1. Geometry Around Black Holes Geometry Around. black holes. A WWW Exhibition in http://www.astro.ku.dk/~cramer/RelViz

Award June 10th 1997 Award July 7th 2000 'Highly Rated by Schoolzone' Cramer's Homepage Geometry Around Black Holes A WWW Exhibition in Relativistic Computer Dynamics and Visualization By Michael Cramer Andersen, June 1996. Contents of this WWW Visualization Exhibition: General Relativity and Black Holes. Curvature and lightcones. Kerr's rotating Black Holes. Gravitational redshift. ... Other sites with black holes... You are guest no. Updated June 18th 1997 by cramer@astro.ku.dk . Links to this site: http://www.astro.ku.dk/~cramer/RelViz/

2. Virtual Trips To Black Holes And Neutron Stars Page Ever wonder what it would look like to travel to a black hole or neutron star?Category Science Astronomy Stars Neutron Stars......black holes and Neutron Stars. Here Matt McIrvin answered some frequently askedquestions about black holes to the internet newsgroup sci.physics. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/rjn_bht.html

Virtual Trips to Black Holes and Neutron Stars by Robert Nemiroff ( Michigan Technological University Ever wonder what it would look like to travel to a black hole? A neutron star? If so, you might find this page interesting. Here you will find descriptions and MPEG movies that take you on such exciting trips. These movies are scientifically accurate computer animations made with strict adherence to Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The descriptions are written to be understandable on a variety of levels - from the casually curious to the professionally inquisitive. It is hoped that students from grade school to graduate school will find these virtual trips educational. "A stimulating, relativistically accurate trip!" - Kip Thorne The Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Author of "Black Holes and Time Warps - Einstein's Outrageous Legacy" Earth if compressed to ultracompact density and viewed from the photon sphere. Written Description of Visible Distortion Effects Below is a published paper understandable to undergraduates: "Visual Distortions Near a Black Hole and Neutron Star," Nemiroff, R. J. 1993, American Journal of Physics, 61, 619

3. Black Holes black holes. Introduction to black holes http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bh_home.html

BLACK HOLES Introduction to black holes Observational evidence for black holes Black holes and critical phenomena [Back] ... [Next]

4. Black Holes Investigate the mysteries of the universe, with articles on black holes, quantum theory and the big bang. Is there enough room left for God? black holes? Big Bang? http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/3001

Member of the Internet Link Exchange Free Home Pages at GeoCities Black Holes and Mysteries of the Cosmos Everything you wanted to know about Black Holes and Mysteries of the Cosmos, but were afraid to ask! You are visitor # to hit this page since September 1996. Why......... Well only you know.... Black Holes and Mysteries of the Cosmos: Observations and Remarks IMPORTANT! Please take the time to note down some comments about anything to do with the universe and all its mysteries. Where did it begin? Where is it going? Is there enough room left for God? Black Holes? Big Bang? Quantum Theory? Chaos?......... etc. etc. All your comments will hopefully amount to a collection of dialogue to be used in my next publication “People and their Universe”. It will be your book! CONTRIBUTE Record your comments about Black Holes and Mysteries of the Cosmos Pose a question about the Cosmos View The Guestbook See other comments (page 1) See other comments (page 2) See other comments (page 3) See other comments (page 4) See other comments (page 5) See old comments Frequently Asked Questions If you can't get through to the comment/question book (which you should try first) then use this form LINKS New Scientist magazine The Search For Real Black Holes Spacetime Wrinkles Map Geometry around black holes Black Hole Event Horizons Spherically symmetric black CHAT Chat about Black Holes and Mysteries of the Cosmos with other visitors.

