1. 20th WCP: Particle And Astro-physics Challenge Kant’s Phenomenolism Particle and astrophysics Challenge Kant's Phenomenolism the exact reverse of this black-hole process, with the big bang functioning as a white hole, (24) which emits matter http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Scie/ScieStar.htm

Philosophy of Science Particle and Astro-physics Challenge Kant's Phenomenolism Lawrence H. Starkey Principal Editor for Philosophy Encyclopaedia Britannica, Emeritus ABSTRACT: For two centuries Kant's first Critique In his Transcendental Dialectic, Immanuel Kant poses a set of four Antinomies, issues for which he presents both theses and antitheses giving equally strong arguments both for and against each statement. Two of these Antinomies concern the nature of the spatiotemporal Universe-in particular, its alleged infinity in both space and time, and the supposed infinite divisibility of matter. I shall review, withconsiderable scientific documentation, the resolutions of the Antinomies afforded by progress in theoretical physics. Kant's purpose in the first Critique is to "put an end for ever to all objections to morality and religion" (B xxx). To accomplish this purpose he sets his sights upon three pure Ideas-those of God, of simple soul-substance, and of cosmic infinity-each of which involves the notion of utter completeness or totality. The pretensions of these Ideas to being knowledge, as objects of a scientific metaphysic, are quashed by Kant by displaying their illusory natures when held to be objects of possible empirical experience. Strawson cautions, however, that Kant is "securing the supersensible realm from our scepticism as well as from our knowledge."

2. COSMOLOGY LINKS Nucleosynthesis, by H. Oberhummer, et al., 96/08; big bang Nucleosynthesis, by KeithA. Olive and Sean T. Scully, 95/06; The Particle and astro-physics of Dark http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/user/r/e/redingtn/www/netadv/cosmo.html

Net Advance of Physics: COSMOLOGY General Astroparticle Physics Big Bang / Standard Model Cosmic Strings ... Thermodynamics of the Universe GENERAL: Handbooks: Encyclopedia of Cosmology: Not many entries yet; author not stated, but seems reliable. Elementary Level: Dark Matter: An Essay, by J. Silk Cosmos in a Computer, from the NCSA Expo (elementary level) College Level: Introduction to Cosmology, by David H. Lyth, 93/12 Undergraduate Lecture Notes, by Nick Strobel Structure of the Universe, encyclopedia article by H. J. Haubold and A. M. Mathai, 96/12: (Encyclopedia of Astronomy) Advanced: Rating Cosmological Models, by Neta A. Bahcall, 95/03 Net Advance of Physics: COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND Net Advance of Physics: DARK MATTER ASTRO-PARTICLE PHYSICS: General: The Particle- and Astro-Physics of Dark Matter, by Kim Griest, 94/11 Net Advance of Physics: DARK MATTER Axions: Recent Perspectives on Axion Cosmology, by R. A. Battye and E.P.S. Shellard, 97/06: Particle Dark Matter, by Manuel Drees, 96/09 : Axions in Astrophysics and Cosmology, by Georg Raffelt, 95/02 Net Advance of Physics GATEWAY REVIEWS, No. 2. The Nature of Dark Matter: Axions, by Kim Griest ... Current Status of Axion Cosmology, by R. A. Battye and E. P. S. Shellard, 94/08 Neutrinos: The Net Advance of Physics: NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY BIG BANG / STANDARD COSMOLOGICAL MODEL: General, including Tests:

3. COSMOLOGY LINKS Advance of Physics INFLATION. Nucleosynthesis big bang Nucleosynthesis, by KeithA. Olive and Sean T. Scully, 95/06; The Particle and astro-physics of Dark http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/lecture/netadv/cosmo.html

