61. Africa Confronts Her Enemies Speech bemba has not taken up his post settlers before 1913 could be given back to the indigenousAfrica owners that the issue be put to all the African peoples so that http://www.triniview.com/cgi-bin/rasta/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/25440

RastafariSpeaks.com U.S. Crusade Rastafari Times Race and History ... Rastafari Speaks Board Use the Free For All Board for all Non-Rastafari related posts and discussions View Thread Return to Index Read Prev Msg Read Next Msg Africa confronts her enemies speech Posted By: Ras T Henry Date: 9, August 02, at 6:49 a.m. AFRICA IS ON THE ROAD TO VICTORY OVER HER ENEMIES A DIASPORAN AFRICAN VIEW OF THE AFRICAN UNION, NEPAD AND PAN AFRICANISM A Lecture by Lester Lewis given at 49 Gabajahumpa Road, Bakau New Town, Serrakunda, Gambia on Wednesday, 31st July 2002. Introduction Da ma bu ga Jamu, Yalla bur bu ma ga bi che kuw suff sunyu borrom bi si Adina bi Ak si Ala hi lal. Ma gi girim yalla bur bu mage bi gan chi mbi naff. Yalla bur bu ma ga bi ne chi ja ma bi,Bar ki bi nu yalla juh pul mu taw chi att you baree baree. I would like to offer Honour, Glory, Praises and Thanks to the Most High God, the Lesser Gods and the Ancestors for all the Blessings they have showered upon us over the Ages of the world; for all the people who are here today and for the organisers of this event; and for never allowing Africa and the Africans to be finally conquered by our enemies. No matter how you look at it, we have never been a conquered people. We have always resisted those who have tried to conquer us by waging WAR AGAINST THE AFRICANS. And if we have never been conquered, we will never be a conquered people. By following the philosophy of Pan Africanism, Africa will become united and free and once again, AFRICAN CULTURE WILL RULE AFRICA. The situation we have today is that Africans rule Africa but African culture does not rule Africa.

62. The Probert Encyclopaedia - People And Peoples (A-C) People and peoples (AC). Aborigine An aborigine is a member of an indigenous people. AdamitesThe Adamites were a Gnostic sect in africa about 130, who appeared http://sesic.sep.gob.mx/basemin/biblioteca/enciclop/C1.HTM

The Probert Encyclopaedia Online Edition People and Peoples (A-C) A. H. L. Fizeau A. H. L. Fizeau was a French physicist. He was born in 1819 at Paris and died in 1896. He measured the speed of light in 1849. A.B. Imenson A.B. Imenson is an actor A.E. Matthews A.E. Matthews was an actor . He was born in 1869 and died in 1960. Aaron Aaron was the brother of Moses Aaron Banks Aaron Banks is an actor Aaron Harris Aaron Harris is an actor Ababdeh The Ababdeh were (are?) a nomadic African tribe inhabiting Egypt between the Nile and the Red Sea Abandonee An abandonee is an underwriter to whom the salvage of a wreck is abandoned. Abbas Abbas was the Uncle of Mohammed . He was born in 566 and died in 652. Abbasid An Abbasid was a member of a dynasty of caliphs who ruled in Baghdad from 750 until 1258. They claimed to be descended from Abbas Abbassides The Abbassides were an Arabian dynasty, descendents of Mahomet 's uncle, Abbas-Ben-Abdul-Motalleb. Thirty-seven abbasside caliphs reigned from 750 to 1258. They settled at Baghdad Abbe Lane Abbe Lane is an actress.

