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Western Sahara Culture: more detail

Sahrawi People: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Nabil Sahraoui, Western Sahara, Spanish Sahara

Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa by Fred Wendorf, Romuald Schild, 2001-11-01

Caravans of the old Sahara;: An introduction to the history of the western Sudan, by E. W Bovill, 1933

SAHARA: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i> by F. Ghislaine Lydon, 2004

Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: Volume 2: The Pottery of Nabta Playa by Kit Nelson, 2002-03-31

lists with details

WSO| Western Sahara Online : News
sahara Occidental, western sahara, saharawi people, Sahrawi refugee, saharawi historyinformation resources, culture, saharawi people, western sahara news.
http://www.wsahara.net/2001/Oct01.html

Extractions: The Western Sahara conflict appears to be at the center of a new rift between Spain and Morocco, which this week recalled its ambassador and suspended a summit meeting. The Spanish foreign ministry confirmed Morocco's actions Wednesday, but a spokesman said the North African neighbor had "not given any explanation why."
WSO| Press Review
23. saharawis Create a New Arab culture in Exile, CIARAN GILES, ASSOCIATED UN admitsdefeat on western sahara, by GILES TREMLETT The Mail Guardian , 25 Jun
http://www.wsahara.net/press.html

Extractions: "The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, adopted by the General Assembly in 1960, strongly affirmed the right of self-determination. The Declaration, along with the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other human rights instruments, form the basis of the United Nations' role and responsibility in democratization and in upholding the principles of self-determination, in accordance with the relevant General Assembly resolutions on decolonization..."
Zegional Africa Western Sahara Society And Culture Polish Yellow Pages - Polska
Zegional Africa western sahara Society andCulture 194049 Polish Yellow Pages YP.pl.
http://www.yellowpages.pl/ca/194049/Regional/Africa/Western_Sahara/Society_and_C
IWon - Travel Guide - History & Culture
HISTORY and culture History culture. came to a grinding halt when the sahara beganspreading salt and later gold and slaves - throughout the western sahara.
http://www.iwon.com/travel/travelguide/history/0,20310,Africa-465,00.html

Extractions: History It's difficult to imagine now, but Mauritania once had large lakes, rivers and enough vegetation to support an abundance of elephants, rhinos and hippos. There is also evidence of human habitation in the form of arrow heads and rock drawings linked to the ancient Bafour people. This all came to a grinding halt when the Sahara began spreading about 10,000 years ago. Around the 3rd century the camel was introduced to the Berbers in Morocco. For Mauritania, this significant event meant the arrival of the nomads, who were able to cover longer distances with camels as they traded salt - and later gold and slaves - throughout the Western Sahara. In the 9th and 10th centuries the first empire in West Africa emerged. Known as the Empire of Ghana, it had its capital in south-west Mauritania. The Berbers who had settled in the region were reduced to vassals by their nomadic rulers. Islam began spreading throughout the region at this time also. One group, the Almoravids, gained control over the Berbers and established a capital in Marrakesh from where they ruled all of north-west Africa as well as southern Spain. In 1076 they pushed southwards and, with the assistance of Mauritanian Berbers, destroyed the Empire of Ghana. Islam then spread more quickly and freely than before. So vast was the new empire that it effectively split in two with one center in Morocco and the other ruled by the Berbers of Mauritania. This southern Empire was defeated by the Arabs in 1674; the mix of cultures gave rise to the Moors, and to their stratified caste system.
IWon - Travel Guide - History & Culture
speaking, the first French residentgeneral, Marshal Lyautey, respected the Arabculture. and minds by staging the Green March into the western sahara, an area
http://www.iwon.com/travel/travelguide/history/0,20310,Africa-474,00.html

