1. EPA's Clean Air Market Programs - Acid Rain Information about acid rain, its causes and effects, how we measure acid rain, and what is being Category Science Environment Air Quality Acid Deposition......acid rain. acid rain is a serious environmental problem that affects largeparts of the US and Canada. What is acid rain and What Causes It? http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/

Clean Air Markets - Environmental Issues Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Clean Air Markets Environmental Issues Acid Rain ... Students and Teachers Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious environmental problem that affects large parts of the US and Canada. This section of the Web site provides information about acid rain's causes and effects, how we measure acid rain, and what is being done to solve the problem. What is acid rain and what causes it? How do we measure acid rain? What are acid rain's effects? How do we reduce acid rain? ... Lesson plans for K-12 from the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission Note: If you're looking for the Student Sourcebook, you've found it! We've combined it with other materials, updated and expanded the information, and reformatted it to cover a broader range of topics.. This page links to all of the information in the original Sourcebook; in many cases, it uses the same text as the Sourcebook. What is Acid Rain and What Causes It?

2. The Green Lane: Acid Rain Research trends in acidic deposition, acidic precipitation, and marinefog chemistry. Also includes FAQs and links to related resources. http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain

acid rain and... what's being done what's new kids' corner ... Canada Site The Green Lane TM , Environment Canada's World Wide Web site

3. The Green Lane: Acid Rain And The Facts What causes acid rain? acid rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acidin the atmosphere and damages the environment. Where is acid rain a problem? http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain/acidfact.html

What causes acid rain? Acid rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. Two common air pollutants acidify rain: sulphur dioxide (SO ) and nitrogen oxide (NO X ). When these substances are released into the atmosphere, they can be carried over long distances by prevailing winds before returning to earth as acidic rain, snow, fog or dust. When the environment cannot neutralize the acid being deposited, damage occurs. What does acid mean? An acid is a substance with a sour taste that is characterized chemically by the ability to react with a base to form a salt. Acids turn blue litmus paper (also called pH paper) red. Strong acids can burn your skin. What is pH? A pH scale is used to measure the amount of acid in a liquid-like water. Because acids release hydrogen ions, the acid content of a solution is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions and is expressed as "pH." This scale is used to measure the acidity of rain samples. 0 = maximum acidity 7 = neutral point in the middle of the scale 14 = maximum alkalinity (the opposite of acidity) The smaller the number on the pH scale, the more

4. What Is Acid Rain? [USGS] What is acid rain? The term "acid rain" is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles. The more accurate term is "acid precipitation." http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html

What is acid rain? The term "acid rain" is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles. The more accurate term is "acid precipitation." Distilled water, which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acid, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline (or basic). "Clean" or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4. The extra acidity in rain comes from the reaction of air pollutants, primarily sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, with water in the air to form strong acids (like sulfuric and nitric acid). The main sources of these pollutants are vehicles and industrial and power-generating plants. In Washington, the main local sources are cars, trucks, and buses. Wet and dry bucket collector, used to collect samples for measuring rainfall acidity. Acidity in rain is measured by collecting samples of rain and measuring its pH. To find the distribution of rain acidity, weather conditions are monitored and rain samples are collected at sites all over the country. The areas of greatest acidity (lowest pH values) are located in the Northeastern United States. This pattern of high acidity is caused by the large number of cities, the dense population, and the concentration of power and industrial plants in the Northeast. In addition, the prevailing wind direction brings storms and pollution to the Northeast from the Midwest, and dust from the soil and rocks in the Northeastern United States is less likely to neutralize acidity in the rain.

5. Http://www.angelfire.com/ks/boredwalk A Webquest For Students To Study Acid Rain A Research Study of acid rain for students and teachers with links to sites about pollution, the environment and acid rain with History, Chemistry, Politics, Health Environment, Economics acid rain. Welcome to this research study on acid rain. You may choose to be a specialist in one of the areas listed http://www.angelfire.com/ks/boredwalk

ACID RAIN Welcome to this research study on acid rain. You may choose to be a specialist in one of the areas listed below. You may research information in your field, compile data, analyze the data, and then meet with others in your group for their input. You will then write a report on this topic. You may write about information you discovered, and creative ideas about any aspect of this topic. TEACHER'S PAGE Click on the subject of your choice: CHEMISTRY ECONOMICS HISTORY ENVIRONMENT ... POLITICS/GOVERNMENT CHEMISTRY You have chosen to be a chemist. Your job will be be to find out the chemical make-up and properties of acid rain. Some questions you may want to answer are: What is an acid? What chemicals make rain into "acid rain", and how? Where do the chemicals come from? What do the chemicals do to the environment? click here for resources click here for Acid Rain ABCs click here for some great general information click here for information about pH ... Back to the top ECONOMICS You have chosen to be an economist. Your job will be to find out effects of acid rain on the world economy. Some questions you may want to answer are: What is the world trend in the problem of acid rain?