63. Second Part Of Mukanda the impact of the Barotse indigenous administration and the Mbusa Sacred emblemsof the bemba, London/Mbala on Ironworking Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern http://ethnicity.bravepages.com/second.htm

by Wim van Binsbergen Mukanda, Part II homepage Mukanda overview page Mukanda Part I 7. Contested patrilineal succession around 1900: The Mukanda element In the case of the shift towards patrilineal succession, we are fortunate that the oral-historical data provide us with the details that allow us to perceive the specific, concrete political strategies through which such major changes in the socio-political structure tend to realize themselves. From the account in Likota lya Bankoya , Shamamano emerges as a great warrior and resourceful adventurer, and also as a usurper, who only under the protection of Lewanika managed to revive the Kahare name to which he was related not as a sister’s son, but only as a daughter’s son, i.e. outside the ordinary line of dynastic succession. A century of chief’s rule by members of Shamamano’s patri-segment, in a general context of the Lozi indigenous administration and the colonial and post-colonial state favouring patrilineal succession, has created such an image of self-evident legitimacy for the current Kahare line that oral traditions dwelling on the irregularity of Shamamano’s accession are completely suppressed at the Kahare court today. However, there is in Kahare’s area and among urban migrants hailing from there a noticeable undercurrent of traditions in which this legitimacy is challenged, and rival claims to the Kahare kingship are entertained. When Shamamano built his lukena in the same general area where his sons and grandson have since held the Kahare kingship, he did not enter a virgin territory, but one which for at least a century had been under Nkoya rule. Mwene Kabazi lived on the Njonjolo, at Litoya lya Mbuma. His younger sister, one of his successors, Mwene Manenga, had her

64. Arthington Article to the priority of equipping the indigenous church was divided between three missions.11The bemba Mission at be recorded among the animistic peoples of the http://www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk/CArthington.htm

Articles People Seminars HMT ... CTF The Legacy of Robert Arthington Brian Stanley Most, if not all, of those who have figured in the International Bulletin's series "Missionary Legacies" have been either distinguished missionaries or influential mission theologians or strategists. The subject of this article never left his native shores in Victorian England, never wrote a book, was never on the board of any missionary society, and can only with some question be regarded as an original missions thinker. Yet it is arguable that he did more than any other person to facilitate the growth of British Protestant missions in the first thirty years of the twentieth century. Robert Arthington achieved this extraordinary degree of posthumous influence through his legacy in the literal and financial sense. The story of "Arthington's million" is one of the most intriguing and revealing chapters in the narrative of how the rapid Protestant missionary expansion of the early twentieth century was financed. In contrast to the formative influence exerted by the philanthropy of the Rockefeller Foundation on American Protestant missionary policy in the same period, Arthington's story suggests that under certain circumstances big money may possess relatively limited power to shape corporate policy. Being thinly spread, vested in an ambiguously phrased bequest, and administered by trustees who had the established interests of the missionary societies at heart, Arthington's million pounds proved less of a subversive or innovative element than he himself probably hoped and intended.

65. Brian Siegel, "Water Spirits And Mermaids: The Copperbelt Case" image or symbol of a mermaid is indigenous to africa Thus both a Zulu and a Bembang'anga whom to have occurred among the seSotho-speaking peoples of Southern http://www.ecu.edu/african/sersas/Siegel400.htm

Southeastern Regional Seminar in African Studies (SERSAS) " Water Spirits and Mermaids: The Copperbelt Case" Brian Siegel (Anthropology) Sociology Department Furman University Greenville, SC 29613 E-mail: Brian.Siegel@furman.edu Spring 2000 SERSAS Meeting Western Carolina University Cullowhee, NC 14-15 April 2000 Paper Draft: Not to be cited or quoted without written permission This paper examines the history of the Central African Copperbelt's mermaid figure, the lake spirit of the Lamba and kindred peoples of the Copperbelt and Shaba Provinces. It suggests that the image of the mermaid is an example of diffusion, or cultural borrowing, and that this shadowy lake spirit only assumed the guise of a European-looking mermaid in the 20th century. Mamba Muntu and the Lamba Chitapo Until replaced by Old Testament scenes and portraits of Jesus in the 1980s, the Mamba Muntu mermaid - also known as la sirène (the mermaid), and, in Kolwezi, as madame poisson Whether reclining or seated, Mamba Muntu is an arresting and seductive figure. She is typically adorned with jewels, a watch, comb, and mirror, and inevitably has a large snake wound around her body. ng'anga whom Jules-Rosette interviewed in the Lusaka area each regarded this mermaid as an evil spirit which caused the men she possesses to abandon their wives (Jules-Rosette 1981:160; Burton 1961:58; Grévisse 1956-58,33:144).

