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This digital document is a journal article from Regional Science and Urban Economics, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In modern urban areas jobs and residences are connected by commuting and by discretionary travel and consumers sort in land and labor markets according to idiosyncratic attachment, rents, wages and access to products. Our numerical simulations of a spatial general equilibrium model show that unpriced traffic congestion creates excess sprawl causing daily personal travel to be 8 min or 13% longer than optimal. We juxtapose congestion tolls, favored by economists, and urban boundaries, favored by planners, as two alternative policies for eliminating this excess. As explained in Anas and Rhee [Anas, A. and Rhee, H.-J. 2005, When are urban growth boundaries not second-best policies to congestion tolls?, in press in the Journal of Urban Economics], in our dispersed city, a boundary of any stringency is absolutely harmful and is not a second-best policy to congestion tolls. To curb the excess, the planner's boundary must be very stringent causing large distortions in land, labor and product markets while leaving the congestion unpriced. Such a boundary's deadweight loss is 15% of money income and 70 times higher than the benefits of first-best congestion tolls that curb the sprawl by pricing travel efficiently. This result is robust in sensitivity analyses. Boundaries are efficient when compactness is valued, but tolls are still needed to reduce congestion. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Urban Economics, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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We develop a model that adopts a log-linear utility function with a variable elasticity of substitution greater than one and show that increasing the property tax reduces city size unambiguously. We then test this result using a dataset of effective property tax rates we developed using GIS methods for 448 urbanized areas. The empirical analysis estimates a regression equation relating an urbanized area's size to the property tax rate measure and other control variables such as population, income, agricultural rent, and transportation expenditure. We find that higher property taxes indeed result in smaller cities. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Cities, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The paper examines the causes, features and consequences of the vigorous dynamics of urban sprawl seen in recent years in eastern Germany. Firstly, regarding the theory of urban development, it demonstrates that this case of sprawl displays certain peculiarities-and so cannot be sufficiently understood by drawing on 'western' experience. Secondly, concerning the management of urban development, it is particularly striking that urban sprawl in eastern Germany has largely proved to be the product of specific legislative and political conditions. Changes in these conditions ought thus to significantly affect urban development. To help contain urban sprawl in the context under scrutiny, however, these changes need to be geared to the situation of urban stagnation and decline. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Winnipeg Free Press, published by Thomson Gale on March 14, 2007. The length of the article is 887 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Urban sprawl slows down, statistics find; City's growth not as hot as others.(City)
Author: Gale Reference Team
Publication: Winnipeg Free Press (Magazine/Journal)
Date: March 14, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Page: a5

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This book proposes to study spatial planning in a context of high socialinequity. The analysis is focused on the possibilities that spatial planning hasto attenuate conditions of inequity in urban development derived fromurban growth process; in the framework of a neoliberal policy orientationand new consensus on strategic planning developed in the last decade.The new socio-spatial form derived from globalization has been veryuneven, evidencing a process of increasing global inequality as one mainoutcome. The spatial expression of the social conditions of restructuringprocess derived from globalization has been called the dual city. In thecase of Latin America the urbanization of poverty is quoted as main urbanproblem that demands political action.In Argentina, the restructuring of labour markets and the opening ofeconomy has been introduced simultaneously with structural adjustmentreforms, (partly as consequence of the pressures of higher external debt)decentralization, the privatization of services, and focalization (this meansthe progressive reduction of welfare oriented policy and the shift to socialpriority criteria on policy implementation). Undoubtedly the effects thesedecisions have on society and space is the initial point to analyze the rolespatial planning has on urban development. In a context of high socialinequity (as is the case of Argentina) the debates are between those thatdefend the position that only through free-market initiatives should it bepossible to achieve better living conditions and those who argue that theintervention of the State is required to balance the driving forces ofeconomic actors and community interests in urban space.The detailed analysis of the case-study of Cordoba Municipality contributesto provide arguments, and to present the driving forces behind spatialplanning in the local context. It presents the central issues of the currentspatial planning that impedes achieving greater equity conditions in urbangrowth. The conclusions demonstrate that the intervention of the State inthe redistribution of costs and benefits derived from urban growth isnecessary if the objective is to attenuate deep conditions of socio-spatialinequity. However, overcoming this problem would entail not only spatialplanning techniques, but also the social and political context in which suchplanning is implemented. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from World Watch, published by Worldwatch Institute on January 1, 2002. The length of the article is 6674 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Title: What will it take to halt SPRAWL?(urban sprawl)(Statistical Data Included)