Extractions: History Unlike other North African nations, Morocco has been largely occupied by the one people for as long as recorded history can recall. The Berbers, or Imazighen (men of the land), settled in the area thousands of years ago and at one time they controlled all of the land between Morocco and Egypt. Divided into clans and tribes, they have always jealously guarded their independence. It's this fierce independence that has helped preserve one of Africa's most fascinating cultures. The early Berbers were unmoved by the colonising Phoenicians, and even the Romans did little to upset the Berber way of life after the sack of Carthage in 146 BC. All the same, the Romans ushered in a long period of peace during which many cities were founded, and the Berbers of the coastal plains became city dwellers. Christianity turned up in the 3rd century AD, and again the Berbers asserted their traditional dislike of centralised authority by following Donatus (a Christian sect leader who claimed that the Donatists alone constituted the true church). Islam burst onto the world stage in the 7th century when the Arab armies swept out of Arabia. Quickly conquering Egypt, the Arabs controlled all of North Africa by the start of the 8th century. By the next century much of North Africa had fragmented, with the move towards a united Morocco steadily growing. A fundamentalist Berber movement emerged from the chaos caused by the Arab invasion, overrunning Morocco and Muslim Andalusia (in Spain). The Almoravids founded Marrakesh as their capital, but they were soon replaced by the Almohads.
Travel Destinations - El Aaiun
western sahara as a part of its country, but this is a longstanding dispute. Peopleliving in the desert area are predominantly Arab or Berber in culture, and
http://travel.lycos.com/destinations/location.asp?pid=324639
AllAfrica.com -- Western Sahara: Sahara Weekly News Update
and with its support for the United Nations peace plan for western sahara. TheAlgerian minister of communication and culture, speaking for the government
http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200212230461.html

Extractions: Afrique du Sud Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroun Cap-Vert Centrafrique Comores Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Gambie Ghana Guinée Guinée Bissau Guinée Equatoriale Ile Maurice Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libye Madagascar Malawi Mali Maroc Mauritanie Mozambique Namibie Niger Nigeria Ouganda Rwanda Sahara Occidental São Tomé et Principé Sénégal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalie Sudan Swaziland Tanzanie Tchad Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Publié sur le web le 23 Décembre 2002 13.12.02 - Limoges Following the publication of the work of Fadel Ismaïl "Lettre à mon frère Marocain" (Letter to my Moroccan brother), the Limoges branch of the organisation called Convergence of Moroccan Democrats Abroad organised a meeting of young Moroccan democrats and Saharawis with three guest speakers: Annick Miské, historian and keen pro-Saharawi activist, Abdeslam Omar Lahcen, president of AFAPREDESA, and Mohamed Habiballah, official representative of the Polisario Front in France. Habiballah said that he was there to offer his hand to Moroccan men and women to continue the dialogue in a calm atmosphere in order to find a good way out of the situation which is tearing apart not only Saharawis and Moroccans, but above all the people of the Maghreb as a whole. The three talks were followed by a fruitful debate in a calm and serene setting. (corr. and AFAPREDESA press release french)
The United Kingdom Parliament
Mr. Fatchett. Mr. Corbyn western sahara 26 Nov 1997. Mr. Fatchett. Column548. culture, MEDIA AND SPORT 26 Nov 1997. Museum Funding 26 Nov 1997.
http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo971126/
MetaCrawler Results | Search Query = Western%20sahara
Feng Shui in our western culture. We offer http//www.wsfs.com (Excite PrecisionSearch) More like this. Geography and Map of western sahara Geography and
http://search.metacrawler.com/crawler?general=Western Sahara
Vindex, De Vindplaats Van Het Nederlandse Web
Terug naar het overzicht. Huidige rubriek, Regional Africa western sahara Societyand culture. Verwante Rubrieken, RegionalAfricawestern saharaGovernment.
http://www.vindex.nl/dir/Regional/Africa/Western_Sahara/Society_and_Culture

Extractions: Gevonden in rubriek: Regional Africa Western Sahara Society and Culture Omschrijving: Daily news, analysis, press releases on Western Sahara. Our sources include the international press, The UN, national governments, international organizations, humanitarian organizations and Western Sahara solidarity organizations on local, regional, national and international levels. Sahara Update is run by the Norwegian Support Committee for Western Sahara
Resources, FAQs And Links -- Friends Of The Western Sahara
referendum in the western sahara western sahara Online -western sahara Updates(a refugee camps and produced a documentary about Sahrawi culture and people
http://www.friendsofthewesternsahara.org/resources.html

Extractions: Danielle Van Brunt Smith [ bio ] is a British anthropologist who has spent time in the Sahrawi refugee camps near Tindouf, Algeria, and has produced a documentary about Sahrawi culture and people; she has also directed another documentary that explores the role of the arts, poetry, painting and song in the Sahrawi struggle for self-determination which won the award for best documentary in London in 1999; to order the videos, contact her at dubs@dircon.co.uk
Western Sahara
that Morocco had presented to the UN a new proposal on western sahara. of the phosphatesand fisheries incomes, and would administer culture, social affairs
http://www.westerndefense.org/articles/WesternSahara/june01.htm

