1. Welcome To Prevent Blindness America Volunteer eye health and safety organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight in America.Category Health Conditions and Diseases blindness Organizations......Prevent blindness America is the nations leading volunteer eye health andsafety organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight. http://www.preventblindness.org/

Prevent Blindness in your state: Location Arizona N. California Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts Nebraska New Jersey New York N. Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Tennessee Texas Virginia W. Virginia Wisconsin Our affiliates offer vision screening, volunteer opportunities and important eye health and safety programs. Search About Us Want to Help? Web Forum ... Site Map WOMEN AT RISK OF DEVELOPING UNIQUE VISION PROBLEMS Dry eye syndrome, cataracts and presbyopia are among the many vision-related problems women may face throughout their lives. Prevent Blindness America urges women to take care of their vision and learn more about eye health and safety. BECOME A GRASSROOTS ADVOCATE!

2. Blindness For Kids A legally blind retired schoolteacher explains what blindness is and how it affects people. Includes a section of famous blind people. http://pittsford.monroe.edu/Jefferson/CALFIERI/Blind/BlindKidsMain.html

Blindness Written for Kids This website has been designed to inform kids about blindness. We hope you like it and learn more about being blind. Click on the links below to go to different topics on blindness. Most pages also have links to other websites on blindness. If you have questions about blindness or this site, feel free to contact the author at the email address at the bottom of the page. Thanks for visiting this site and come back again sometime! Links at this website: What is blindness and visual impairment? What causes blindness? How blind read with their fingers: Braille ... Famous blind people For more information email: calfieri@rochester.rr.com

3. Blindness Resource Center: A Service Of The New York Institute For Special Educa NYISE offers resources on blindness, including braille, eye conditions, vendors, and access technology for the blind and visually impaired. http://www.nyise.org/blind.htm

Our Sponsors: (This site is also available in a text version ,and large print format Universal Access: Lynx, Windows Resource Sites on Blindness BRL Literacy, Translators, Advocacy ... Bobby is a free web-based service that will help you make web pages accessible to people with disabilities. Featured site in Lightspan's StudyWeb For additional information contact: The New York Institute for Special Education attn: Office of Development 999 Pelham Parkway Bronx, New York 10469 USA Phone: (718) 519-7000 Ext. 315 Fax: (718) 231-9314 Return to Index Visitor # since 3/1/98 LE FastCounter Comments and/or suggestions on this site can be addressed to: John Hernandez, Media Coordinator-NYISE last revised July 2002

4. Blindness-Related Emailing Lists Subscribe to blindnessrelated emailing lists and pan-disability and access-issues lists directly from this comprehensive hypertext index. http://www.hicom.net/~oedipus/blist.html

BLIST: The Comprehensive Index of Blindness-Related Emailing Lists last updated June 20, 2002 Skip Directly to the Beginning of BLIST Skip Navigation Links Download a zip file containing BLIST (offline hypertext version) Skip to the Index of Blindness-Related Lists ... A Note to Listowners This document contains instructions on how to join over two hundred blindness-related emailing lists and blindness-related newsgroups , along with hypertext links which allow you to subscribe to any of the lists. It also contains an extensive listing of accessibility and pan-disability lists , as well as a list of emailing lists that are not blindness-related, but which are frequented by blind members , and a selective list of emailing list-related resources . A zipped archive of this hypertext document is available at: A plain ASCII version of this list is available from: A zipped version of the ASCII file, blist.zip , can be downloaded via anonymous ftp from the pub/poehlman NFBnet.org BLIST is also available via email. To obtain a plain text version of BLIST via email , type the line GET BLIST INFO in the BODY of an emessage, and send it to:

5. Macular Degeneration, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Usher Syndrome, Stargardt Disease : Funds research at over 50 institutions in the US and the world in the area of degenerative retinal diseases.Category Health Medicine Ophthalmology Research......The Foundation Fighting blindness is a publiclysupported charity raising moneyto fund research for macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Usher http://www.blindness.org/

