21. Cape Verde Page - University Of Pennsylvania Excellent collection of resources from the university's African Studies Center. Includes a map, travel advisories and reviewed sites. on all aspects of cape verde and cape verdeanAmerican history and culture. Information in the cape verdean-American http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/C_Verde.html

Cape Verde Page Country Map of Cape Verde U.S. State Department Travel Advisories for Cape Verde Cape Verde Embassy in the U.S. World Factbook entry for Cape Verde Other On-Line Resources Related to Cape Verde Cape Verde The index has been created by The Norwegian Council for Africa, as part of its comprehensive effort to strengthen the knowledge of Africa and African affairs. The projects has been developed in cooperation with the information company Gazette, and wit h financial support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Cape Verde (Karen Fung) Resources represents part of Karen Fung's "Africa South of the Sahara Electronic Guide". It covers: news, history, geography, etc.. Republic of Cape Verde Home Page (Unofficial) Richard Leary The CV-A/CV page contains information on all aspects of Cape Verde and Cape verdean-American history and culture. Information in the Cape Verdean-American section is centered on the Cape Verdean- American community of New Bedford and southeastern New England, and contains information on and (potential) links to other Cape Verden-American communities and organizations. Languages of Cape Verde Islands The Ethnologue is a catalog of the world's languages including information on alternate names, number of speakers, location, dialects, linguistic affiliation, and other sociolinguistic and demographic information. This database represents the 12th edition of the Ethnologue, published in 1992.

22. UMass Dartmouth - Error A comprehensive guide to the history and culture of cape verde and the worldwide cape verdean community. Cabo verde Nha Terra. cape verde Home Page. Connecting the Worldwide capeverdean Community http://www.umassd.edu/SpecialPrograms/caboverde/capeverdean.html

To Main Content Site Index Ask Us Contact Directory ... Student Life Error 404 - File not found! Try here: http://www.umassd.edu/ http://www.atmc.umassd.edu/ http://www.temp.umassd.edu/ To Top ^ UMass Dartmouth Site Index - A - Academic Advising Academic Calendar Admissions (Graduate) Admissions (Undergraduate) Alternative Admissions Alumni Association Alumni Homepage Archives and Special Collections Arts, College of Visual and Performing Astronomy Program Athletics Audio Visual Services - B - Biology Department - C - Calendar Of Events Campus Book Store Campus Center Campus Housing Campus News Campus Panoramas (QTVR) Campus Photos Catalogue, Undergraduate Catalogue, Graduate Catalogue, Library Career Resource Center Center for Business Research Center for Indic Studies Center for Policy Analysis Center for Portuguese Studies Center for Teaching and Learning Charlton College of Business Chemistry and Biochemistry Department CITS (Computing and Information Tech Services) Civil and Environmental Engineering CMAST (Center for Marine Science and Technology) College Now (Alternative Admissions) College of Arts and Sciences College of Business and Industry College of Engineering College of Nursing College of Visual and Performing Arts Computer and Information Science (CIS) Department Computer Connections, Residential Life (Registered Students Only)

23. Cape Verde - Government Sec. of State of culture HE Mr. Antonio Jorge Delgado. Sec. Foreign Missionsin cape verde. Government Directory. The Political System of Cabo verde. http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/cvgov.html

The Government of the Republic of Cape Verde PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC (HEAD OF STATE) H.E. Mr. Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro PRIME MINISTER (HEAD OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH) H.E. Mr. Carlos Wahnon Veiga SPEAKER OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (LEGISLATIVE BRANCH) H.E. Mr. Antonio Esperito Santo Fonseca PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME COURT (JUDICIAL BRANCH) H.E. Mr. Oscar Gomes CABINET MINISTERS Min. of Economic Coordination H.E. Mr. Antonio Gualberto do Rosario Min. of Foreign Affairs and Communities H.E. Mr. Amilcar Spencer Lopes Min. of Education, Science and Culture H.E. Mr. Jose Luis Livramento Monteiro Alves de Brito Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister H.E. Mr. Jose Antonio Reis Minister of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and Minister of National Defense Dr. Ulpio Napoleao Fernandes Min. of Justice and Internal Administration H.E. Mr. Simao Monteiro Min. of Marine Affairs H.E. Mrs. Maria Helena Semedo Min. of Infrastructure and Transportation Min. of Agriculture, Food and Environment H.E. Mr. Jose Antonio Pinto Monteiro Min. of Health and Social Promotion

24. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Cape Verde | Culture African culture, although this is less true on São Tiago Island, which has a significantnumber of people of African ancestry. Most people in cape verde are http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/cape_verde/culture.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Cape Verde Culture Cape Verde is home to a variety of musical styles. One of the most popular is the foot-stomping funana , a dance beat popular in Praia and other cities and towns; morna , the national songform, typically slow, moody and in a minor key; and coladeira , a fast-moving, fluffy style of dance music. The country's best-known musician is Cesaria Evora, the 'barefoot diva', who sings in the traditional Cabo styles. Cape Verdean food is basically Portuguese, but some dishes are unique to the islands. One of the most unusual and delicious is pastel com diablo dentro (pastry with the devil inside) - a mix of fresh tuna, onions and tomatoes, wrapped in a pastry blended from boiled potatoes and corn flour, deep fried and served hot. Soups are also popular. One of the most common is coldo de peixe (fish stew), which is loaded with vegetables and spices and thickened with manioc flour. Other specialities include bananas enroladas (bananas wrapped in pastry and deep fried) and manga de conserva (an unsweetened chutney-like concoction).

25. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Cape Verde Destination cape verde Facts, When to Go, Events, Money Costs, Attractions, Offthe Beaten Track, Activities, History, culture, Environment, Getting There http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/cape_verde/printable.htm

Cape Verde Jump to: Introduction Facts for the Traveler When to Go Events ... Maps Introduction The islands of the Cape Verde archipelago are windy, hilly and dry - almost lunar - and beyond that they're fairly sleepy. But there's beauty in them thar parched hills. And some of the islands are actually lush. There's good diving and hiking, lively nightlife and plenty of quiet corners to hide away in. Islanders mix up African, Portuguese, Mediterranean and Latin influences and come out with a flavour that's distinctly 'Cabo'. Package tourism has gained a foothold, but Cape Verde is still independent and unspoiled. Full country name: Republic of Cape Verde Population: Area: 4030 sq km (1557 sq mi) Capital city: Praia (pop 61,797) People: Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1% Languages: Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Creole Portuguese and West African words) Religions: Roman Catholic (infused with indigenous beliefs), Protestant Government: republic President: Pedro Pires Prime Minister: Jose Maria Neves GDP: US$581 million GDP per head: US$1450 Annual growth: Inflation: Major industries: food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt mining, ship repair, bananas, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, coffee, peanuts, fish

26. MapZones.com : Cape Verde cape verde Map, History, culture, People, Population, Climate, Economy, Animal andplants, Languages,capital, island, major city, province, Communications,State http://atlas.freegk.com/world/africa/cape_verde/cape_verde.php

Country Info Cape Verde Introduction Cape Verde General Data Cape Verde Maps Cape Verde Culture ... Cape Verde Time and Date Cape Verde Introduction Back to Top Cape Verde (republic), republic comprising the Cape Verde Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, due west of the westernmost point of Africa, Cape Verde. The archipelago consists of ten islands and five islets, which are divided into windward and leeward groups. The windward, or Barlavento, group on the north includes Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia, Sal, and Boa Vista; the leeward, or Sotavento, group on the south includes São Tiago, Brava, Fogo, and Maio. Cape Verde has a total area of 4,033 sq km (1,557 sq mi). Official Name -Republic of Cape Verde Capital City- Praia Population- 405,163 Languages-Portuguese Official Currency- Cape Verdean escudo Religions -Roman Catholicism Land Area- 465,40 sq km (179,691 sq miles) Home World Countries Privacy About Us ... info@mapzones.com

27. Cape Verde History And Culture History culture, cape verde History and culture, Lying 240 nauticalmiles off the coast of West Africa, the tiny, drought stricken http://www.spiamedia.com/cape_verde.html

