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The twentieth century was one of the most violent periods in all of human history, with over 100 million people killed in acts of war and persecution ranging from the Herero and Namaqua Genocide in present-day Namibia during the early 1900s to the ongoing conflict in Darfur. This book provides a tightly focused view into the root causes of genocide, looking far beyond the surface into the underlying psychology of violence and oppression. The author argues that genocide does not simply occur at the hands of dictators or tyrannical despots, but rather at the hands of ordinary citizens whose unresolved pain and oppression forces them to follow a leader whose demagogy best expresses their own long-developed prejudices, emotions, and fears. Thus, the book explains how birth trauma, childhood trauma, and authoritarian education can be seen as the true root causes of genocidal periods in recent history. ... Read more

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In the past few decades, an impressive amount oftourism and development literature has emerged underterms such as pro-poor tourism, sustainable tourism,responsible tourism, ethical tourism or ecotourism.Numerous models for analysis and compilations of bestpractice deal with tourism¿¿¿s poverty reducing impactson a micro-level. But analyses of macro contextshave, at best, remained piecemeal. Based on his Ph.D.research, the author Dr. Michael Grosspietsch offersa first attempt to analyze tourism¿¿¿s poverty-reducingimpacts in a holistic way for an entire country. Hedevelops a comprehensive methodology that borrowsfrom general development economics and internationalrelations, and conducts a differential diagnosis forRwanda. Interlarded with theoretical introductions tocurrent-day best practice in poverty reduction andtourism as well as one of the most completepresentations of the Rwandan development context,this book is valuable reading material not only forscholars and researchers but also for practitionersin the field of responsible tourism. ... Read more

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Transformation from subsistence to market-ledagriculture is a necessary but elusive goal for manypoor countries. Agriculture's shifting prioritywithin international development agenda furtherlimits the possibility for long term tangibletransformation. Rwanda is implementing its StrategicPlan for Agricultural Transformation (PSTA) which ithopes will transform agriculture and lead to pro- poor growth. This book explores the theoreticalbackground of an agricultural transformation linkedto pro-poor growth and compares this with Rwanda'sstrategy to see what lessons Rwanda is picking andwhat lessons Rwanda can offer to others with similargoals. Findings from all sources were used tocompare the strategy's macro goals at central levelversus implementation realities at decentralizedlevel. The thin line between market support anddistortion and the effect of either on productiveparticipation of the poor necessary for pro-poorgrowth was also anaylzed. Considering Rwanda'sstrategy is relatively new and the country is besetby several challenges, findings indicate that Rwandastill provides valuable lessons. ... Read more

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This study analyses South Africa and Rwanda?s emergence from a past of gross human rights abuses, focusing on the articulation between the politics of memory and identity and history education. A common struggle of societies emerging from violent conflict is that of re-inventing or re-imagining the ?nation?. Education policy in post-conflict societies becomes an arena for asserting political visions for a new society - the history curriculum the means through which new collective memories and identities are reflected and asserted. The legacy of trauma is critical to the analysis educational change. This book examines the experience of transitional trauma arising from identity-based conflict as the focus of curriculum analysis. It raises questions about appropriate post-conflict curriculum and about the ways in which teacher identities formed during the conflict, filter curriculum knowledge. It contributes to the fields of education policy and curriculum studies in post-conflict societies and should be useful not only to researchers in this field, but also to education policy makers, historians and history educators and to NGOs in the field of education in Africa and elsewhere. ... Read more