Net Advance of Physics: COSMOLOGY General Astroparticle Physics Big Bang / Standard Model Cosmic Strings ... Thermodynamics of the Universe GENERAL Rating Cosmological Models, by Neta A. Bahcall, 95/03 Introduction to Cosmology, by David H. Lyth, 93/12 Undergraduate Lecture Notes, by Nick Strobel Dark Matter: An Essay, by J. Silk ... Cosmos in a Computer, from the NCSA Expo (elementary level) Net Advance of Physics: COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND Net Advance of Physics: DARK MATTER ASTRO-PARTICLE PHYSICS: General: The Particle- and Astro-Physics of Dark Matter, by Kim Griest, 94/11 Net Advance of Physics: DARK MATTER Axions: Axions in Astrophysics and Cosmology, by Georg Raffelt, 95/02 The Particle- and Astro-Physics of Dark Matter, by Kim Griest, 94/11 page 10 Neutrinos: The Net Advance of Physics: NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY BIG BANG / STANDARD COSMOLOGICAL MODEL: General: Introduction to Cosmology, by David H. Lyth, 93/12 Net Advance of Physics: COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND Early Universe: Physics of the Very Early Universe, by R. Brandenberger, 95/09 Net Advance of Physics: INFLATION Nucleosynthesis: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, by Keith A. Olive and Sean T. Scully, 95/06

4. Astrobiology, Astrobiologia, Space Exploration, Missions Nucleosynthesis, by H. Oberhummer, et al., 96/08 big bang Nucleosynthesis, by KeithA. Olive and Sean T. Scully, 95/06 The Particle and astro-physics of Dark http://astrobionet.rediris.es/cosmo.html

S T R B O n e t NASA Astrobiology Institute NASA's MAP Introduction to Cosmology Cosmology IV. U of Mich. Cosmology V. U. of Colo. ... Minkowski Functionals in Cosmology, by J. Schmalzing et al., 95/08

5. Modern Science astrophysics BLACK HOLES Scientific American July 1996 - Hawkingvs Penrose Scientific American Black Holes And The big bang; http://home.ntelos.net/~write/science.html

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ENGINEERING Women Engineers Admiral Grace Hopper Search For United States Patents SCIENCE Ethics Of Scientists Science Glossary With Exhibits Unconventional theories of physics (Aether, Gyrons and the Photon) SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONS USA: Federation of American Scientists USA: National Science Foundation USA: NASA Planetary Society SCIENCE MAGAZINES USA: National Geographic USA: Scientific American Armchair Scientist - Miniature Super-Collider? The Big Crunch (In Scientific Journals) SCIENCE SEMINARS Oxford Lunchtime Astro-Physics International Numerical Relativity Group PHYSICAL (MATERIAL) UNIVERSE Gravity: Podkletnov Weight Reduction Experiments Gravity: Glossary With Exhibits Gravity: World Wide Relativity Groups Gravity: Time Travel in Flatland? ... Gravity: Microgravity Research at NASA ASTRO-PHYSICS: ASTRONOMY Deepspace Timeline and Questions/Answers Astronomy At Northwestern University Infrared Telescope At California Institute of Technology Stars And Galaxies ... Neutron Star Merger Rate ASTRO-PHYSICS: BLACK HOLES Scientific American: July 1996 - Hawking vs Penrose Scientific American: Black Holes And The Big Bang ASTRO-PHYSICS: COSMOLOGY Introduction to cosmology Cosmological Issues for Theorists ASTRO-PHYSICS: LIGHT Light: Wave Motion Glossary With Exhibits Theory of Elementary Waves Faster Than Light: Bell's Theorem Faster Than Light: Extra Dimensions?

6. CONTRADICTIONS TO THE BIG-BANG CONTRADICTIONS TO THE bigbang. THE OLD STAR PARADOX could revive an old paradox in the field of astro-physics that the universe seems to be younger than some of http://www.zyx.org/CONTRA.html

CONTRADICTIONS TO THE BIG-BANG THE OLD STAR PARADOX Just How Old Is The Universe, Anyway? September 27, 1999: Dr. Eyal Maoz of NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, and astrophysicists from a variety of U.S. and Canadian institutions have found evidence suggesting that the universe may be younger than scientists had previously thought, and that it is expanding faster than expected. Their findings are reported in the September 23 issue of Nature magazine. Many current estimates put the age of the universe at about 15 billion years. Maoz' research indicates the universe may be as young as 12 billion years, nearly the same age as its oldest stars. This implied relatively low age of the universe could revive an old paradox in the field of astro-physics that the universe seems to be younger than some of the stars in it. Left: This optical image shows the core region of galaxy NGC 4258. By measuring the motions of microwave lasers in a disk orbiting a central supermassive black hole, astronomers can estimate the distance to this galaxy very accurately. By comparing maser distance measurements with Cepheid distance estimates of NGC 4258, Maoz et al realized that the widely used Cepheid distance scale overestimates galaxy distances. That means the Universe may be younger than previously thought. Maoz and his team used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe the pulsing of giant stars called "Cepheid variables" in the galaxy NGC4258.