66. London Prolongs War In Congo. By Linda De Hoyos, EIR behind John Garang's Sudanese peoples Liberation Army Jean Pierre bemba, the Ugandanbackedbusinessman eliminating most local and indigenous leaders, religious http://pages.infinit.net/glp/documents/de_Hoyos_EIR-02e.html

London Prolongs War in Congo By Linda de Hoyos July 16, 1999 From Executive Intelligence Review This is in reality, one giant war against all of Africa, as a detailed analysis of any one of these wars would show. The real belligerents were not even at the peace table in Lusaka: the British Commonwealth and allied French interests who, operating with complicit channels in the United States, are seeking to destroy the nation-state in Africa in a domino-chain of wars and to ensure the full domination of Africa's vast resources for themselves. These are the powers that stand behind the invaders of the Congo, behind Jonas Savi mbi's Unita in Angola, and behind John Garang's Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army in Sudan. In each, domination of wealth, not ethnic conflict, is the key issue of the war, especially for the powers outside the continent. "Another engagement" This plan is to be carried out by the United Nations Security Council, which in cooperation with the Organization of African Unity, is to constitute a peacekeeping force to carry out the disarmament. The force, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said, would b e in place within three months. It was not envisioned that the foreign forces currently inside Congo would be withdrawn until after the operation was completed, projected to be nine months from now. Thus, the Congo peace plan ratified a new war in the Congo. The plan lacks "good will and commitment," said Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi July 13, in explaining why he did not go to Lusaka to witness the signing.

67. Weekly Reports MaiMai are a collection of indigenous groups and Under the accord, bemba will becomePrime Minister of is a near economic collapse and peoples' inability to http://www.genocideprevention.org/drcongo.htm

home about general info newsletter ... Internships Country Report: DR Congo Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo Introduction (MONUC), already present in the area, to secure the border between the two countries. South Africa has committed at least 1,500 combat troops to the region to assist the UN in demobilizing the interahamwe (Sunday Times (Johannesburg): Ka'nkosi, Sechaba 4 August 2002). Key Players The FAC is the army of Joseph Kabila's government in Kinshasa. Under Kabila they have become less of a humanitarian threat as he searches for peace in the region. The role of FAC has recently increased under the Pretoria Peace Accord to include disarming and expelling the interahamwe forces currently residing in DRC territory. The FAC is supported by the governments of Angola, Zimbabwe, and Namibia. Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie - Goma (RCD-Goma) RCD-Goma is the largest of the rebel groups in the east. It is largely supported by the Rwandan government and contained many Banyamulenge, the largest indigenous Tutsi group in the Democratic Republic of Congo. They control much of the east, including the North and South Kivu provinces, which they claim to administer under Congolese law (HRW: Csete et. al June 2002). However, the UN peacekeeping force (MONUC) and Human Rights Watch have both accused RCD-Goma of grave human rights violations in the areas they administer (IRIN: "RCD Guilty…" 23 May 2002). RCD-Goma suffers from a leadership crisis, with no real unifying figure for the rebel movement, although Aldolphe Onusumba currently claims leadership for the group.

