain in a deposit is only part of the needed answer.We feel that, to interpret our fossil data correctly, we must first gain an understanding of how many palynomorphs and how many different taxa may have been deposited originally.In a recent article, Dr. Stephen Hall and I noted that in one large study of fossil pollen samples from arid land sediments in the U.S. we found that 70% of the deposited pollen "disappeared" between the time it was deposited and the time it became preserved and that 60% of the individual pollen types could no longer be found in the buried deposits. Thus, I question the validity of trying to interpret any fossil record based on only 30% of the original palynomorph assemblage and 40% of the originally deposited pollen taxa. Horowitz, on the other hand, believes that "any" pollen data from arid land samples is important for interpretative purposes.He does add that the level of interpretation and reliability of the data may vary depending on the amount of pollen recovered. Perhaps it is the many problems of trying to extract and identify fossil pollen records from arid land deposits that has created several distinct "schools" of thought as to how one should interpret "what is left" of the fossil pollen record.These same problems also create different views about how one should extract palynomorphs safely from arid land sediments.Horowitz, for example, believes in using only minimal extraction techniques and then counts "dirty" slides.As he says on page 172, "Counting such slides is in a way a matter of getting used to."I believe that one can sometimes make more counting errors trying to find and identify palynomorphs on a "dirty" slide than they might make if the slide were cleaner.However, I would agree with Horowitz that extreme care must be exercised during extraction or one might "process" away many of the fragile and badly deteriorated grains in an arid land deposit. Most of us who work with arid land sediments would agree that the extraction process is perhaps the single most important step in determining the eventual reliability of the fossil pollen data. In spite of my disagreements with some of the ideas expressed in Horowitz's book, I respect his views and can appreciate the effort and long hours that went into the data gathering and writing of this book. I would also agree with what one of my early mentors once told me, "It is far easier to criticize someone else's work than it is to produce your own work for someone else to criticize." ... Read more

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Palynology is important in basic as well as in manifold applied sciences, as e.g. biology, medicine, forensics, earth history, climatology and food production. This volume is the first fully illustrated handbook of palynological principles and glossary terms, exclusively using LM and EM micrographs of superior quality. A comprehensive General Chapter on pollen morphology, anatomy, pollen development etc. based on the present knowledge in palynology introduces the reader in the world of pollen. The glossary part comprises more than 300 widely used terms illustrated with over 1.000 high quality light and/or electron microscopic pictures to show the character range of a term. Terms are grouped by feature, e.g. ornamentation, where each term is illustrated on a separate page, definition and original citation included and where necessary, provided with a comprehensive explanatory comment. The term's use in LM, SEM or TEM and its assignment to anatomical, morphological and/or functional pollen features is indicated by icons and colour coding, respectively. This handbook is not only a valuable source for students and researchers but also for all persons interested in pollen and its aesthetic beauty.

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Ecologist Paul Colinvaux's past several years in the Amazon yield this important manual written both in English and Portuguese. Consisting, in large part, of illustrations of the principal pollen types that have been found and identified in the sediments of Amazonian lakes, Amazon Pollen Manual and Atlas will prove a powerful tool for ecologists and climate modelers. The manual also contains brief reviews of pioneering pollen work in the Amazon to date, as well as sections on pollen methods, pollen statistics, paleoecology, and lake coring methods. ... Read more

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Paleopalynology, second edition, provides profusely illustrated treatment of fossil palynomorphs, including spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans, scolecodonts, and various microscopic fungal and algal dispersal bodies. The book serves both as a student text and general reference work. Palynomorphs yield information about age, geological and biological environment, climate during deposition, and other significant factors about the enclosing rocks.

Extant spores and pollen are treated first, preparing the student for more difficult work with fossil sporomorphs and other kinds of palynomorphs. Recognizing that palynomorphs occur together in rocks because of chemical robustness and stratigraphic distribution, not biological relationship, the central sections are organized stratigraphically. Among many other topics presented are the sedimentation and geothermal alteration of palynomorphs, and palynofacies analysis. An appendix describes laboratory methods. The glossary, bibliographies and index are useful tools for study of the literature.

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Pollen can be preserved for thousands of years in palaeontological and archaeological materials thus providing a unique means of reconstructing the past. This is of particular interest to scientists given the current, intense interest in global climate change. Varying minutely in size and detail, each grain can be identified by light and electron microscopy. This volume, which will be valuable to both students and researchers alike, is a field and laboratory manual of pollen analysis which provides a wealth of information for the selection of sites, the collection and processing of samples, the identification of pollen (covering Northern Europe and North America), and the analysis and presentation of data. The book is divided into eight chapters which flow logically into each other and cover the following areas: Basis and applications; Sources of fossil pollen; The collection of samples; The treatment of samples; Pollen grains and spores; Pollen and spore key (including glossary); Assembling data; Interpreting pollen data. The bulk of the book consists of the most comprehensive pollen and spore key available.Used in conjunction with the excellent light and electron micrographs, this key is an important aid for any palynologist wishing to identify pollen grains. ... Read more

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Antarctic Paleobiology discusses the current status of paleobiology, principally paleobotany and palynology in Antarctica, and the interrelationship of Antarctic floras to those of other Gondwana continents. It provides a broad coverage of the major groups of plants on the one hand, while on the other seeking to evaluate the vegetational history and the physical and biological parameters that influence the distribution of floras through time and space. The biologic activity is discussed within a framework of the geologic history, including the tectonic and paleogeographic history of the region. Finally, the reader will find a comprehensive bibliography of Gondwana paleobotany and palynology. ... Read more

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This book presents research work on the sedimentation of components of palynofacies and details their importance for sequence stratigraphy and the interpretation of ancient biologic and geologic environments.After a comprehensive introduction, later chapters look at palynosedimentation in modern environments, the reconstruction of terrestrial vegetation, the application of the data to sequence stratigraphy and several chapters deal with various quantitative methods and their specific applications in the subject. ... Read more

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This textbook, written from a biological background, looks into new methods of pollen analysis and why and how these methods have been adopted. This edition has been revised and updated to include recent scientific research and illustrations. ... Read more

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This volume includes the comparative in palynology and pollen morphology of the African palms. ... Read more