Macular Degeneration Retinitis Pigmentosa Usher Syndrome Stargardt Disease ... Viewing This Site Click here for more information. Login Register Benefit Search: Possible Future Treatment Breakthrough for Stargardt disease Researchers supported by The Foundation Fighting Blindness have discovered a potential drug treatment for Stargardt disease, the leading cause of early-onset macular degeneration. more Genvec Begins Phase I Clinical Trial of Gene Therapy Treatment Designed to Prevent Vision Loss more Scientific Advisory Board Meeting The Foundation just held its annual Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) meeting on January 30-31. more Mother's Day Celebration Feb 01, 2003 - May 11, 2003 National Event Send A Card...Find A Cure. Volunteer to send special FFB greeting cards. “Swing For Sight” Golf Tournament Apr 07, 2003 Delaire golf course All proceeds will benefit The Foundation Fighting Blindness. The Kelly Family-Living with Macular Degeneration By The Foundation Fighting Blindness Janet sat in disbelief as she learned that both she and her son, John, had Best disease, an early-onset form of macular degeneration that causes loss of central vision and often results in legal blindness. more Denice Brown - Retinitis Pigmentosa By The Foundation Fighting Blindness Of course, it's scary thinking about being completely blind-with RP you never know what your timetable is, but I just kept focusing on my dream to become a teacher.

6. Color Deficient Vision Color blindness simulation of the websafe colors in cards and charts with explanation, illustrations, and instructions. http://www.visibone.com/colorblind/

VisiBone Color Deficient Vision Simulation in the Web Designer's Color Card and Chart Color Card (8.5" x 11") Color Chart (18" x 24") Printed color references with color deficiency simulations Toward the lower left on the Card and the Chart is a simulation of deuteranopia , a common variety of color blindness. This is from the Greek for "second doesn't see" referring to the second cones in the retina of the eye that respond primarily to green light and are presumed to be defective in this condition. This doesn't mean that greens are invisible to people with deuteranopia. Human vision is complicated. The role of the green cones is less to detect green light than to distinguish it from red. Similarly, when the red cones "don't see" (protanopia), the main consequence is that reds, yellows and greens are indistinguishable. This figure simulates the web-safe colors as they appear in a deuteranopic condition. In most other categories of color blindness, protanopia, protoanomaly and deuteranomaly, the view is very similar but there are subtle differences. In one very rare form, called tritanopia, affecting thirty people in a million, colors appear very differently. The

7. Information About Vision Loss And Blindness Information and diagrams with links to other helpful sites. http://www.99main.com/~charlief/blindness.html

The Eye Information About Vision Loss and Blindness The Eye and its Parts 12 Signs of Vision Loss Myths About Vision Loss Eye Conditions and Disorders Education and Training - Rehabilitation ... E - Mail Me The eye and a camera have a lot in common. They both have compound lenses. To focus a camera you move the lens backward or forward. The eye is focused by the ciliary muscle witch stretches the lens, changing its shape. The iris, just like the aperture in a camera, controls the amount of light that enters the eye. The aperture in a camera protects the film from over exposure. The iris in the eye protects the sensitive retina from light damage. The retina is like the film in a camera, covering the back of the eye. It contains millions of photoreceptor cells. These cells convert light rays into electrical signals that are sent to the brain through the optic nerve. The signals from both eyes are combined and converted into sight by the brain. (Next) for a more detailed look at the eye and descriptions of its various parts. This site in The Blind and Visually Impaired Ring is owned by Charlie Web Previous Next List Sites since 12/31/01

8. Vision Impairment, National Center On Birth Defects And Developmental Disabiliti or a visual field of 20 degrees or less. "blindness" is defined as a visual acuity worse than 20/400, with the best http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/ddvi.htm

What Is Vision Impairment? How Common Is It? Prevention ... NCBDDD Home What is vision impairment? Vision impairment means that a person's eyesight cannot be corrected to a "normal" level. It is a loss of vision that makes it hard or impossible to do daily tasks without specialized adaptations. Vision impairment may be caused by a loss of visual acuity, where the eye does not see objects as clearly as usual. It may also be caused by a loss of visual field, where the eye cannot see as wide an area as usual without moving the eyes or turning the head. There are different ways of describing how severe a person's vision loss is. The World Health Organization defines "low vision" as visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/400, with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less. "Blindness" is defined as a visual acuity worse than 20/400, with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 10 degrees or less. Someone with a visual acuity of 20/70 can see at 20 feet what someone with normal sight can see at 70 feet. Someone with a visual acuity of 20/400 can see at 20 feet what someone with normal sight can see at 400 feet. A normal visual field is about 160-170 degrees horizontally. Vision impairment severity may be categorized differently for certain purposes. In the United States, for example, we use the term "legal blindness" to indicate that a person is eligible for certain education or federal programs. Legal blindness is defined as a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less.