7. Princeton - Weekly Bulletin 5/6/02 - New Theory Provides in over two decades, said Jeremiah Ostriker, professor of astrophysics at Princetonand could encompass far more than just the aftermath of 'our' big bang. . http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/02/0506/1b.shtml

8. Modern Science Science Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Engineering. Scientific American Black Holes And The big bang. astrophysics COSMOLOGY http://personal.cfw.com/~write/science.html

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ENGINEERING Women Engineers Admiral Grace Hopper Search For United States Patents SCIENCE Ethics Of Scientists Science Glossary With Exhibits Unconventional theories of physics (Aether, Gyrons and the Photon) SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONS USA: Federation of American Scientists USA: National Science Foundation USA: NASA Planetary Society SCIENCE MAGAZINES USA: National Geographic USA: Scientific American Armchair Scientist - Miniature Super-Collider? The Big Crunch (In Scientific Journals) SCIENCE SEMINARS Oxford Lunchtime Astro-Physics International Numerical Relativity Group PHYSICAL (MATERIAL) UNIVERSE Gravity: Podkletnov Weight Reduction Experiments Gravity: Glossary With Exhibits Gravity: World Wide Relativity Groups Gravity: Time Travel in Flatland? ... Gravity: Microgravity Research at NASA ASTRO-PHYSICS: ASTRONOMY Deepspace Timeline and Questions/Answers Astronomy At Northwestern University Infrared Telescope At California Institute of Technology Stars And Galaxies ... Neutron Star Merger Rate ASTRO-PHYSICS: BLACK HOLES Scientific American: July 1996 - Hawking vs Penrose Scientific American: Black Holes And The Big Bang ASTRO-PHYSICS: COSMOLOGY Introduction to cosmology Cosmological Issues for Theorists ASTRO-PHYSICS: LIGHT Light: Wave Motion Glossary With Exhibits Theory of Elementary Waves Faster Than Light: Bell's Theorem Faster Than Light: Extra Dimensions?

9. Spectrum Of Physics - A Physics Directory: Special Relativity, Quantum Theory, E Review of big bang Nucleosynthesis and Primordial Abundances http//xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro TheParticle and astro-physics of Dark Matter http//xxx.lanl.gov/abs http://www.tardyon.de/links/cosmo/reviews astro.html

Luxon Theory Time Theory copenhagen experiment SPECTRUM OF PHYSICS root top A Flat Universe from High-Resolution Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0004404 Advanced Statistical Methods for Large-Scale Structure Studies http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9510035 Ages of Globular Clusters from Hipparcos Parallaxes of Local Subdwarfs http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9704150 Baryonic fraction in the cold plus hot dark matter universe http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9710078 Big-bang Nucleosynthesis Enters the Precision Era http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9706069 Calculation of Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropies and Implications http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9607088 Characterizing the Peak in the CMB Angular Power Spectrum http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0002162 Classical and Quantum Theory of Perturbations in Inflationary Universe Models http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9307016 Cluster Winds Blow along Supercluster Axes http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9808018 CMB Anisotropies and the Determination of Cosmological Parameters http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0002249

10. The Origin Of The Universe John D. Barrow I had when I read A Brief History of Time From the big bang to Black Without abackground in physics and/or astrophysics, other readers may have the same http://www.2think.org/tootu.shtml

Search the Web. Type it and go! John D. Barrow The Origin of the Universe The first couple of chapters in The Origin of the Universe were quite promising. I thought I'd finally found a book that will help clear up some of the confusions and misunderstandings I had when I read A Brief History of Time : From the Big Bang to Black Holes . The rest of the book though was more difficult to understand than Hawking. There are bits and pieces that were very interesting and thought-provoking, but a large portion went over my head. Without a background in physics and/or astro-physics, other readers may have the same opinion. The cosmological discoveries of the past century are remarkable. It's difficult, after reading Barrow, to think that we will ever have 'all the answers' or be able to say we have the answer to the beginning of the universe and what (if anything) was here before with a great degree of confidence. Given the rapid progress made over the past few hundred years though, it is also easy to be somewhat optimistic that the level of knowledge and cumulation of evidence will continue to build as they have recently. It would be nice if all the knowledge out there could be understood by non-professionals, but as Barrow alludes, the concepts are almost impossible to fully grasp without the mathematical and other cosmological models which are already under the professionals' belts. This was supposed to be a book for beginners, but after reading it, I don't think I count as one. The possibility of making a really lay-audience friendly book on the subject doesn't seem likely. There are some excellent points to ponder, but don't count on complete comprehension.