5. Black Holes And Neutron Stars black holes FAQ. (Frequently Asked Questions) http://www.eclipse.net/~cmmiller/BH/blkmain.html

INTRODUCTION BLACK HOLES NEUTRON STARS AND PULSARS HOW THEY FORM HOW WE DETECT THEM ... BOOKS Many people think black holes continually suck in everything like great big cosmic bathtub drains. And what the heck are neutron stars? Understanding the nature of black holes and neutron starshow they form, what they're like, and how we know they are therecan lead to a better understanding of how our Universe works. The information in this web site is intended for a non-technical audience. If you are interested in more scientifically complex discussions of black holes and neutron stars (you know, where they use all those great big words Make sure you check out the Online Books section, where you can order books about black holes and neutron stars from amazon.com! Please check out the Black Holes and Neutron Stars Awards and Banners page. Use the menu to the left to learn about black holes and neutron stars. Choose the PRINTOUT option if you want to print out the entire text. Hits since 27 April 1996: This Web page was written and is maintained by Chris Miller . Last updated 30 September 1998. cmmiller@eclipse.net

6. Black Holes And Beyond No Escape The Truth About black holes. Teacher Page Science Background http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoles.html

Forward Back Up Map ... Information Black Holes and Beyond Einstein's general theory of relativity describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of matter. If the curvature is fairly weak, Newton's laws of gravity can explain most of what is observed. For example, the regular motions of the planets. Very massive or dense objects generate much stronger gravity. The most compact objects imaginable are predicted by General Relativity to have such strong gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape their grip. Scientists today call such an object a black hole . Why black? Though the history of the term is interesting, the main reason is that no light can escape from inside a black hole: it has, in effect, disappeared from the visible universe. Do black holes actually exist? Most physicists believe they do, basing their views on a growing body of observations. In fact, present theories of how the cosmos began rest in part on Einstein's work and predict the existence of both singularities and the black holes that contain them. Yet Einstein himself vigorously denied their reality, believing, as did most of his contemporaries, that black holes were a mere mathematical curiosity. He died in 1955, before the term "black hole" was coined or understood and observational evidence for black holes began to mount.

7. StarChild: Black Holes Information about black holes and how we know they exist, links to glossary terms and a movie about a Journey into a Blackhole. http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/universe_level2/black_holes.html

Black Holes Guess what? Some scientists believe that there is a black hole here in our very own Milky Way. Black holes are extremely compact space objects that were once massive stars which collapsed inward due to the force of their own gravity . Consequently, black holes are very dense. If it were not for the effect that black holes have on the objects around them, we would be unable to detect them. A black hole has a powerful gravitational field which traps everything that goes near it. Scientists now theorize that some galaxies have huge black holes in their centers which release tremendous amounts of energy that powers the spectacular energetic events that go on within the galaxy. The fuel for the black hole, scientists believe, may be the trapped gas, stars, and dust that are pulled into the hole. Gas that is pulled into a black hole swirls down into the hole much like a whirlpool. By using a spectroscope , the Hubble Space Telescope has the ability to clock the speed of this gas as it swirls around the entrance to the hole. The speed with which the gas swirls is considered the black hole's signature. By knowing the speed of the gas, the mass of the black hole can be calculated.

8. Spacetime Wrinkles Major advances in computation are only now enabling scientists to simulate how black holes form, evolve, Category Science Physics Education...... t until much later that scientists accepted one of the most dramatic ramificationsof Einstein's theory of gravitation the existence of black holes from whose http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/NumRelHome.html

SPACETIME WRINKLES In 1905, Albert Einstein published his famous Special Theory of Relativity and overthrew commonsense assumptions about space and time. Relative to the observer, both are altered near the speed of light: distances appear to stretch; clocks tick more slowly. A decade and a year later, Einstein further challenged conventional wisdom by describing gravity as the warping of spacetime, not a force acting at a distance. Since then, Einstein's revolutionary insights have largely stood the test of time. One by one, his predictions have been borne out by experiment and observation. But it wasn't until much later that scientists accepted one of the most dramatic ramifications of Einstein's theory of gravitation: the existence of black holes from whose extreme gravity nothing, not even light, can escape. Major advances in computation are only now enabling scientists to simulate how black holes form, evolve, and interact. They're betting on powerful instruments now under construction to confirm that these exotic objects actually exist. You might like to take a two-minute video tour of this exhibit's contents. However, the Quicktime movie is rather large (12.3 MB!), so be patient when downloading. It could take several minutes. (Further information on downloading movies can be obtained from the

9. Stringy Black Holes A set of lecture notes with a very good section on black holes, as well as current work in string theory. http://www-th.phys.rug.nl/~schaar/htmlreport/report.html

Next: Contents Stringy Black Holes Martijn Derix and Jan Pieter van der Schaar Contents Introduction General Relativity ... About this document ... Jan Pieter van der Schaar