68. Shoghi Effendi, Messages To The Bahá'í World: 1950-1957, Pgs. 136-140 the vitals of the conflicting peoples and races Afrikaans, Aladian, Ashanti, Banu,bemba, Bua, Chuana wholehearted collaboration of the indigenous believers in http://www.bahai.com/writings4/ShoghiEffendi/bahaiworld/136-140.htm

SEARCH Pages 136-140 TRIBUTE TO PIONEERS IN AFRICAN FIELD Faith throughout the world, and which may well have far-reaching repercussions among the two chief races dwelling in the North American continent. FIRST AFRICAN PILLAR OF UNIVERSAL HOUSE OF JUSTICE AFRICAN PROJECTS TO BE LAUNCHED The hour is indeed propitious, as the climax of the world-wide rejoicings signalizing the Holy Year approaches, for the national spiritual assemblies of these same communities to gird up their loins, in collaboration with the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Iraq, in a supreme effort to launch, on the morrow of this fateful conference, that phase of the Ten-Year Crusade which, God willing, will culminate in the introduction of our glorious Faith in all the remaining territories of that vast continent as well as the chief neighboring islands lying in the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans. The decade on whose threshold they now stand must, circumstances permitting, witness: First, the erection of three additional pillars within the confines of that continent and its neighboring islands, designed to support, together with no less than forty-five other national spiritual assemblies to be established in other parts of the world, the final unit in the erection of the Administrative Order of the Faith of Bahá'u'lláh, namely: The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Central and East Africa, to be formed under the aegis of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the British Isles, with its seat in Kampala; the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of South and West Africa, to be formed under the aegis of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States of America, with its seat in Johannesburg; the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of North West Africa, to be formed under the aegis of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Egypt and Súdán, with its seat in Tunis.

69. Zambia Map Flag Description Green With A Panel Of Three Major peoples African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2 Muslim and Hindu 24%49%, indigenousbeliefs 1 Languages English, major vernaculars - bemba, Kaonda, Lozi http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/zambia.html

Zambia Map: Flag description: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola Geographic coordinates: 15 00 S, 30 00 E Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK) Nationality: Zambian(s) Capital City: Lusaka Population: Head of State: President Frederick CHILUBA Area: 752,614 sq km Type of Government: republic Currency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee Major peoples: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% Religion: Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% Official Language: English Principal Languages: English, major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Major Exports: copper, cobalt, electricity, tobacco History: In 1851, David Livingstone crossed the Zambezi River from the south and spent the next 20 years exploring what is now Zambia. In the late 19th century the British South Africa Company began making treaties with the local chiefs in what was then known as Northern Rhodesia. Following the 1924 British administrative takeover of the region and the discovery of copper in the late 1920s, many Europeans immigrated to the area. In 1953, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Nyasaland (now Malawi) were brought together by the British into the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. This federation lasted until 1962, when Nyasaland pulled out, followed by Northern Rhodesia in 1963. Independence for Zambia followed on Oct. 24, 1964. Relations with Southern Rhodesia became strained after the 1965 unilateral declaration of independence by the white minority government, and Zambia's flow of goods through Rhodesia was interrupted. Falling copper prices, a huge foreign debt, and neglect of the agricultural sector meant that Zambia's economic problems did not end when Rhodesia gained independence as Zimbabwe in 1980.

70. AllAfrica.com -- Congo-Kinshasa: Pygmies Demand A Tribunal For Crimes Against Th Baloi, head of a delegation of indigenous persons commonly of MLC leader Jean-PierreBemba, said Amzati and the African Charter on Human and peoples' Rights http://allafrica.com/stories/200301280656.html

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tomé and Principé Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Pygmies Demand a Tribunal for Crimes Against Them in Ituri Email This Page Print This Page Visit The Publisher's Site UN Integrated Regional Information Networks January 28, 2003 Posted to the web January 28, 2003 Kinshasa Indigenous people from the Ituri District of Province Orientale in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have demanded that the Kinshasa government create a criminal tribunal to hold accountable those who have committed crimes against them, including murder and cannibalism. "We are here to demand that the authorities of this country create a tribunal," Abengandula Baloi, head of a delegation of indigenous persons - commonly referred to as pygmies - from Ituri who have been in Kinshasa since Thursday, told IRIN. The group of five made their appeal at the end of a human rights seminar for pygmies that was held from 20 to 25 January in the capital. One of the pygmies, Nzoki Amzati, said he witnessed cannibalism committed by soldiers of the Mouvement de liberation du Congo (MLC).