HOME Cape Verde History and Culture Lying 240 nautical miles off the coast of West Africa, the tiny, drought stricken archipelago of ten islands remained in the backwaters of world history until l975 when the islands gained independence from Portugal. Uninhabited prior to discovery in l462 by the Portuguese, Cape Verdeans developed as a mix of Africans, Portuguese, and other European voyagers to the islands. This volcanic archipelago, bathed in dazzling natural colors and light, is a land of stark beauty-soaring mountains, desert terrain and endless beaches. Yet for Cape Verdeans these five hundred years also represent devastating cycles of drought, starvation and death where up to half the total population of the islands died. The connection between New England and the Cape Verde islands began in earnest after the American Revolution. Desperate for crews to work in the dangerous and low-paying whaling industry, whaling vessels from New Bedford and Nantucket regularly sailed to Cape Verde to pick up sailors. These early ties to New England made the United States the primary point of debarkation for Cape Verdeans. The trickle of immigration to New Bedford and New England in the early l800s turned into a flood at the turn of the century, as Cape Verdeans fled cycles of severe drought, starvation, perennial economic hardship and colonial neglect. They came across the Atlantic to New England on voyages lasting up to three months on packet ships of dubious seaworthiness, arriving in the ports of New Bedford, MA and Providence, RI, the oldest and largest Cape Verdean communities in America.

28. Spirit Of Cape Verde celebrates the bonds between New England, cape verde and President To find out moreinformation about cape verdeans in please visit our History and culture page http://www.spiamedia.com/spirit.html

HOME Spirit of Cape Verde Sarraounia Testamento With their ancestors coming from the little known Cape Verde islands off the coast of West Africa, the New England Cape Verdean-Americans have much to tell and celebrate. A documentary classic, Spirit of Cape Verde, celebrates the bonds between New England, Cape Verde and President Pereira's historic first state visit to the United States in l983. To find out more information about Cape Verdeans in New England please visit our History and Culture page. President Pereira in New Bedford, MA President Aristides Pereira's keynote address to the Cape Verdean community at the Zeiterion Theater in New Bedford, MA. Vickie Vieira sings On behalf of the Cape Verde community of Rhode Island, Vickie Vieira sings a welcome to President Pereira at the Tolman High School in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Order your copy now Ordering information: $20.00 Please send a money order to: SPIA Media Productions, Inc.

29. Virtual Cape Verde Top stories. Virtual cape verde culture Search on This Topic Go to Home Select a New Topic . Tokinfim um disionári di purtugéskiriolu, http://virtualcapeverde.net/news1/modules.php?name=News&new_topic=20

30. Cape Verde History And Culture - Quick Details From MuseumStuff.com cape verde History and culture .. details page from MuseumStuff.com, the web'sleading guide to 1000's of museums worldwide. cape verde History and culture. http://www.museumstuff.com/details/gen6222.html

MuseumStuff.com >> Cape Verde History and Culture Email this page Print Edit Cape Verde History and Culture OVERVIEW - Articles and resources from the University of Mass. at Dartmouth .. includes Cape Verde Music, Food, Ethnography and Language, Religion, Sports and Games CLICK to ENTER THIS RESOURCE CATEGORY links/regions/world/cape_verde RELATED search the web .. for more regions world cape_verde resources .. companion search powered by Overture.com HistoricTrees.org - purchase direct offspring of trees from historic homes, battles, moments in history .. easy to plant seedlings make great gifts that will last for generations! Art.com .. the web's best source for posters and prints .. From popular artists to the most obscure, we've found this site to offer the most variety .. at discount prices. This helpful resource page has been brought to you by the MuseumStuff.com .. one of the world's leading gateways to museum links and resources .. we are grateful to our sponsors for helping ensure the continued success of our network. Information updated on ..