11. CONTRADICTIONS TO THE BIG-BANG CONTRADICTIONS TO THE bigbang THE OLD STAR PARADOX Just How Old Is The Universe theuniverse could revive an old paradox in the field of astro-physics that the http://zyx.org/CONTRA.html

CONTRADICTIONS TO THE BIG-BANG THE OLD STAR PARADOX Just How Old Is The Universe, Anyway? September 27, 1999: Dr. Eyal Maoz of NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, and astrophysicists from a variety of U.S. and Canadian institutions have found evidence suggesting that the universe may be younger than scientists had previously thought, and that it is expanding faster than expected. Their findings are reported in the September 23 issue of Nature magazine. Many current estimates put the age of the universe at about 15 billion years. Maoz' research indicates the universe may be as young as 12 billion years, nearly the same age as its oldest stars. This implied relatively low age of the universe could revive an old paradox in the field of astro-physics that the universe seems to be younger than some of the stars in it. Left: This optical image shows the core region of galaxy NGC 4258. By measuring the motions of microwave lasers in a disk orbiting a central supermassive black hole, astronomers can estimate the distance to this galaxy very accurately. By comparing maser distance measurements with Cepheid distance estimates of NGC 4258, Maoz et al realized that the widely used Cepheid distance scale overestimates galaxy distances. That means the Universe may be younger than previously thought. Maoz and his team used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe the pulsing of giant stars called "Cepheid variables" in the galaxy NGC4258.

12. Theoretical Hadron-Nuclear Physics Theoretical Hadron Physics, Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Nuclear astrophysics. theknowledge to the astrophysics phenomena as supernova explosion, big bang, etc http://www.phys.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/h_nuclear.html

Theoretical Hadron-Nuclear Physics (Research Center for Nuclear Physics) [Members] Hiroshi TOKI (Professor), Atsushi HOSAKA (Associate Professor), Visiting Professors(The members change every year: 2001) E.-M. Ilgenfritz, S. Raha, N. Sandulescu, J. Meng, N. Minkov, V. Burov, A. Molochkov Post Doctors(The members change every year: 2001) K. Ogata, A. Sugita, O. Kiriyama, S. Umisedo, L. Abburadad [Research area] Theoretical Hadron Physics, Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Astro-Physics [Keywords of research] Quark confinement, Chiral symmetry breaking, Nambu-Goldstone boson Relativisitic many body theory, Surface pion condensation, Spin-isospin mode Supernova explosion, Hot and dense quark and nuclear matter [Research contents] We would like to understand the elementary forms of matter; hadrons and nuclei, in terms of quarks and gluons. We would like then to apply the knowledge to the astrophysics phenomena as supernova explosion, big bang, etc. Our concern is all the phenomena associated with the strong interaction; the one governed by Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD). Hence, we want to study the super-microscopic world using microscopic theory and the super-macroscopic world applying the firm knowledge of the super-microscopic world. 1)Quark confinement and hadron structure We have proposed the dual Ginzburg-Landau (DGL) theory as the low energy effective model of QCD. We have made lots of study on this proposal by using the lattice QCD simulations. We are now working on the formulation of hadrons using the DGL theory.

13. British "Big Bang" Astronomer Hoyle Dies - Www.ezboard.com a name which would last, the big bang. Instead of the big bang, Hoyle advocated becredited with having led a revolution in British astrophysics which at http://pub128.ezboard.com/fpsififrm64.showMessage?topicID=24.topic

14. High Energy Neutrino And Gamma Measurement For Nuclear- And Astro- Physics These particles must have survived from the big bang, and therefore must either thereis a serious departure from the understanding of the astrophysics of the http://ieplab.snu.ac.kr/iep/n-oscillation.html