71. EDU2 : Level 3 african Writers Index; bemba Title; Chichewa Home AND CINEMA OF africa AND CARIBBEAN; IndigenousPeoples' Literature; Inuktitut Translations; Kiowa Orthography; http://www.my-edu2.com/EDU/langua1.htm

EDU2 :LANGUAGES - XEUROPEAN ABCentral Search Helpers Submit a Link ... TURKISH *AFRICA* African 300 - Hausa Verbal Art in Translation - Hunter African Languages African Writers Index Bemba - Title ... jarida:african lang. hausa,swhahili,yoruba *ARABIC* Arabic Arabic at Penn Fun With Arabic- learn Arabic in a fun and easy way Les Médias - L'écriture arabe ... adab islami - Muslim intellectuals and Literature *ASIA* LANGUAGES ASIAN : TITLE *AUSTRALIAN NATIVE* 4.7 POST-CONTACT LANGUAGES OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA A Warlpiri Text: Punishments ANU - Aboriginal Studies WWW VL - Languages Aboriginal Languages of Australia ... Handbook of WA Aboriginal languages, south of the Kimberley *CHEROKEE* A Small Lexicon of Tsalagi words Cherokee Companion Cherokees of California:language Moondoves Spiral:and the cherokee dictionary ... The Cherokee Alphabet and Pronunciation Guide *HAWAII* 'O-lelo Hawai'i Index Hawaiian Language Center - University of Hawaii at Hilo Hawaiian Language ~ Kâ `Ôlelo Hawai`i: E Komo Mai! (Welcome!): Words, lessons, Aloha, culture, Hawaiian wise sayings Hawaiian Language ... Slightly Bent Hawaiian Phrases *HEBREW* Biblical Aramaic Biblical Hebrew Elementary Hebrew: Introduction Hebrew Language Online Sites ... R.G.Lehmann, Hebraeisch und Aramaeisch/Classical Hebrew and Aramaic in Mainz

72. Afronet - The  Zambia Human Rights Report 1998 the treatment of Zambia as a ‘bemba Kingdom of that declaration and had come fromindigenous Zambia Muslims African Charter on Human and peoples’ Rights, and http://www.oneworld.org/afronet/reports/chpt2_hrights1998.htm

Chapter Two - Freedom of Assembly and Association Introduction The very idea of government implies a right on the part of citizens to meet peacefully and to band together for common purposes that are lawful. Freedom of peaceful assembly and of association is therefore vital in an open and democratic society. The right to these twin freedoms is guaranteed and protected under both international and domestic law. At the international level, Zambia is party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the . Both human rights treaties guarantee to every individual, subject to certain permissible limitations, the right to free association and peaceful assembly. They also guarantee the cognate rights of freedom of expression and of movement. Zambia is furthermore party to ILO Convention No.87 on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise, and N0. 98 on the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining. Bill of Rights . Apart from the enormous derogation and limitations stated expressly in the Bill of Rights, there is also an array of other legislation which significantly impinges on freedom of assembly and association. In regard to freedom of assembly, such legislation includes the

73. Adherents.com religionists today, located among 5,600 distinct ethnic peoples. . Chapter aboutBemba In general primalindigenous, Zambia, -, 23.00%, -, -, 1998, *LINK* Nazarene http://www.adherents.com/Na_523.html