Author: Molly O'Meara Sheehan
Publication: World Watch (Magazine/Journal)
Date: January 1, 2002
Publisher: Worldwatch Institute
Volume: 15Issue: 1Page: 12(12)

Article Type: Statistical Data Included

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This manual is a step-by-step guide that concerned volunteers can use to create an Open Space Action Plan. The Plan provides the information needed to negotiate with landowners, permitting authorities, and developers to preserve rapidly disappearing open space and limit sprawl. Unlike typical land use master plans, an Open Space Action Plan identifies specific and critical land parcels to be preserved for open space, so as to better manage the random incremental growth that often results from real estate development projects undertaken as market conditions, land availability, developer interests and regulatory opportunities dictate. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from The Architectural Review, published by Thomson Gale on September 1, 2007. The length of the article is 527 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Build ECO cities in the Thames Gateway: concentrate urban development--not suburban sprawl.
Author: Gale Reference Team
Publication: The Architectural Review (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 222Issue: 1327Page: 90(1)

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This unique book describes how average citizens can take the lead in preserving the character of their communities. It not only describes what to do but how to do it to achieve success. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Landscape and Urban Planning, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In this paper we analyse the relationship between urban land use development and population density in 15 European urban areas. Five indicator sets are used to shed light on built-up areas, residential land use, land taken by urban expansion, population density and urban density. The built-up areas have grown considerably in all studied cities. The most rapid growth dates back to 1950s and 1960s. The annual growth pace has slowed down in the 1990s to 0.75%. In half of the studied cities over 90% of all new housing areas built after the mid-1950s are discontinuous urban developments. When putting these findings into the context of stable or decreasing urban population, it is clear that the structure of European cities has become less compact. In most cases it is mere a question of taste whether to call it urban sprawl or urban dispersion. Although most studied urban areas have experienced dispersed growth, as a result of the analysis we divide the cities in three groups: compact southern cities, northern and eastern cities with looser structures and lower densities mainly located in northern and eastern parts of Europe, and central and western cities in the midway between the extremes. However it has to be borne in mind that groupings are always to some extent artificial, forcing strict boundaries on phenomena which are continuous by nature. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Landscape and Urban Planning, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The spread of development from cities into surrounding forests and farms continues to receive a great deal of attention from the media and resource managers in the US and other countries. However, suburban sprawl is just one of many inter-linked components of the movement of people across the landscape that influence resource management. Substantial changes are taking place in urban areas, fringe areas, and rural recreation/amenity areas. In this paper, we describe these changes, explore their commonalities and interconnectedness, and discuss the implications that they may have for natural resource management. What emerges is a blurring of the distinctions between what have traditionally been considered ''urban'' or ''rural'' problems with respect to natural resource issues, interest group concerns, and resource management strategies. Our findings suggest prospects for substantial changes in resource management and the public and private programs designed to support it. Among the emphasis areas for natural resource management that emerge with the changing distribution of people over the landscape are changes in management situations, management processes, and research needs. The changing management situations include increased emphasis on interface and intermix areas, restoring human-impacted natural areas, and addressing complex ecosystem problems. Changing management processes include adaptive forest management, working collaboratively with diverse landowners and other partners, interacting with citizens on a regular basis, and taking a landscape perspective on natural resources and their management. Questions for policy and program development and for research focus on a better understanding of linkages among management activities across the urban to rural landscape. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Pollution A to Z, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 160 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Provides the latest information on a variety of pollution issues, including sources, disposal, remediation, the ethical, social, and legal environment, careers, and much more. Articles range from topical essays on acid rain, cancer, noise pollution, and zero growth population to biographies on key figures. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Urban Economics, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Pines and Sadka proved that a not-too-stringent urban growth boundary is a second-best policy to congestion tolls when traffic congestion is unpriced, by assuming that all jobs are exogenously located at one urban center (monocentric city) [D. Pines, E. Sadka, Zoning, first-best, second-best and third-best criteria for allocating land to roads, Journal of Urban Economics 17 (1985) 167-183]. The result is also implied by Kanemoto [Y. Kanemoto, Cost-benefit analysis and the second-best land use for transportation, Journal of Urban Economics 4 (1977) 483-503] and Arnott [R. Arnott, Unpriced transport congestion, Journal of Economic Theory 21 (1979) 294-316]. Brueckner extrapolated this narrow theoretical result to real cities [J. Brueckner, Urban sprawl: Diagnosis and remedies, International Regional Science Review 23 (2000) 160-179]. We show that if there is no cross-commuting between city and suburb, first-best efficient tolls on traffic can reduce congestion and total travel cost by shifting worker-residents from the city to the suburbs, causing urban expansion. Then, planned urban boundaries of any stringency are not a second-best policy because they induce people to relocate to more congested areas. With cross-commuting, boundaries of any stringency can be inefficient even when tolls shrink cities, as boundaries do little but tolls do a lot to reduce inefficient suburb-to-city commuting. We also show that when the urban radius is limited by a natural boundary, then growth boundaries of any stringency are inefficient. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Landscape and Urban Planning, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In the Midwestern United States, urban areas most often expand by converting farmland into residential sites. This process puts households and working farms in close contact, often resulting in conflicts. Can agricultural buffers, which provide a variety of environmental and aesthetic benefits, help mediate this conflict? This study examined the approval of different buffer types by three stakeholder groups: farmers, residents, and academics. Participants rated three buffer conditions (no buffer, basic buffer, and extensive buffer) for each of six buffer types. Findings reveal support for buffers, with approval of basic buffers over three times that of the no buffer conditions and even greater approval for extensive buffers. Farmers, academics, and residents agreed on their approval for the basic buffers over no buffers, but differed with respect to the extensive buffers. Responses to buffers were nearly equivalent on privately and publicly owned land. The approval for buffers suggests they may provide more than their documented environmental benefits in the agricultural landscape. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Landscape and Urban Planning, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Rapid growth at the rural-urban fringe has resulted in increased commercial development along arterial roads connecting cities and the countryside. These developments, often termed ''commercial strips'' or ''linear commercial complexes'', are characterized by a mix of many different types of businesses that often lack any separation from the road, spatial definition, or natural features such as trees. The result is too often an open, barren, confusing setting with little aesthetic appeal. Could a change in the design of the commercial setting or the addition of natural features improve the visual quality of the roadway at the rural-urban fringe? This study examines the extent to which local citizens prefer various development patterns for a roadway corridor at the fringe of a medium-sized community. Participants responded to a photo-questionnaire that included images of alternative design treatments for the roadside and written items dealing with visual quality. The results revealed moderate preference for the existing condition that showed a typical Midwestern US agricultural setting. The addition of various types of commercial development to the settings caused preference ratings to plummet. However, the addition of trees to the commercial development scenes increased preference ratings substantially. In fact, this low cost alteration in the design not only caused preference ratings to rebound, but actually exceed the ratings for the existing condition. Ratings were higher still for scenes in which trees were added to the existing condition. The findings suggest that nature plays an important role in the aesthetics of developed settings at the rural-urban fringe, and that trees in particular can be used to improve visual quality. This study has implications for the design of roadways and commercial developments at the fringe. ... Read more