10. The Hitch-Hiker's Guide To Black Holes. Ted Bunn, from the Center for Particle Astrophysics at Berkeley, tackles a few of the common queries about these objects. Ted Bunn's Black Hole FAQ page has moved. http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/workx/blackholes/index3.html

Everything you need to know about BLACK HOLES. Black Holes -When Do They Occur? Stars can turn into varieties of things as they collapse, including white dwarfs, nuetron stars... A black hole is suggested to be the end product of a large star that is collapsing into itself. Due to the fact that gravitational acceleration is calculated by the formula : where m B is the mass of the black hole, as the radius (r) of the star decreases, the gravitational field on it's surface increases. This causes a chain reaction in which a greater force is put on the star to collapse, thus decreases in size even further, and the gravity of it's surface increases. It is suggested that a star would have to have a mass equivalent to three times that of our sun to become a black hole. If though a star with an equivalent mass to the Earth were to collapse into a black hole, the space that all of the matter would take up would have a radius of less than 9mm. It is easy to see that the density of this would be huge-thus demonstrating why it would have such noticeable effects.The gravitational field created would have important effects to it's surrounding environment, producing signs for astronomers to observe when looking for a black hole. Einstein's theory of general relativity , suggest that close to the star itself, strong distortions occur in the structure of space. He found that the acceleration was equal when caused by changing motion, compared to when changed by gravitational fields. From this we deduce that at the point of a gravitational field, space itself is curved such that moving particles follow the same path as they would if they were being accelerated. This has applications towards photons of light as well as any other particle.

11. FAQ To SCI.PHYSICS On Black Holes By Matt McIrvin An FAQ list by Matt McIrvin containing basic questions and answers related to black holes.Category Science Physics Relativity black holes......Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on. black holes. But the propertiesof black holes I'll talk about here are entirely theoretical. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/gifcity/bh_pub_faq.html

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Black Holes to Internet newsgroup: sci.physics Contents: What is a black hole, really? What happens to you if you fall in? Won't it take forever for you to fall in? Won't it take forever for the black hole to even form? Will you see the universe end? ... Where did you get that information? 1. What is a black hole, really? In 1916, when general relativity was new, Karl Schwarzschild worked out a useful solution to the Einstein equation describing the evolution of spacetime geometry. This solution, a possible shape of spacetime, would describe the effects of gravity *outside* a spherically symmetric, uncharged, nonrotating object (and would serve approximately to describe even slowly rotating objects like the Earth or Sun). It worked in much the same way that you can treat the Earth as a point mass for purposes of Newtonian gravity if all you want to do is describe gravity *outside* the Earth's surface. Nobody really worried about this at the time, because there was no known object that was dense enough for that inner region to actually be outside it, so for all known cases, this odd part of the solution would not apply. Arthur Stanley Eddington considered the possibility of a dying star collapsing to such a density, but rejected it as aesthetically unpleasant and proposed that some new physics must intervene. In 1939, Oppenheimer and Snyder finally took seriously the possibility that stars a few times more massive than the sun might be doomed to collapse to such a state at the end of their lives.

12. Black Holes To Blackboards An article on why high school courses in Astronomy are important. http://www.aspsky.org/mercury/mercury/9706/lockwood.html

Black Holes to Blackboards: Science for the Masses Mercury Magazine Archive of Past Issues Black Holes to Blackboards ... Editor Jeffrey F. Lockwood Sahuaro High School A manifesto for astronomy education. Parent of incoming ninth-grader: What's with the new science requirements? School counselor: Well, for starters, beginning with the class of 2032, all ninth-graders nationwide will take astronomy. Parent: Why the change from the old ways? Counselor: As you know, high school is now a five-year sequence of courses designed to parallel the new pentayear curriculum our colleges and universities have developed. We needed a science course that could be used to introduce all the others. Astronomy is perfect for the job. Parent: What follows in 10th-grade? Counselor: We're trying to adjust to the new admissions requirements of our state universities: four units of lab science, five of math, plus competency in two foreign languages. So we track our kids into chemistry as sophomores, physics as juniors, biochemistry and human anatomy as pre-seniors, and astrophysics research to tie all four courses together when they're seniors... Excuse me. I was daydreaming. My many years of astronomy teaching, coupled with my completely biased view that astronomy is the most exciting of all the sciences to teach kids, constantly triggers dreams of such changes in our curriculum. Actually, the date could have been 1882 instead of 2032 and the fantasy would have been partly correct. Astronomy had a valued place in American secondary schools for most of the 19th century.