9. Fighting Blindness (Ireland) This self-help voluntary organisation, promoting research into retinal degenerative diseases, provides Category Regional Europe Society and Culture Disability Resources......Fighting blindness is a selfhelp voluntary organisation which promotesresearch into Retinal Degenerative Diseases . Fighting blindness. http://www.fightingblindness.ie/

Fighting Blindness Totally committed to finding treatments and cures for all forms of blindness and related sensory loss through the promotion of Irish research Mission Statement About The Conditions For details on the ' Easter Egg Campaign' 2003 contact Eamonn or Marie at 3rd Annual IPPOSI Meeting 'Turning Research Into Cures' Happy 20th Birthday Fighting Blindness!!!! Wicklow Challenge 2003: Can You Hike it? Glittering Night At the Races! Kate Doyle and Jockey Barry Geraghty pictured with Chair of the Fighting Blindness Appeals Committee, Patricia Burke at the inaugural betfair racing ball in aid of Fighting Blindness in the Leopardstown Pavilion February 8th last. For Further information Contact: 01 873 1004 FIGHTING BLINDNESS IN VIETNAM 2003 A new social site has been set up for anyone living on the Island of Ireland, 18-40, who has a physical disability, epilepsy or depression. The address for the Irish Disability Social Site is http://groups.yahoo.com/group/irishdissocial2 Science Breakthrough at TCD Ocular Genetics Unit Report on Age Related Conditons Breakthrough in RP Research Hotlinks ... News Number of Visits to this Site This was built with Contact Information Telephone FAX Postal address 16 North Frederick Street, Dublin 1, Ireland.

10. Color Blindness - Color Vision An overview of this condition by St. Luke's Cataract Laser Institute. http://www.stlukeseye.com/Conditions/ColorBlindness.asp

Conditions Home Macular Degeneration Diabetic Retinopathy Dry Eye Syndrome ... Services Search Selected by the sciLINKS program, a service of National Science Teachers Association. Treatment Color Blindness Overview Color blindness may be a hereditary condition or caused by disease of the optic nerve or retina . Acquired color vision problems only affect the eye with the disease and may become progressively worse over time. Patients with a color vision defect caused by disease usually have trouble discriminating blues and yellows. Inherited color blindness is most common, affects both eyes, and does not worsen over time. This type is found in about 8% of males and 0.4% of females. These color problems are linked to the X chromosome and are almost always passed from a mother to her son. Color blindness may be partial (affecting only some colors), or complete (affecting all colors). Complete color blindness is very rare. Those who are completely color blind often have other serious eye problems as well. Photoreceptors called cones allow us to appreciate color. These are concentrated in the very center of the retina and contain three photosensitive pigments: red, green and blue. Those with defective color vision have a deficiency or absence in one or more of these pigments. Those with normal color vision are referred to as trichromats. People with a deficiency in one of the pigments are called anomalous trichromats (the most common type of color vision problem.) A dichromat has a complete absence in one cone pigment.