Adherents.com 42,669 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,000+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to primal-indigenous, Swaziland primal-indigenous, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes primal-indigenous Tanzania 1997 Britannica Book of the Year ; pg. 781-783. Table; listed in table as "traditional beliefs " primal-indigenous Tanzania *LINK* CIA World Factbook web site (viewed Aug. 1998) Total population: 29,460,753. mainland - Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 20% note: Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim primal-indigenous Tanzania Dostert, Pierre Etienne. Africa 1997 (The World Today Series). Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications (1997); pg. 182. primal-indigenous Tanzania Gall, Timothy L. (ed). . Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998); pg. 417-418. Location : Tanzania; Population : 30,337,000 "; "Most Tanzanians profess Islam or Christianity. While Zanzibar is 99% Muslim, the mainland is divided equally between Muslims and Christians (25%-35%). The rest profess a form of indigenous belief, which usually includes the Muslim/Christian notion of a high god. " primal-indigenous Tanzania *LINK* Nazarene web site: Nazarene World Mission Society; (major source: Johnstone's

74. Worldstats: Providing Information About Our World! 0 English (official), major vernaculars bemba, Kaonda, Lozi History The indigenoushunter-gatherer occupants of that century, the various peoples of Zambia http://www.worldstats.org/world/zambia.shtml

Home Countries Big Cities World ... Useful Links Zambia Quick Overview: Zambia's population comprises more than 70 Bantu-speaking tribes. Some tribes are small, and only two have enough people to constitute at least 10% of the population. Most Zambians are subsistence farmers. The predominant religion is a blend of traditional beliefs and Christianity. Expatriates, mostly British (about 15,000) or South African, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are employed in mines and related activities. Zambia also has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians. The country is 42% urban. Geography: Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola Area: total: 752,614 sq km water: 11,890 sq km land: 740,724 sq km Land boundaries: total: 5,664 km border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km Elevation extremes: lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

75. CHAPTER TWO among both patrilineal and matrilineal peoples of Zambia book is written in Chewaindigenous Central African 26 Audrey I. Richards, bemba Marriage and Present http://www.bridgewater.edu/~mtembo/africantraditionalfamily.htm

76. INCORE: Ethnic Studies Network: Index time of Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya, bemba in Zambia diminished use and status of theindigenous languages of why the term «nation» is applied to these peoples. http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/home/esn/ismagilova.html

Bulletins Conference Reports Events Ethnicity in Africa and the Principles of Solving Ethnic Problems in the Constitutions. by Roza Ismagilova, Dr.Sc., Professor Institute for African Studies Russian Academy of Sciences 30/1, Spiridonovka str., 103001 Moscow Fax: 7 (095) 202 07 86 Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference of the Ethnic Studies Network (Moving Towards Pluralism) Moscow, Russia, 8-11 June 1999 The paper is based on the result of the field research and observations in twenty one African countries. Ethnicity continues to play a significant role in various spheres of life in African states, manly in politics; however, during the past decade that role, as is in other parts of the world, has increased. That was due to a number of factors, viz. unsettled economic problems, the growing social tension, political instability, prolonged regional conflicts, the ever engraving complications in interethnic relations. Adding to that is the growing significance of traditional ethno-cultural values and, as a consequence of that, the growth of ethnic consciousness, the desire to preserve one's culture, languages etc. If it is not always clear for some scholars and practising figures what concretely must be done for resolving various aspects of the nationalities problems, but it is quite clear for them on the basis of the recent negative experience in a number of countries what must not be done. That is the reason why theoretical and practical interest to the issue of self-determination of peoples, forms of administrative and territorial organisation, various forms of autonomy, including the cultural ones, increased so much during the past years.

77. Zambia (04/02) local languages and dialects, including bemba,Lozi, Kaounde HISTORY The indigenoushuntergatherer occupants of of that century, the various peoples of Zambia http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/2359.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Bureau of African Affairs April 2002 Background Note: Zambia PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zambia Geography Area: 752,614 sq. km. (290,585 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas. Cities: Capital Lusaka (pop. 1 million). Other cities Kitwe, Ndola, Livingstone, Kabwe. Terrain: Varies; mostly plateau savanna. Climate: Generally dry and temperate. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Zambian(s). Population (2000): 10.2 million. Annual growth rate: 2.9%. Ethnic groups: More than 70 tribal groups. Religions: Christian, indigenous beliefs, Muslim, Hindu. Languages: English (official), about 70 local languages and dialects, including Bemba,Lozi, Kaounde, Lundu, Luvale, Tonga, and Nyanja. Education: Years compulsory Attendance Less than 50% in grades 1-7. Less than 20% of primary school graduates are admitted to secondary school. Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy 37.81 yrs. male; 38.25 yrs. female. Work force: Agriculture industry and commerce Government Type: Republic. Independence: October 24, 1964.