13. Black Hole FAQ Answers to black hole questions like "How big is a black hole?" ,"How do black holes Category Kids and Teens School Time black holes......Ted Bunn's Black Hole FAQ page has moved. Go here. Thanks and enjoy! http://cfpa.berkeley.edu/BHfaq.html

Ted Bunn's Black Hole FAQ page has moved. Go here Thanks and enjoy!

14. Project STELLAR: Prince George's County, Maryland The Care and Feeding of black holes; How Can You See Something that Swallows Light? http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/~bridgman/STELLAR/presentations/blackholes.html

The Care and Feeding of Black Holes or How Can You See Something that Swallows Light? by William T. Bridgman, Ph.D. Abstract Black holes were predicted in Einstein's General Theory of Relativity back in 1915. For decades it was believed that such objects were mathematical curiosities and could not actually exist in Nature. Now black holes are regarded as the best explanation for the incredible power output of quasars, active galactic nuclei, and a number of galactic X- and gamma-ray sources. So what exactily is a black hole and how does it work? If light cannot excape from them, how do astronomers expect to actually see them? Some History In 1795, Pierre Simone de Laplace noticed that, using Newton's Theory of Gravitation, if an object of mass M were compressed into a radius r S less than r S = 2 G M / c (where G is the Universal Gravitational Constant and c is the speed of light) then the escape velocity from such an object would exceed the speed of light. We would never be able to observe such objects since the light would never be able to reach us. Laplace proposed that large quantities of matter in the Universe might be invisible due to this phenomenon. Without any real observational evidence at the time for such objects, the idea lay dormant. However in December of 1915

15. Local Black Holes Blacklist that includes dialup equivalent ip addresses, individual spam sources, netblocks that refuse to remove spammers, bulk mailers that don't require confirmed optin, output servers from multi-stage open relay chains and single stage open relays not listed on ORBZ. http://www.five-ten-sg.com/blackhole.php

You can always send email to blackhole10 at five-ten-sg.com even if your mail server is listed here. Note that this is NOT a list of open relays. To determine exactly WHY your mail server is listed here, enter the IP address in the form and click on the Search button. You sent email to the above address, and it seemed to be ignored? Well, you are probably listed here as a dialup-equivalent address, and you asked to be removed, but you clearly did not read the directions in section two, especially the red highlighted ones. It is truly amazing how many folks don't read that text. IP address: If you tried to send email and it was returned to you with an error message that pointed to this page, then the ip address of your outgoing mail server is on our local blocklist composed of the following classes. Use the search form above for more detailed information. For those that are curious, the actual ip address returned from a lookup in this blackholes zone is 127.0.0.X where X is 1 + the class number below. For example, dialup addresses return 127.0.0.3. spam - Individual spam sources. These are generally taken from discussions on news.admin.net-abuse.email. If you have inherited such ip address space, please let me know. However, you are probably on LOTS of other individual blocklists, and will have a hard time getting removed from all of them.

16. Big Bertha Thing White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, And Black Holes Alltext page on the various stages in the discovery and development of theories of white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. http://tonylance.mybravenet.com/dwarf.html