31. Trip To Cape Verde balm for the soul. This was a wonderful opportunity to learn the history,culture and language of cape verde. The reception to our http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/svp/st_org/cvsa/Sherwood.html

Trip To Cape Verde Robert Sherwood (Dean for Student Development) As the Dean for Student Development at Boston College, I was very pleased to be asked to be the Faculty Advisor for the first community service/cultural immersion trip to Cape Verde sponsored by the B.C. Cape Verdean Student Association (CVSA). This was the very first time that a trip of this nature was sponsored by a student organization and not through the University Chaplain's Office. The CVSA selected the students through an application process, held weekly meetings with the students where presentations were done about Cape Verde, funded the entire trip through fund raising on and off campus, and arranged for travel, housing, meals and community service sites in Cape Verde. We also made arrangements for the Director of University Health Services to meet with us about medical issues and arrange for shots, prescriptions, etc. I personally found Cape Verde to be a country of drastic contradictions. First of all, the terrain was dark, ruggard and unforgiving. However, the beaches breathtakingly beautiful, the people were warm and friendly and welcoming, the food was fantastic, the music was delightful, the culture was inviting, and the temperature was like balm for the soul. This was a wonderful opportunity to learn the history, culture and language of Cape Verde. The reception to our students by everyone there was very gratifying, especially by the High School students with whom we met often. We also had a wonderful experience providing volunteer services to the hospital and an orphanage. We left behind a series of beautiful murals on the walls of the playground in the pediatric ward of the hospital, and the expressions on the faces of the children, their parents, and the doctors and nurses made our efforts all worth while.

32. CaboVerdeOnline.com - Culture Of Cape Verde UNIVERSITY NOVA OF LISBON 17 YEARS TEACHING the culture OF cape verde Lisbon, August2002 He came to study and acquire his degree in agriculture engineering http://www.caboverdeonline.com/contents/my_community/2002/08/09/ul081402.asp

Feedback Portuguese Cabo Verde Marketplace ... Forum Search CVOL Staff Vision Contact us Feedback ... Advertise Set us your homepage UNIVERSITY NOVA OF LISBON: 17 YEARS TEACHING the CULTURE OF CAPE VERDE Lisbon, August 2002 He came to study and acquire his degree in agriculture engineering, but social sciences had been his passion from a very young age. Since he always liked to study and learn new things, it wasn’t hard to first concluded his course in engineering and later forming in the area of his passion by achieving various masters in anthropology. In his intellectual portfolio one finds four degrees, twelve books written about Capeverdean culture and hundreds of articles about Cape Verde. While studying the people of Cape Verde, John Lopes, Jr. became one of the most celebrated investigators of the Capeverdean culture in Europe. For over 17 years, with the initiative of the department of anthropology of the NOVA UNIVERSITY OF LISBON, he created an optional curriculum - the discipline of the islands of Cape Verde ethnology. The institute then became the first and only university of the European Union with a department, whose objective, is to study the culture of our country.

33. CaboVerdeOnline.com - Cidade Velha - Birthplace Of First Capeverdean! built by the Portuguese in Africa, are well preserved in order to keep all theimportant references regarding cape verde’s culture particularly that of http://www.caboverdeonline.com/contents/misc/2002/01/Cidade Velha.asp

Feedback Portuguese Cabo Verde Marketplace ... Forum Search CVOL Staff Vision Contact us Feedback ... Advertise Set us your homepage Cidade Velha - birthplace of first Capeverdean! The early and first Capeverdeans were born at Cidade Velha, a meeting point of the first Europeans and Negroes coming from the West Coast of Africa to settle and cultivate the islands of Cape Verde. The mixing of these two different races was prevalent in Cape Verde, with the resultant blend of blood lines producing the essence of Creole culture and language and a new human race: the Capeverdean Related Story: Capeverdean Museum in 2005 Caixa Economica A Parceira do Emigrante BANA in Concert Kissimmee, Florida Baia Verde Tarrafal, Santiago Gil in Concert Providence, RI

34. Africa Cape Verde Islands Society And Culture 4. cape verde Home Page Detail A comprehensive guide to the history and cultureof cape verde and the worldwide cape verdean community Category Africa http://www.island-search.com/browse.php?cat=1709

35. RIC, James P. Adams Library, Special Collections, Cape Verdean Culture Race, culture, and Portuguese Colonialism in Cabo verde, Foreign and Nho Lobo FolkTales of the cape verdean People, Translated by cape verdean Educators http://www.ric.edu/library/dept/specialcollections/capeverdeculture.html