6. Acid Rain Data And ReportsOn-line Data And Reports On Acid Rain, Atmospheric Dep The Swedish. NGO Secretariat. on acid rain. News. Acid News http://bqs.usgs.gov/acidrain

On-line data and reports on acid rain, atmospheric deposition and precipitation chemistry. The USGS is the lead federal agency for the monitoring of wet atmospheric deposition (chemical constituents deposited from the atmosphere via rain, sleet and snow) in the United States. The USGS atmospheric deposition program provides: 1) participation and leadership in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program , National Trends Network ( NADP/NTN 2) scientific research and assessment to evaluate the effects of atmospheric deposition on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Retrieve data from the NADP/NTN View and download U.S. maps of atmospheric deposition The NADP/NTN The National Atmospheric Deposition Program monitors wet atmospheric deposition at 250 National Trends Network sites throughout the United States. The USGS supports 74 of the roughly 250 active NADP/NTN sites. A fundamental NADP program objective is to provide scientific investigators world-wide with a long-term, high-quality database of atmospheric deposition for research support in the areas of air quality, water quality, agricultural effects, forest productivity, materials effects, ecosystem studies, watershed studies and human health. If you cannot fully access the information linked from this page, please contact

7. EPA's Clean Air Markets - Acid Rain Program About EPA efforts reduce electric utilities' emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the Category Science Environment Air Quality Acid Deposition...... acid rain Program. Laws Regulations. Guidance and Fact Sheets AffectedSources and Locations; acid rain Permits; acid rain Program Policy Manual; http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/arp/

Clean Air Markets - Programs and Regulations Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Clean Air Markets Programs and Regulations Acid Rain Program ... US - Canada Acid Rain Program The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the primary causes of acid rain . To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society, the program employs both traditional and innovative, market-based approaches for controlling air pollution. In addition, the program encourages energy efficiency and pollution prevention. Goals Program Overview Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Reduction Program Guidance and Fact Sheets Affected Sources and Locations Acid Rain Permits Acid Rain Program Policy Manual Emissions Monitoring ... Applicability Determinations legal decisions on how the regulations apply Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Allowances Clearing The Air: The Truth About Capping and Trading Emissions Allowances Fact Sheet SO2 Allowance Data Allowance Allocations ... Program Forms Related Information Information about acid rain Emissions Data Compliance Reports Includes lists of affected sources in each year and the number of allowances banked from each year to the next Response of Surface Water Chemistry to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 CAM Update Forms Workshops ... Contact Us

8. What Is Acid Rain And What Causes It? A discussion of the causes and effects of acid rain, and possible policy solutions.Category Science Environment Air Quality Acid Deposition...... What is acid rain and What Causes It? acid rain is a broad term usedto describe several ways that acids fall out of the atmosphere. http://www.policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/acid_rain.shtml

Almanac of Policy Issues Home Search Archive Adapted from "Acid Rain", Environmental Protection Agency August 6th, 2002 What is Acid Rain and What Causes It? "Acid rain" is a broad term used to describe several ways that acids fall out of the atmosphere. A more precise term is acid deposition, which has two parts: wet and dry. Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. As this acidic water flows over and through the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals. The strength of the effects depend on many factors, including how acidic the water is, the chemistry and buffering capacity of the soils involved, and the types of fish, trees, and other living things that rely on the water. Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees. Dry deposited gases and particles can also be washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When that happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more acidic than the falling rain alone. Prevailing winds blow the compounds that cause both wet and dry acid deposition across state and national borders, and sometimes over hundreds of miles. Scientists discovered, and have confirmed, that sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the primary causes of acid rain. In the US, About 2/3 of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NOx comes from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels like coal.

9. Acid Rain acid rain. Everyone's heard of acid rain, but what do we actually know about it? http://www.soton.ac.uk/~engenvir/environment/air/acid.home.html

Acid Rain Everyone's heard of acid rain, but what do we actually know about it? What is this acid rain stuff anyway? Where does it come from? What's all the fuss about? How big a problem is it? ... Return to Air Pollution page This page was produced by Mark Bennett for the Database for Use in Schools project. All views expressed in this page and all others for this project are the views of the author and not necessarily that of Southampton University. Last update 17/1/96 View This Page in Black on Grey

10. National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) The US National Atmospheric Deposition Program operates an acid rain observing network that is used Category Science Environment Air Quality Acid Deposition......Spring 2003 NADP Interim Subcommittee Meeting March 25-26, 2003 NewOrleans, Louisiana. NADP Networks. NADP/NTN National Trends Network. http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/

History and Overview Data Access Collaborating Agencies Isopleth Maps ... and Ammonia Workshop October 20-24, 2003 Washington, DC NADP Networks NADP/NTN: National Trends Network NADP/AIRMoN: Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network NADP/MDN: Mercury Deposition Network The NADP Program Office is located at the Illinois State Water Survey in Champaign, IL and is one of five scientific units at the Water Survey. The Water Survey is an affiliated agency of the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and a Division of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources Your Comments and Suggestions are always welcome!