Extractions: Summary of report The 29 members of the National Secretariat of the Polisario Front (SN) met in ordinary session chaired by its General Secretary, Mohamed Abdelaziz. He reaffirmed that the conflict in Western Sahara cannot be resolved without respecting the right of the Saharawi people to self-determination. He deplored the lack of firmness of the UN and the Security Council towards Morocco and called on MINURSO to implement the settlement plan as soon as possible. Abdelaziz formally expressed "the total rejection... of any attempt aiming to bypass the rights of the Saharawi people to self-determination and independence." He noted that the European Union, and France in particular, are participating in the subjugation of the Saharawi people by aiding Morocco financially and plundering Saharawi resources, and asked them to bring a just peace to Western Sahara by fully implementing the UN settlement plan. Western Sahara Weekly News , Western Sahara, 13 May 2001 Summary of report In an interview given to Al-Sharq al-Awsat, the Algerian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Abdelaziz Belkhadem said that Algeria "supports the UN settlement plan which was agreed by the international community including Morocco." This plan is still valid and the Security Council resolutions support it. "Like other countries, we continue to adhere to this plan out of respect for international legitimacy. If there is an initiative now, we will express our opinion of it when we know its substance..."
Crossroads Of Culture
CROSSROADS OF culture. or more than 1,000 years, caravans laden with gold, silver,salt, and ivory, plied the trackless sands of the western sahara.
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/mali/

Extractions: updated from November 14, 2000 C ROSSROADS OF C ULTURE T EXT , P HOTOGRAPHS, AND M APS BY A NGELA M.H. S CHUSTER or more than 1,000 years, caravans laden with gold, silver, salt, and ivory, plied the trackless sands of the western Sahara. Landlocked, Mali lies at a cultural crossroads where the peoples of the desert, the Fulani and Tuareg meet those of Subsaharan Africa, the Bamana, Dogon Senoufou , and Songhai . Join us as we explore the rich history of this ancient land, home to some of Africa's greatest empires, among them those of Ghana, which flourished between the ninth and eleventh centuries A.D. ; Mali, which reached its apogee in the late fourteenth century; and Songhai, which dominated the region between the mid-fifteenth and late sixteenth centuries. Independent since 1960, Mali was formerly part of colonial French Sudan, which also comprised what are now the countries of Senegal and Burkina Faso, the latter formerly known as Upper Volta.
Elections In Morocco
org/ History of the Reintegration of the Saharian Provinces Section of the Moroccanministry of culture and Communication' site devoted to western sahara.
http://www.diplomaticnet.com/uk/act/act68.html
JamboWeb - Culture By Country
Zambia Zimbabwe. culture » western sahara (2), Increase your site'straffic. Promote your Site! in the JamboWeb Directory. Ancient
http://www.jamboweb.com/BusinesscountryList/BusiCountryList1.cfm?Countries=Weste
I The Sheltering Sky /I Remains Topical Lesson In Culture Clash
It shows the culture clash that occurs when an American couple penetrate the Arabworld of the western sahara. It is easy to see the lure that the story had .
http://the-tech.mit.edu/V110/N27/sky.27a.html

Extractions: remains topical lesson in culture clash THE SHELTERING SKY Written by Paul Bowles. Vintage International. 335 pages, $9.95 (paperback). to be filled in pd By MARK WEBSTER PAUL BOWLES PUBLISHED his first novel, The Sheltering Sky , in 1949. It was on the New York Times bestseller list for 10 weeks and since that time has become a cult classic. It served as inspiration for the Beat generation of poets and writers, and many made the pilgrimage to Tangier in Morocco to see Bowles in his permanent, voluntary exile from the United States. Bowles had made a name as a musician before his first novel, composing two operas based on plays by Frederico Garcia Lorca and musical scores for numerous short stories, as well as translating the books and stories of native Moroccan writers. In his long and varied career, he has been associated with Aaron Copland, Gertrude Stein, Allen Ginsberg, and William Burroughs. He was married to novelist Jane Bowles, who died in 1973. Vintage International has released a paperback edition of The Sheltering Sky in anticipation of the opening of the movie of the same name directed by Bernardo Bertolucci and starring John Malkovich and Debra Winger. With such stellar director and cast, one hopes that the movie will do justice to this novel of the conflict between cultures and one couple's descent into madness and death.
Western Sahara: UN Plan And Critique
shall be as follows The population of western sahara, through their taxation, lawenforcement, internal security, social welfare, culture, education, commerce
http://www.africaaction.org/docs01/wsah0106.htm