11. The Church And Blindness Increasing awareness for visually impaired worshippers, to launch an appeal to initiate a ministry Category Health Conditions and Diseases blindness Organizations......The Church and blindness Registered Charity No. 1078425, read the wordsof support from the Archbishop inside. Our new unframed site http://www.church4blind.org.uk/

The Church and Blindness Registered Charity No. 1078425 read the words of support from the Archbishop inside Our new unframed site can be heard in English by a blind person or displayed via a Braillepad. For text to voice software, try IBM's Home Page Reader, or Window Eyes click here to explore our unframed site alternatively, click on the buttons below for the framed site in: English French German Spanish ... Italian ALL ARE AVAILABLE IN 4 FONT SIZES AND 3 BACKGROUND COLOURS FOR EASE OF USE BY PARTIALLY SIGHTED PEOPLE WHO WOULD LIKE TO SPONSOR A WELSH TRANSLATION? Please contact vip@church4blind.org.uk The website is now available in Braille. Free for VIP without a PC Free via e-mail or post to V.I.P's Dippers, Water Lane, Charlton Horethorne, Sherborne, DORSET why not join our 2002-3 site sponsors?

12. Macular Degeneration, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Usher, Stargardt The Foundation Fighting blindness is a publiclysupported charity raising money to fund research for macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Usher syndrome, Stagardt disease, related diseases, and providing information, resources and http://redirect-west.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.blindness.org&y=0236788957C5

13. Prevent Blindness America--Amblyopia FAQ Answers to some frequently asked questions about Amblyopia.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Eye Disorders Amblyopia......Prevent blindness America is the nation’s leading volunteer eye health andsafety organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight. http://www.preventblindness.org/children/amblyopiaFAQ.html

Frequently Asked Questions about Amblyopia Q: What is amblyopia? Amblyopia is reduced vision in an eye that has not received adequate use during early childhood. Q: What causes amblyopia? Amblyopia, also known as "lazy eye," has many causes. Most often it results from either a misalignment of a child's eyes, such as crossed eyes, or a difference in image quality between the two eyes (one eye focusing better than the other.) In both cases, one eye becomes stronger, suppressing the image of the other eye. If this condition persists, the weaker eye may becomes useless. Q: Can anything be done to treat amblyopia and prevent vision loss? With early diagnosis and treatment, the sight in the "lazy eye" can be restored. Q: When should treatment for amblyopia begin? The earlier the treatment, the better the opportunity to reverse the vision loss. Q: What treatments are available? Before treating amblyopia, it may be necessary to first treat the underlying cause. Glasses are commonly prescribed to improve focusing or misalignment of the eyes.

14. Illinois Society For The Prevention Of Blindness Provides public resources for safety and care of eyes, along with eye disease. Includes The Visionary, a publication that explores research projects, issues and news of interest. http://www.eyehealthillinois.org/

Eye Care Eye Disease Eye Safety The Visionary ... Donations Web design - Voras

15. Blindness Resource Center: Access To The Internet And Web Access to the Internet by persons with blindness or visual impairment with accessibleweb design, lynx, nettamer, emacspeak, UltraSonix, and XWindows. http://www.nyise.org/access.htm

Access to the Internet, Web and Windows Accessible Web Design LYNX Web Browser Unix Access Windows Access ... Other Blindness Links THIS PAGE IS ALSO AVAILABLE IN: Text, Large Print and Frames Format GO TO: Blindness Resource Center Accessible Web Design WGBH'S NATIONAL CENTER FOR ACCESSIBLE MEDIA WAI Quick Tips Reference Card Adaptive Technology for the Internet : Making Electronic Resources Accessible to All - is a handbook for accessability at Amazon.com. Accessible Web Page Design Links from the disABILITY website Accessibility Home Page : at Microsoft Design Considerations: An excellently written essay on accessible web design for persons with visual impairments. Designing an Accessible Web: Trace Center Site Hints for designing accessible Websites - RNIB Resources on Web Access from The Adaptive Technology Resource Centre of University of Toronto Royal National Institute for the Blind's Campaign for Good Web Design Usability of Information and the WWW: UCLA Disabilities and Computing Program Return to Access Index LYNX Web Browser Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web (WWW) client for users running cursor-addressable, character-cell display devices (e.g., vt100 terminals, vt100 emulators running on PCs or Macs, or any other "curses-oriented" display). It will display hypertext markup language (HTML) hypertext documents containing links to files residing on the local system, as well as files residing on remote systems running Gopher, HTTP, FTP, WAIS, and NNTP servers. Current versions of Lynx run on DOS, UNIX and VMS.