High Energy Neutrino and Gamma Measurement for Nuclear- and Astro- Physics Neutrino has been the most enigmatic particle throughout the nuclear and particle physics history and still the very center of the current pursuit. The current interest arises from the belief that the physics of neutrino might yet lead to a new physics, if any, beyond the standard model. The first point is that the neutrino is the only particle which is free from interactions stronger than the weak interaction, and that we may yet hope that a weaker interaction would be most apparent in the physics of neutrinos. The second point lies in the fact that the mass of the nertrino is either zero or anomalously small compared with the masses of other particles. If the neutrino indeed has a finite mass, many questions would open up concerning the properties of the neutrino. The dominant part of the current experimental effort with neutrinos is concerned with the search for a finite neutrino mass. The most straightforward of them is the search for the electron neutrino mass with nuclear beta decay. The limit on the electron neutrino mass has been significantly updated almost every decade over the last half century. If neutrinos are massive and if there is a mixing between the different neutrinos, they may oscillate among the different kinds of neutrinos. There has been a persistent effort to search for neutrino oscillation using varieties of neutrino beams. Experiments with different beams explore different regions in mass mixing parameter space.

15. The Physics Linkpage Links to pages and papers about physics, astronomy and related topics. Most of them are collected Category Science Physics Education Directories...... Time. Permanentely unreachable. Where is the centre of the big bang? Permanentelyunreachable. Electronics. Permanentely unreachable. Jedi's astrophysics LinkPage. http://www.p-guhl.ch/science/physics.html

The physics linkpage Links about astronomy etc. are here If a link is unreachable please check the box and send me the page. Many thanks for your help to improve this table! Special thanks to the members of " The Hawking Forum " who posted most of these links during the last months! Have a look at this wonderful page! The Categories: Black holes Buy-Stuff Classical physics Cosmology ... Unsorted or fitting in many categories Black holes Top A Reissner Permanentely unreachable Black Holes Permanentely unreachable Black Holes: The inside story Permanentely unreachable Falling into a Black Hole Permanentely unreachable Finkelstein Black Hole Kerr Newman Permanentely unreachable Geometry Around Black Holes I Permanentely unreachable Geometry Around Black Holes II Permanentely unreachable Inside Black Holes:   (Dr. G.H. George) Permanentely unreachable Jan Pieter van der Schaar's page Permanentely unreachable K. Schwarzschild's paper Permanentely unreachable Kerr's rotating Black Holes Permanentely unreachable The Kerr metric Permanentely unreachable Virtual Trips to Black Holes and Neutron Stars Page Permanentely unreachable What is a black hole, really?

16. Ultimate Physics -- Links Michio Kaku Topics include TOE, Superstring Theory, Before big bang, Black Holes forstatistics, classical physics, quantum mechanics and astrophysics with an http://www.ultiphys.com/ultimatetruth/ultimatelinks_2.html

Links [A - D] [E - O] [P - T] [T - Z] Einstein's Photon Does Not Exist http://user.chollian.net/~hogunk/ By Hogun Kim There is no photon Einstein Relativity E=mc and Other Myths http://tbns.net/hanskloss/ By Pawel Kolasa Electrogravitation As A Unified Field Theory http://hometown.aol.com/quark137/index.html By Jerry E. Bayles This book culimnates over 10 years of intensive work and research as to the actual workings of gravity. It includes examples that tie together Einsteins Special and General theorys to the author's Quantum Least Force Constant and David Bohm's Quantum Magnetic Vector Potential. Energy Misdefined in Physics http://nov55.com/ener.html By Gary Novak New mathematical test of energy definition shows that original concept was incorrect Eve, a Model of the Aether http://usuarios.intercom.es/carlosla/ By Carlos Laborde A model of Aether within a given description scheme-the space chosen is the Euclidean with three dimensions; the time concept chosen is Absolute Time. http://www.everythingforever.com/

17. Auckland Astronomical Society The big bang model survived, but there was a need for much more. skills were legendacross generations of undergraduate and post graduate astrophysics students http://www.astronomy.org.nz/aas/pub/TheWInFrontofMap.asp