Extractions: Document reposted by APIC Africa Policy Electronic Distribution List: an information service provided by AFRICA ACTION (incorporating the Africa Policy Information Center, The Africa Fund, and the American Committee on Africa). Find more information for action for Africa at http://www.africapolicy.org +++++++++++++++++++++Document Profile+++++++++++++++++++++ Region: North Africa Issue Areas: +political/rights+ +security/peace+ SUMMARY CONTENTS: This posting contains several documents concerning the last unresolved colonial conflict in Africa, namely the occupation of Western Sahara by Morocco. In the latest report on UN action to implement the settlement plan including a referendum the implementation of which has been blocked for four years, James Baker III, the Secretary-General's Personal Envoy for Western Sahara, recommends abandoning the agreed plan for a referendum in favor of new talks aimed at limited autonomy, a proposal reportedly based on Moroccan recommendations. The shift has been vehemently opposed by the Polisario Front and Algeria. Documents included here include (1) brief excerpts the Secretary-General's report to the Security Council, including the main points of the new framework presented in an annex, (2) a summary article from the UN Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN -
Western Sahara - A Short History Of
and other centres and there was a great flowering of culture during their North Africaand eventually established themselves in the region of western sahara.
http://www.rimbaud.freeserve.co.uk/ws_history.htm

Extractions: The history of the people of Sanhaja Berber and Arab blood who inhabit Western Sahara goes back hundreds of years. In the XIth century, a confederation of tribes, the "veiled Sanhaja", formed the Almoravid State. The Almoravids were pious Sanhaja marabouts , who left the Sahara to go north where they conquered Morocco. Then there was a split; one faction returned south to the desert while the other crossed the Mediterranean, invaded Andalusia, settling in large parts of Spain, as well a in the present Maghreb. They founded Marrakesh and other centres and there was a great flowering of culture during their reign. However they lost contact with the country of their origin and their former way of life. The direct ancestors of the present-day Saharawis were tribes which came from the Yemen in the XVth century. They crossed North Africa and eventually established themselves in the region of Western Sahara. In the following centuries there were clashes bet ween these tribes and any newcomers, for they have always been fiercely independent. The situation was stabilized in the XVIIIth century when Saguia el-Hamra became known as the "Land of Saints", a centre of learning and holiness, which attracted people in search of instruction from far and wide. Because of the low, irregular rainfall, the region was inhabited exclusively by nomadic tribes. They lived by pasturing animals and growing crops where possible. Their religion was that of Islam, their law was based on custom and the Koran. Ethnically and culturally distinct from the populations around them, they moved across the desert on more or less regular routes, dictated by seasons, wells, waterholes. They knew no frontiers.
Trade And Development Links - Western Sahara
Numerous Links to different Information Providers in and about WesternSahara; General Information, Business, Economy, culture etc.
http://www.itd.org/links/tranddev/region/noafrsah/wsahara.htm

Extractions: Meta Pages University of Pennsylvania - Country Pages Links to related Information Sources Norwegian Council for Africa - Country Pages Numerous Links to different Information Providers in and about Western Sahara; General Information, Business, Economy, Culture etc. International Business Market Research Reports Links to the CIA World Factbook, International Business Practices, Country Commercial Guides, Information on Agriculture, Consumer Products, Information Technology and Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Medical/Biotechnology/Chemical, Mining, Service Industry, Tourism, and Transportation - availability of information varies for different countries Yahoo! - Country Pages Links to Information Resources in Business, Government, Organizations, News and Media etc. Information Pages Mbendi Information Services Basic Country Information and Industry Data Central Intelligence Agency - Fact Book Basic Information about the Country
Society And Culture Website Results :: Linkspider UK
Keyword Society and culture. Linkspider UK Directory Society and cultureSearch for. See Also Regional Africa western sahara Government.
http://www.linkspider.co.uk/Regional/Africa/WesternSahara/SocietyandCulture/

Extractions: See Also: Regional: Africa: Western Sahara: Government Human Rights - Reports on human rights abuses. Morocco and Western Sahara - Foreign Policy in Focus article focusing on Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara. Morocco and The Moroccan Sahara - Pro-Morocco history of the area. Western Sahara Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 - US State Dept. report on human rights and social conditions in Western Sahara. The Moroccan Sahara - A royalist pro-Moroccan site provide a history of the Western Sahara. Sahara Update - Daily news, analysis, press releases on Western Sahara. Our sources include the international press, The UN, national governments, international organizations, humanitarian organizations and Western Sahara solidarity organizations on local, regional, national and international levels. Sahara Update is run by the Norwegian Support Committee for Western Sahara Western Sahara - Material relating to the struggle for self-determination in Western Sahara (richardknight.com).

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