Rhode Island College James P. Adams Library Cape Verdean Culture Bibliographies Amil Cabral Cape Verde and Cape Verdean Americans Cape Verde: Governement, Economics, and Development Cape Verde: Selected Topics ... Recently Acquired Materials Barboza, Ronald. A Salute to Cape Verdean Musicians and Their Music Sp. Coll. ML 200.7 M3 B4 1989 Cabral, Stephen L., and Sam Beck. Nha Distino: Cape Verdean Folk Arts , Publication no. 5. Providence, R.I.: Roger Williams Park Museum, 1982. Sp. Coll. E 184 C26 C3 1982 Cardoso, Pedro Monteiro. Folclore Caboverdiano , Introduction by Luiz Silva. preface by Alfredo Margarido. Paris: Solidariedade Caboverdiana, 1983. Sp. Coll. GR 360 C3 C37 1983 Carreira, Antonio. Cabo Verde: Classes Sociais, Estrutura Familiar, Migracoes , Lisbon: Ulmeiro, 1977. Sp. Coll. HN 838.9 A8 C39 1977 Cabo Verde: Aspectos Sociais, e Fomes do Seculo , 2nd rev. ed. Biblioteca Ulmeiro, no. 9. Lisbon: Ulmeiro, 1984.

36. RIC, James P. Adams Library, Special Collections, Cape Verdeans And Cape Verdean Race, culture, and Portuguese Colonialism in Cabo verde. Colonial in America, BelmiraNunes Lopes the Autobiography of a cape verdean American. http://www.ric.edu/library/dept/specialcollections/capeverde.html

Rhode Island College James P. Adams Library Cape Verde and Cape Verdean Americans Bibliographies Amil Cabral Cape Verde and Cape Verdean Americans Cape Verde: Governement, Economics, and Development Cape Verde: Selected Topics ... Recently Acquired Materials Almeida, Raymond A., ed. Cape Verdeans in America: Our Story . Boston, MA: The American Committee for Cape Verde (TCHUBA), 1978. Also available as ERIC document, ED 161-773. Sp. Coll. E 184 C26 C36 Cape Verde and Its People: A Short History . Boston: TCHUBA, American Committee for Cape Verde, 1976. Sp. Coll. DT 671 C2 M3 1976 Andrade, Elisa. The Cape Verde Islands: from Slavery to Modern Times . Eugene, OR: Third World Students Coalition Press, 1974. Sp. Coll. HC 578 C3 A6 1974 Araujo, Norman. A Study of Cape Verdean Literature . Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College, 1966.

37. AdmiNet - Cape Verde organisations Cities Towns Agriculture Law Art, culture Health Environment UniversitiesPress, Entertainment Defence WWW resources about cape verde Thanks. http://www.adminet.com/world/cv/

spreads information all over the Net Search throughout the whole AdmiNet site : options AdmiNet World Africa Cape Verde Government Links with other countries Parliament Political organisations ... Thanks The government of Cape Verde The Government of the Republic of Cape Verde National Flag Links with other countries Embassies of Cape Verde in other countries : France USA Embassies of other countries in Cape Verde: France Foreign Chambers of Commerce and Industry : Parliament Assembleia Nacional DE Cabo Verde (Parliament) Political organisations PAICV - Partido Africano para a Independencia de Cabo Verde Cities and Towns Agriculture Finance Law Art, Culture Health Environment Sports Jobs Companies Industry Small and Medium Enterprises Telecom Cabo Verde TELECOM International Callback = Low Telephone Rates! Information Highways Travel, Transportation Hotels and Resorts on Cape Verde Islands Chambers of Commerce and Industry Education Universities Press, Entertainment Cape Verde News Cape Verdean Music Defence WWW resources about Cape Verde Cape Verde Islaands Cape Verde Home Page (UNOFFICIAL) The World Factbook Grateful thanks to : Leonhard Schmidt ; Leonhard.Schmidt@bnv-gz.baynet.de

38. Culture: The Rough Guide To The Music Of Cape Verde of only about 350,000, the islands of cape verde are one referred to as the king ofcape verdean music his preeminent place in his country's culture very clear http://www.fish.co.uk/culture/music/0901/cape_verde.html