Click House to Make HomePage Astronomy Software Junior Night Eyes Top News Stories Hubble Gallery ... Newsletter Signup Member Login User Code Password National Weather Tide Forecasts Ski Report Weather Display ... Trade and Exchange Search Engines Google, Lycos Alta-vista Yahoo ... Jeeves Internet Mail Hotmail Yahoo USA.net AOL Web Hosting by: Site Design: Nick Moore Chris Bright AAS Web Developments Home ... Links The W In Front of MAP By Roger Feasey At the time of writing, the epochal MAP results have had little impact in the main stream press – nothing of note in the local newspaper and only a pathetic little “comedy” item (and I use the term loosely, since it wasn’t in the slightest bit amusing) on TV3 to my knowledge. The distractions of space shuttle disasters, the impending war in the Middle East, the America’s Cup and the cricket World Cup are an excuse, not a reason for such avoidance. But the purpose of this article is not to berate the press in particular, nor is it to discuss the MAP results and what they mean and why they are so important, since that is the topic of our March Society Meeting.

18. Christopherlydon.org Did they exist previous to the big bang? thought for the day is, since the bang happened15 of an advanced degree in something like astrophysics or cosmology http://www.christopherlydon.org/viewtopic.php?topic=228&forum=11

19. Cosmology I love astronomy and astrophysics (what I know about it anyway) and I will try toteach you what I know in plain simple terms This month's topic THE big bang. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/5385/cosmology_bigbang.html

COSMOLOGY (Just a fancy word for Astronomy) This page is just a compilation of some of the research I have been doing of late and would like to be able to share with those who want to know a little about the night sky and what is held in its glory. This is NOT intended to be a research page for a project. However, I do have some links that you can use to research your paper if that is why you came here. You should always use a URL with the address containing either "... .edu. ..." or "... .gov. ..." for research purposes. I hope that it will give you better understanding of the universe and this is the page I intend to update more often than the rest. I love astronomy and astro-physics (what I know about it anyway) and I will try to teach you what I know in plain simple terms so you so not have to go searching for the unknown terms to understand me. This month's topic: THE BIG BANG The Big Bang is where time, space and all matter (the stuff of the universe) initially started from; Or so this is the consensus of most astro-physicists think, anyway. The actual "bang is thought to have occurred eight BILLION years ago, however, there is other information that there are star clusters (galaxies in basic terms) that are 10 BILLION years old. The disparity is hard to explain in simple terms, but here we go Hang on tight! Now, in light of the size of the universe (another unknown), some scientists believe that there may have been more than one Big Bang, a theory of growing acceptance. The reason for this is because of the red shift of some stars. The red shift is how scientists measure the distance of stars and the direction it is going in relation to us. How it is used is that light moves in waves like sound. Like sound the distance and direction it is going can affect the wavelength. This is similar to when an emergency vehicle approaches youit sounds very high pitched. this is due to the shorter wavelengths. In a star, the shorter wavelength would be represented as a bluer color than the star would normally look like. The color would be red as the wavelength got longer from the star moving away from us as the sound of the ambulance got lower pitched as it passed by you and the wavelength of its sound got elongated from the direction it is now going.

20. Astronomer Hoyle Dies At 86 -DAWN - International; 23 August, 2001 name which would last, the big bang .Instead of the big bang , Hoyle advocated canbe credited with having led a revolution in British astrophysics which at http://www.dawn.com/2001/08/23/int6.htm

23 August 2001 Thursday 03 Jamadi-us-Saani 1422 Please Visit our Sponsor (Ads open in separate window) Astronomer Hoyle dies at 86 LONDON, Aug 22: Fred Hoyle, the English astronomer credited with coining the phrase "Big Bang" to describe academic theory on the creation of the cosmos, has died. He was 86. Hoyle, a Cambridge University academic and science fiction writer , objected to many conventional cosmological theories and became known as a populariser of science. He challenged the belief that a huge explosion 12,000 million years ago caused the cosmos, ironically giving the theory a name which would last, the "Big Bang".Instead of the "Big Bang", Hoyle advocated the "steady state" theory that the cosmos had no beginning but that new galaxies were formed as others moved apart. Although scientific evidence mounted against his stance, Hoyle was acclaimed for much of his work on stars, galaxies, gravity and atoms. Born in Yorkshire in northern England to wool merchant parents in 1915, Hoyle could navigate by the stars by the time he was 10 and often stayed up all night gazing at the stars through his telescope. "Hoyle can be credited with having led a revolution in British astro-physics which at least banished an uncritical acceptance of cosmological orthodoxy," the Times said in its obituary.-Reuters

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