11. Acid Rain acid rain. acid rain is the reason why some forests are being destoryed.Effects ontrees in Europe(****Caution large picture may take some time to loadup****) http://www.soton.ac.uk/~engenvir/environment/acid_rain/acid_rain.html

Please take part in our research by filling in the after questionnaire before you leave, thanks. Acid Rain Precipitation which has a pH value of less than 5.6, and is therefore acidic in nature. It is responsible for raising the acidity of soil and water in many parts of Europe. Acid rain is the reason why some forests are being destoryed. Effects on trees in Europe (****Caution large picture may take some time to loadup****). The main causes of acid rain are sulphur dioxide nitrogen oxides hydrogen chloride halons chlorinated solvents Tell me more about this acid rain This page was produced by Brett Cherrington for the Database for Use in Schools project. All views expressed in this page and all others for this project are the views of the author and not necessarily that of Southampton University. Last update 28.11.95 View This Page in Black on Grey

12. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Short primer, from University of Toronto. http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~weather/maryp/Effects/fish.html

EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is earth's eye: looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. Henry David Thoreau The most dramatic reports of acid rain damages in the early 70s, were those of Ontario lakes having irreversible fish losses. Dead fish were washing up along the beaches, and the term "wet desert" was being used to describe the clear, blue, fishless lakes. Ontario now has over 100 fishless acidified lakes. Species such as lake trout (see top) , wall-eye, burbot and smallmouth bass have disappeared from most of these lakes. Starting in 1981, 202 lakes were monitored in Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces, and in 1994, 33% showed some improvement in acidity while 11% were worse. The remaining 56% had stable acidity levels. Ontario lakes are especially sensitive to acid rain because of the hard bedrock of the Canadian Shield (an ancient sheet of Precambrian granite) and the poor soil cover which has poor buffering ability. It was first believed that the fish deaths were caused by the acids themselves, however, research has since shown that the high levels of aluminum (a toxic heavy metal) that were leached from the soil, was the real cause of the deaths. Aluminum can be acutely toxic to fish at pH levels that are not normally considered toxic to humans. A concentration as low as 6.2mg/L is known to kill fish.

13. Acid Rain Data And Reports link to www.usgs.gov. Online data and reports on acid rain, atmospheric depositionand precipitation chemistry. acid rain - Are the problems solved? http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ACID_RAIN

On-line data and reports on acid rain, atmospheric deposition and precipitation chemistry. The USGS is the lead federal agency for the monitoring of wet atmospheric deposition (chemical constituents deposited from the atmosphere via rain, sleet and snow) in the United States. The USGS atmospheric deposition program provides: 1) participation and leadership in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program , National Trends Network ( NADP/NTN 2) scientific research and assessment to evaluate the effects of atmospheric deposition on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Retrieve data from the NADP/NTN View and download U.S. maps of atmospheric deposition The NADP/NTN The National Atmospheric Deposition Program monitors wet atmospheric deposition at 250 National Trends Network sites throughout the United States. The USGS supports 74 of the roughly 250 active NADP/NTN sites. A fundamental NADP program objective is to provide scientific investigators world-wide with a long-term, high-quality database of atmospheric deposition for research support in the areas of air quality, water quality, agricultural effects, forest productivity, materials effects, ecosystem studies, watershed studies and human health. If you cannot fully access the information linked from this page, please contact

14. Broken Link The acid rain Web site, including information about acid rain, the acid rain Program, and NOx trading programs, has http://www.epa.gov/acidrain

We've moved! The Acid Rain Web site, including information about acid rain, the Acid Rain Program, and NOx trading programs, has moved to: http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/ The addresses for some of the more popular areas of the site are listed below: Name New Address General information about acid rain, including causes, effects, and efforts to correct it http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/ Acid Rain Student Sourcebook No longer exists in this form; see the acid rain section home page ( http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/ Acid Rain Program http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/arp/ Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) trading programs http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/noxview.html SO2 and NOx Allowance Database http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/tracking/index.html Guidance on monitoring emissions (all programs) http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/monitoring/ Guidance on reporting quarterly emissions data (all programs) http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/reporting/ Forms for all programs http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/forms/ Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions data http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/emissions/