White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, And Black Holes While stars seem unchanging in comparison with a person's lifetime, they are in fact evolving objects that are born, mature, age, and die. After death, they leave behind stellar "fossils" as gravestones of their existence. The most evident of these fossils, the small stars known as white dwarfs, have been known for over a century. In recent decades, however, research has shown that such fossils can be more remarkable objects, known as neutron stars, or possibly can even be "singularities", collapsing forever and folding space around themselves to form "black holes". This document provides a survey of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Contents List THE DISCOVERY OF WHITE DWARFS WHITE DWARFS AND ELECTRON DEGENERACY THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF WHITE DWARFS WHITE DWARFS AND THE AGE OF THE GALAXY ... COMMENTS, SOURCES, AND REVISION HISTORY 1. THE DISCOVERY OF WHITE DWARFS Between the years 1834 and 1844, the German astronomer Friedrich W. Bessel performed a series of careful observations of Sirius, the brightest star in our sky. Sirius, sometimes called the Dog Star, is about twice as massive as our own Sun, 25 times brighter, and is about nine light years away in the constellation Canis Major. Bessel's careful observations revealed a wobble in the motion of Sirius across the sky, indicating the presence of a hidden companion. However, nobody was able to locate the hidden companion until 1862, when the telescope maker Alvan Graham Clark spotted it while he was testing out a new large refracting telescope. The companion became known as Sirius B, or just the Pup, while the Dog Star itself became technically known as Sirius A.

17. [gr-qc/9707012] Black Holes Lecture notes for a course on black holes given at Cambridge. The course covers some of the Category Science Physics Relativity black holes Education...... http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/9707012

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, abstract gr-qc/9707012 Black Holes Authors: P.K. Townsend Comments: 145 pp. Many diagrams Lecture notes for a 'Part III' course 'Black Holes' given in DAMTP, Cambridge. The course covers some of the developments in Black Hole physics of the 1960s and 1970s. Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted); CiteBase (autonomous citation navigation and analysis) Links to: arXiv gr-qc find abs

18. Galacticsurf: A Portal To The Stars. Portal linking to sites about very high density objets black holes, neutron stars http://galacticsurf.free.fr/trounoirGB.htm

You have 5 seconds before being automatically sent to www.galacticsurf.com (English version). Click on the flags to open Galacticsurf.com in your most convenient language. Vous avez 5 secondes avant la redirection automatique vers www.galacticsurf.com (version anglaise). Cliquez sur les drapeaux pour ouvrir Galacticsurf.com dans la langue de votre choix. Edouard RENY (personal website) - Galactic Network - © 2000

19. NCSA/LCA-Potsdam-WashU International Numerical Relativity Group Home Page Our group uses supercomputers to study black holes, gravitational waves, and other phenomena predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. http://jean-luc.ncsa.uiuc.edu/

Potsdam/Germany Mirror ] [Champaign/US Mirror] NCSA/LCA Potsdam WashU International Numerical Relativity Group Computing Resources for the AEI Numerical Relativity Group Welcome People Papers Projects Movies Exhibits Codes Our international group uses supercomputers to study black holes, gravitational waves, and other phenomena predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. Our WWW servers are an integral part of our research efforts. Our group is the result of a close collaboration between members of the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics at the National Center for Supercomupting Applications in Champaign-Urbana Illinois, the Washington University Relativity Group in St. Louis Missouri, and the in Potsdam, Germany. Here you can find information on group projects, members, publications, collaborations, and much, much more. Enjoy our Server! Keywords for this server : Numerical Relativity, General Relativity, Einstein, Astrophysics, Black Holes, Gravitational Waves, Relativistic Hydrodynamics, Neutron Stars, Hyperbolic and Elliptic PDEs, Parallel Computing, Scientific Visualization. Search Astronomylinks for links: provided by astronomylinks.com

20. Black Holes And Beyond black holes and Beyond. Einstein's general theory of relativity black holesbegan to mount. Why Study black holes? Here are some good reasons http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoles.html

Forward Back Up Map ... Information Black Holes and Beyond Einstein's general theory of relativity describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of matter. If the curvature is fairly weak, Newton's laws of gravity can explain most of what is observed. For example, the regular motions of the planets. Very massive or dense objects generate much stronger gravity. The most compact objects imaginable are predicted by General Relativity to have such strong gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape their grip. Scientists today call such an object a black hole . Why black? Though the history of the term is interesting, the main reason is that no light can escape from inside a black hole: it has, in effect, disappeared from the visible universe. Do black holes actually exist? Most physicists believe they do, basing their views on a growing body of observations. In fact, present theories of how the cosmos began rest in part on Einstein's work and predict the existence of both singularities and the black holes that contain them. Yet Einstein himself vigorously denied their reality, believing, as did most of his contemporaries, that black holes were a mere mathematical curiosity. He died in 1955, before the term "black hole" was coined or understood and observational evidence for black holes began to mount.

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