1. Capital Punishment juveniles and the death penalty This Bulletin examines the history of capitalpunishment and Supreme Court decisions related to its use with juveniles. http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/rights/hrpage/cp.htm

Human Rights 7 March 2003 POLICY Key Documents Key Reports RESOURCES Evolution of the Death Penalty Current Legislation Web sites Current Issues in the News ... U.S. Outlines Death Penalty and Case of Texas Inmate for OSCE Council Davidson's statement to OSCE Permanent Council Deputy Chief of the U.S. Mission to the OSCE Douglas Davidson addressed the OSCE Permanent Council in Vienna January 23 on the issue of capital punishment in the United States, in reply to concerns raised about the case of John (Jackie) Elliott, who was convicted of the 1986 rape and murder of a woman in East Austin, Texas, and is scheduled to be executed February 4. Complete Text Death Penalty Legislation in Congress 108th Congress National Death Penalty Moratorium Act of 2003, S.132 Federal Death Penalty Abolition Act of 2003, S. 402 Justice Enhancement and Domestic Security Act of 2003, S.22(see Title VI, Innocence Protection Act) 107th Congress Death Penalty Integrity Act of 2002, S.2739 Confidence in Criminal Justice Act of 2002, S.2446 Capital Defense Counsel Standards Act of 2002, S.2442 Criminal Justice Integrity and Innocence Protection Act of 2001, S. 800 ... -Hearing: "Protecting the innocent: ensuring competent counsel in death penalty cases," June 27, 2001, PDF file, 138 pages Innocence Protection Act of 2001, H.R. 912

2. LII: Law About...the Death Penalty Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School provides these legal resources on the death penalty. The death penalty, or capital punishment, may be prescribed by Congress or any state legislature for murder Execution of Mentally Ill. juveniles the death penalty. Legal Issues http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/death_penalty.html

death penalty: an overview The death penalty, or capital punishment, may be prescribed by Congress or any state legislature for murder and other capital crimes. The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty is not a per se violation of the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Furthermore, the Sixth Amendment does not require a jury trial on the sentencing issue of life or death. In the landmark case, Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977) , the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is a grossly disproportionate punishment for the crime of rape of an adult woman. The Court came to this conclusion by considering objective indicia of the nation's attitude toward the death penalty in rape cases. At the time, only a few states allowed for executions of convicted rapists. More recently, in Atkins v. Virginia , the Supreme Court used the same line of reasoning to rule that executions of mentally retarded criminals are "cruel and unusual punishments" which are prohibited by the Eighth Amendment The Supreme Court has established that for death penalty sentencing the sentencer's discretion be narrowly guided as to the circumstances that justify imposing the death penalty and that the sentencing process should be individualized.

3. Focus On The Death Penalty Amnesty International USA's Program to Abolish the death penalty Sheets. juveniles. Deterrence. Mental Retardation. Mental Illness. Federal death penalty. Foreign Nationals in the movement toward ending capital punishment in the United States. http://www.uaa.alaska.edu/just/death

Focus on the Death Penalty Focus on Gun Control Index to Links ... Index Focus on the Death Penalty 30 Mar 2000 : The Death Row page has been updated with information from more state prison death rows. 2 Mar 2000 The International Context page has been completely updated. Other pages have been reformatted, and are in the process of being updated. A number of attempts at introducing capital punishment to the Alaska criminal justice system have occurred in recent years. The purpose of this site is to provide Alaska citizens and other members of the public with a source of information on the death penalty so that they can make informed decisions on this important issue. (See for historical information and updates on the progress of the death penalty debate in Alaska.) We hope that others will also find the site useful. See the site overview for a quick look at what you will find on this site. Also on this page are links to general news, indices, and bibliographies

4. Capital Punishment - The Death Penalty: Developments In 2002 capital punishment, the death penalty developments during 2002 capital punishment THE death penalty Developments Year 2002 determine public opinion on whether juveniles should be excluded from the death penalty. After two days of polling, http://www.religioustolerance.org/executa.htm

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT THE DEATH PENALTY: Developments: Year 2002 Click Here to Visit our Sponsors. 2002 developments 2002-FEB-4: USA: Justice Scalia criticizes Roman Catholic Church: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, a Roman Catholic, criticized his church's anti-death penalty stance at two public meetings. He notes that although the present pope is opposed to capital punishment, that the church itself has traditionally supported executions. He said: " No authority that I know of denies the 2,000-year-old tradition of the church approving capital punishment. I don't see why there's been a change. " At a meeting In Chicago on JAN-25, Scalia said, " In my view, the choice for the judge who believes the death penalty to be immoral is resignation rather than simply ignoring duly enacted constitutional laws and sabotaging the death penalty. " On FEB-4 in Georgetown, he commented that " any Catholic jurist [with such concerns] ... would have to resign. You couldn't function as a judge.