15. Acid Rain The fight against acid rain is not over yet. Source 1997 Canadian acid rain Assessment(Vol. 1, p.16). An Environment Canada Acid Precipitation Collector. http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/aeb/ssd/acid/acidfaq.html

16. Atmospheric Science Division - Acid Rain FAQ Despite progress in recent years, acid rain remains a significantenvironmental and economic concern for many regions of Canada. http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/msc/as/acidfaq.html

National Home Atlantic Home Quebec Home Ontario Home ... BC and Yukon Home Select a Topic Children's Environmental Health Climate Centre Community Programs Contact List of Experts Emergencies Enforcement and Compliance Environmental Assessment Environmental Links Funding Programs Hunting Hurricane Centre Legislation We Administer Marketplace: Our Products Media Spokespersons Meet Our Minister Meteorology News Releases Oiled Seabirds Pollution Information Publications Smog Forecast Wildlife The following information comes from Environment Canada's A Primer on Environmental Citizenship Despite progress in recent years, acid rain remains a significant environmental and economic concern for many regions of Canada. This section explains what acid rain is, where it comes from, and what its effects are. What causes acid deposition? Acid deposition - commonly called acid rain - is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Although natural sources of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides do exist, more than 90% of the sulphur and 95% of the nitrogen emissions occurring in eastern North America are of human origin. These primary air pollutants arise from the use of coal in the production of electricity, from base-metal smelting, and from fuel combustion in vehicles. Once released into the atmosphere, they can be converted chemically into such secondary pollutants as nitric acid and sulfuric acid, both of which dissolve easily in water. The resulting acidic water droplets can be carried long distances by prevailing winds, returning to Earth as acid rain, snow, or fog.

17. Qlink.queensu.ca/~4lrm4/table.htm Similar pages qlink.queensu.ca/~4lrm4/ Similar pages More results from qlink.queensu.ca Overviewacid rain A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT SPRING 2001, http://qlink.queensu.ca/~4lrm4/table.htm

18. Acid Rain This website explores the causes and solutions to the acid rain problem. http://www.geocities.com/narilily/acidrain.html

Acid RainA Contemporary World Problem Acid rain is one of the most dangerous and widespread forms of pollution. Sometimes called "the unseen plague," acid rain can go undetected in an area for years. Technically, acid rain is rain that has a larger amount of acid in it than what is normal. The acidity of rain in parts of Europe and North America has dramatically increased over the past few decades. It is now common in many places for rain to be ten to seventy times more acid than unpolluted rain. Many living and non-living systems become harmed and damaged as a result of acid rain. This website gives an informational, in-depth look at acid rainit's causes and effects; and solutions to the acid rain problem. Causes of Acid Rain Acid rain is caused by smoke and gases that are given off by factories and cars that run on fossil fuels. When these fuels are burned to produce energy, the sulfur that is present in the fuel combines with oxygen and becomes sulfur dioxide; some of the nitrogen in the air becomes nitrogen oxide. These pollutants go into the atmosphere, and become acid. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are produced especially when coal is burnt for fuel. Burning coal produces electricity, and the more electricity that people use, the more coal is burnt. Of course, nowadays people probably couldn't live without electricity, so coal will continue to be burnt; but electricity and energy are constantly being

19. The Swedish NGO Secretariat On Acid Rain The Swedish NGO Secretariat on acid rain. Responsible for information on this pageChrister Ågren. TC. Welcome to the Swedish NGO Secretariat on acid rain. http://www.acidrain.org/

The Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain News Acid News Acidification Climate change ... About pdf files Member of the Swedish EnviroNet: s="na";c="na";j="na";f=""+escape(document.referrer) Welcome to the Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain The Secretariat is a joint venture between five Swedish environmental organisations with the chief purpose of promoting awareness of the problems associated with air pollution, and thus, in part as a result of public pressure, to bring about the required reduction of the emissions of air pollutants. More about the Secretariat Postal address Box 7005, 402 31 Göteborg, Sweden Tel. +46-31-711 45 15. Fax +46-31-711 46 20. E-mail: info@acidrain.org STAFF Christer Ågren: cagren@acidrain.org Reinhold Pape: rpape@acidrain.org Per Elvingson: pelvingson@acidrain.org We welcome your views, please contact us at info@acidrain.org

20. Acid Rain And Our Nation's Capital [USGS] Marble surfaces exposed to rain develop a rough sugary texture because thecalcite grains are loosened as the edges dissolve in the rain water. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/

by Elaine McGee Marble surfaces exposed to rain develop a rough "sugary" texture because the calcite grains are loosened as the edges dissolve in the rain water. Column capital volute, Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C. VIEW a list of other USGS General Interest Publications Information on the Environment Outreach, Education, and Inquiries This page is URL:http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/ Maintained by Eastern Publications Group Web Team Last modified 07.21.97 (krw)

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