78. Untitled singer professions among West African peoples of the the first expression of an indigenousChristianity in word citemene originates from a bemba word meaning http://www.unc.edu/depts/afriafam/online40/mid.study.html

AFRI 40 Introduction to African Civilization Midterm Study Guide You should know the material covered on the map quiz. Review the map quiz study guide You should also know the following terms and identifications: East African Rift Valley System is a trough of faults in the earth's crust found from the Red Sea of Ethiopia south through East Africa which produced a complex of subsidiary basins. This geographical feature is significant in the study of Africa because of the fossil and archaeological evidence which has been re-exposed by recent faulting. Acheulean , one of the phases of the Early Stone Age, is characterized by relatively large stone tools called "bifaces." The manufacture of bifaces involves flaking on both sides of a large flake or large flat cobble. The Acheulean is the longest cultural and technological tradition in human history and was widespread in Africa. Microlith technology refers to the manufacture of smaller blades for use as tool elements in the Later Stone Age. An example of this technology is the bow and arrow. Microlith technology signified a shift in tool manufacture which involved systematic production of replaceable, standardized tool parts. Hieroglyphics refers to the writing of ancient Egypt. Dating to 3000 B.C., hieroglyphics are one of the earliest forms of literacy in the World.

79. Zambia: BACKGROUND NOTES local languages and dialects, including bemba, Tonga, Nyanja HISTORY The indigenoushuntergatherer occupants of of that century, the various peoples of Zambia http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/zambia/bnotes.html

Zambia BACKGROUND NOTES Source: U. S. Department of Commerce - National Trade Data Bank, December 19, 2000 TradePort is an authorized distributor of STAT-USA data. Zambia Main Menu Developed by SAIC Internet Solutions

80. 1Up Info > Zaire > Peoples Of The Savanna: Southeastern Zaire | Zaire Informatio peoples of the Savanna Southeastern Zaire. three sets of communities the bemba cluster,the http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/zaire/zaire63.html

You are here 1Up Info Zaire History People ... News Search 1Up Info Zaire Zaire Peoples of the Savanna: Southeastern Zaire In eastern Shaba, stretching from the border with Tanzania and Zambia roughly to the Lualaba River, Vansina has distinguished three sets of communities: the Bemba cluster, the Hemba cluster, and the Haut-Katanga cluster encompassing peoples of Haut-Shaba Subregion (formerly Haut-Katanga). Settlement patterns are geographically fragmented so that representatives of one cluster live cheek by jowl with representatives of another or constitute an enclave in another group's territory. The area has a long history of conquest and conflict. Most of the peoples of Haut-Shaba were subjects of the Kazembe Kingdom of Luapula, an offshoot of the Lunda Empire whose center was farther west. The Kaonde, the southwesternmost people in the Haut-Katanga cluster, living in present-day Lualaba Subregion (of Shaba Region), were ruled by still another Lunda king. After the middle of the nineteenth century, a group of long-distance traders, the Nyamwezi of central Tanzania, established the Yeke Kingdom, which lasted for thirty years. The introduction of new cultural elements by the Yeke and their trading activities both east and west had longer-range effects than the establishment of their political rule itself. All of these kingdoms came to an end before the beginning of the twentieth century, leaving their people with polities of much smaller scale. The political pattern that preceded the institution of kingship and outlasted it was based on chiefs of the earth, basically ritual offices essential for maintaining fertility, and, occasionally, political chiefs.

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