16. BLINDNESS Brief report on evidence of a link between smoking and agerelated macular degeneration. http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/tcu/3-97/BLINDNESS.html

SMOKING CAN LEAD TO BLINDNESS In two articles published in the October 9, 1996 issue of The Journal of American Medicine and in a report to the American Aging Association, researchers helped strengthen the link between cigarette smoking and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). AMD is a condition in which the cell layer behind the retina begins to rot and rupture producing blurred vision and desensitivity to color. According to the researchers AMD is the main cause of new cases of blindness among people over 65. The researchers provided two hypothesis for the link between cigarette smoking and the degeneration. First, is that the cigarette smoking reduces levels of plasma antioxidant, a substance in the blood stream which protects the cells in the retina. This leaves the rather delicate cells of the eyes macula lutea (parts of the retina) left unprotected from oxygen molecules. The second hypothesis states that damage may occur when poor circulation (constricted blood vessels) due to smoking causes the protective layer between the retina and blood vessels to erode. This allows fluid to leak between membranes causing irritation and scarring. The fi rst study conducted by a team of researchers from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, followed 32,000 female nurses aged 50 and 59 for a twelve year period. Those who smoked more than 25 cigarettes a day had a two and half times greater risk of developing macular degeneration. The second study, conducted by doctors at the Brigham and Women's hospital and Harvard Medical School, focused on 21,000 male doctors over the same twelve year period and reported similar results.

17. Blindness Resource Center Resource Sites On Blindness The blindness Resource Center's blindness Links has dozens of links related to blindness and visual impairments. Resource Sites on blindness. THIS PAGE IS ALSO AVAILABLE IN http://www.nyise.org/blindness.htm

18. Blindness Related Resources Index of blindness related resources on the web and beyond. blindnessRelatedResources on the Web and Beyond. (last updated February 12, 2003). http://www.hicom.net/~oedipus/blind.html

Blindness-Related Resources on the Web and Beyond (last updated February 12, 2003) Table of Contents Skip Table of Contents About This Document General Blindness-Related Resources Blindness-Related Emailing Lists ... Adaptive Products and Services (includes screen readers, speech synthesizers, refreshable braille displays, braille embossers, etc.) Home Pages of Blind and Visually Impaired Individuals Friends of the Blind Employment-Related Resources Educational Resources Pertaining to Blindness and Vision Loss ... Terra Infirma: Raw Links An Explanatory Note When I first mounted this page on my web site, Camera Obscura This is not , nor is intended to be, an encyclopedic index of blindness-related resources on the 'net... It is merely a collection of links that I have either come to rely upon personally or which I have stumbled across in the course of my own personal webcrawling. They are offered here merely as jumping-off points for the exploration of blindness-related resources, for following any one of the links listed on this page will open a Pandora's box of information. And that , my friends, is the true beauty of hypertext...

19. A Blind Teen's Point Of View: Monthly writings about living with blindness. http://www.carefreeenterprise.com/arielle/

A TEEN'S POINT OF VIEW My Journey into a New World The fact that we were all visually impaired also presented several obstacles that challenged my abilities and strengthened my confidence. By some random act of chance, all four of the girls living in my dorm room were totally blind (as opposed to having some functional vision). One of the main guidelines of the trip was that we could not request sighted help unless it was absolutely necessary. As a result, all of us faced the challenge of locating and keeping track of our personal belongings without sight. Though I frequently endured the frustration of not being able to find something in my room, this constant challenge forced me to use my orientation skills in an unfamiliar environment. It also allowed me to appreciate the sighted guidance that I do receive in my current life. We lived on the campus of the Maryland School for the Blind, so in order to reach the tourist attractions of Washington, D.C., we relied on a great deal of public transportation. Each day we rose early, took a one-hour train ride into the city, and traveled to our destination by subway or on foot. As I navigated crowded subways and hurried across busy streets to move from place to place, I was exposed firsthand to the practical challenges of traveling independently in an unfamiliar city. The unique challenges of the trip provided me with invaluable life experiences that will prepare me for the challenges of living as a blind adult.

20. Fight For Sight Information about the work and fundraising efforts of charity fighting the battle against blindness. http://www.fightforsight.org.uk

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