CULTURE Welcome Books Films Music ... Cartoons REGULARS Introduction Past reviews Web guides Debates SEARCH the Internet this site Google THE ROUGH GUIDE TO THE MUSIC OF CAPE VERDE Click the cover above to order your copy. Each album you order by clicking here raises money for Christian Aid projects. "The islands of Cape Verde are one of many states around the world that punch way above their weight in the music stakes." The Rough Guide to the Music of Cape Verde World Music Network (RGNET 1065CD) Reviewer: David May Set some 600km of the coasts of Senegal and Mauritania and with a total population of only about 350,000, the islands of Cape Verde are one of many states around the world that punch way above their weight in the music stakes. It's possible that the relative smallness of the musical community made compiler Phil Stanton's job a little easier but, as usual with these authoritative Rough Guides, the standard and hence the listener's enjoyment is as high as ever. In fact, the only real sign is the inter-linking of many of the artists.

39. Cape Verdean Culture was born on the island of Brava, cape verde, and I I enjoyed the stories that othercape verdean Americans shared to keep in touch with my culture and informed http://www.newbedford.k12.ma.us/cverde.htm

Cape Verdean Culture (new CD) Cape Verde Experience Cape Verdean violinist created a unique style Cape Verdean Vocals By Alcides da Graca 53 Porter St. Taunton, MA 02780 Home (508) 823-2796 - School (508) 997-4511 One young man of nineteen years of age went to visit his sister the day before the trip and gave her his picture as a memory keepsake. His words to her, upon handing over the picture, were: "I brought you this picture because we're going to die on Matilde. Remember me." With tears in his eyes, he embraced his sister, who also had tears in her eyes, and asked her to pray for their souls. Fifty six brave men died trying to reach the shores of New Bedford, Massachusetts to begin a better life where opportunities were plentiful. World War 11 had a serious impact on the lives of Cape Verdeans who were waiting for an opportunity to return to the United States. Ships were not taking chances on the mined waters of the Atlantic. The shortage of food on the islands, because of the severe drought, the lack of medication and doctors and little to no contact with the United States forced drastic and sad decisions to travel on small run down ships such as Matilde. Most of the Packet Ships were reconditioned ships from the schooner days that were bought by Cape Verdeans and put into the Atlantic Route(United States-Cape Verde and back). These ships braved the storms and the high seas to take food, clothing and other goods to Cape Verde Islands. Some of the ships were built in Cape Verde. The Island of Brava was prominent in this venture. In the village of Furna, where there was a seaport, "Porto Di Furna", ship building was a big business. Prominent in this trade were talented men such as Nho Mano Di Nha Queta and Nho Zuric Vitorino. The shipyard belonged to Nho Mano De Nha Queta who would build ships for prominent Bravenses such as Antonio Martins(Nho Totoi Nha Tui) and Nho Pepe Di Lem. Most of the ships were small but a few such as Marlene were large enough to make trips to the United States.

40. Jews In Cape Verde And On The Guinea Coast Short paper on the Jewish history of cape verde.Category Regional Africa cape verde Society and culture...... was being concurrently synthesized. In cape verde this was to becomethe essence of Crioulo culture. This process has its close http://www.saudades.org/jewscapev.html

JEWS IN CAPE VERDE AND ON THE GUINEA COAST by Richard Lobban Paper presented at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth 11 February 1996 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND IN PORTUGAL In Iberia the Reconquista movement was growing in its mission to recover their lands from the Muslim Moors who had first arrived in the 8th century. Jews may have first arrived far earlier during the time of the Phonecians and Roman. Nevertheless, Maghrebi Jews were key allies of the Moors and centuries-long residents of Iberia. Probably as early as 1480 one may find the beginnings of the Spanish Inquisition and expulsion of Jews. It was however in 1492 the the Spanish Inquisition emerged in its fullest expression of intolerance, anti-Semitism. This social pathology quickly spread to neighboring Portugal where Portuguese Kings Joao II and especially Manuel I in 1496, determined to exile thousands of Jews to Sao Tome, Principe, and Cape Verde. The numbers expelled at this time were so great that the term Portuguese" almost implied those of Jewish origin. Those who were not expelled were converted by force or were even executed. Despite the important role of Portuguese Jews in commerce, navigational sciences, and in the cartography of Africa, they faced riots, pogroms, and profound oppression during the

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