5. Capital Punishment, Debate, Arguments Against The Death Penalty Alabama juveniles on death Row. Alabama death Row. SPECIAL SERIES ILLINOIS FAILUREOF THE death penalty. Indiana Citizens to Abolish capital punishment (ICACP). http://www.creativeideasforyou.com/States_Captial_Punishment.html

State Death Penalty Links Here are a couple of helpful links: Human Rights and Death Penalty this site has a wide ranging set of links. The other is similar, also having a wide range of Death Penalty links to choose from Death Penalty Links Alabama: Project Hope to Abolish the DP Webpage Alabama ... WASHINGTON

6. Juveniles Vs The Death Penalty Adolescents are not even spared capital punishment. youth over sixteen. There aremany arguments that support the use of the death penalty for juveniles. http://userpages.umbc.edu/~kvinso1/

JUVENILES VS THE DEATH PENALTY Capital punishment has always been a controversial topic, that could be debated until the end of time. However, a new topic has taken centerstage in the legal world that has everyone focused on the Supreme Court. The topic weather it is appropriate for the death penalty to be imposed on juvenile offenders is now debated in courtrooms all over the nation. "Although the American public is generally in favor of the death penalty, surveys indicate that a substantial majority oppose capital punishment for minors." Only 24 of the 50 states now allow the execution of juveniles, and nationwide there are 28 juvenile killers on death row. The reasoning behind both arguments (for and against) are solid facts and ideas that leave you deliberating the pros and cons of capital punishment. Obviously, there is no clear winner in this debate and it is still weighing in the minds of not only the public but the courts as well. Personally I feel that the death penalty is a hard decision that faces not only our government but also our society. While as a society we cry out for justice when one of us has been wronged, I'm not sure if revenge by death is an acceptable solution. We as a county make it illegal to kill someone but yet we reserve the right to impose death if we feel the crime is vicious? I feel the death penalty is morally wrong in any circumstances. I do not think that it deters crime or instills fear in the criminal. I think that juveniles can be responsible for their actions and crime with out having to give their life. I believe that juveniles can be rehabilitated and that society should not give up so easily.They should be given the chance to redeem themselves and to turn around their life, and with the right support i believe that they can learn from the experience and move on to be productive part of society.

7. Juveniles On Alabama's Death Row American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) capital punishment shall not be ForJustices, Doubts On death penalty Four Oppose Execution of juveniles. http://www.angelfire.com/al4/juveniles/

Contact International Treaties Rights of the Child ICCPR ... Memorial THEIR NAMES: Adams, Renaldo dob: July 2,1980 On death row since: Dec. 11, 1998 Crime: rape, murder Bond, James Willis dob: July 24, 1983 On death row since: Nov 11, 2002 Crime: robbery, murder. Carroll, Taurus dob: Aug. 4, 1976 On death row since: Feb. 13, 1998 Crime: robbery, murder. Davis, Timothy Charles dob: March 18, 1961 On death row since: July 28, 1980 Crime: robbery, murder. Duke, Mark Anthony dob: May 15, 1980 On death row since: March 25, 1998 Crime: murder. Duncan, Trace dob: Nov. 5, 1976 On death row since: May, 1996 Crime: murder Hart, Gary Davis II dob: Sept 19,1972 On death row since: May 5, 1990 Crime: robbery, murder. Hyde, James Matthew dob: March 2, 1977 On death row since: July 19, 1996 Crime: murder. Knotts, William Thomas dob: Nov. 20, 1971 On death row since: Aug. 1, 1992 Crime: burg, murder. Loggins, Kenny dob: Sept. 15, 1976 On death row since: May, 1996

8. Juveniles On Alabama's Death Row Focus on capital punishment. Juvenile death penalty History andAnalysis. juveniles and the death penalty - Executions and History. http://www.angelfire.com/al4/juveniles/links.html

Contact International Treaties Rights of the Child ICCPR ... Home Articles Policy Statements Cost of Execution ABA - Juvenile Death Penalty Alabama Execution Statistics American Bar Association Juvenile Justice Center Amnesty International - Death Penalty Web site ... The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney's Death Penalty Resources ARTICLES Amnesty International Report - Twenty-five years of Judicial Killing Anmesty - USA: Indecent and internationally illegal, the execution of child offenders Ceci, Stephen - Why Minors Accused of Serious Crimes Cannot Waive Counsel Drizin, Steven - Superpreditor of just plain naughty? ... USA - Indecent and internationally illegal The death penalty against child offenders POLICY STATEMENTS American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Juvenile death sentence policy statement Capital Punishment - policy of the United Methodist Church Captial Punishment - statement of The Episcopal Church Child Welfare League of America - Juveniles Offenders and the Death Penalty ... European Union Policy and Action on the Death Penalty COST OF EXECUTION Death Penalty is Expensive When is it right for the state to kill?

9. Coordinating Council Meeting Materials - Juveniles, Capital Punishment, And Sent severe sentences for juveniles (capital punishment or life crimes committed as juveniles,representing approximately current American death penalty era began http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/council/march1999/juveniles.html

Background Information March 1999 Juveniles, Capital Punishment, and Sentencing The Council's practitioner members have identified the issue of unduly severe sentences for juveniles (capital punishment or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole) as a problem that merits attention. In light of this concern, the practitioner members have prepared a statement on severe sentences for presentation and discussion. History Historians note that the first execution of a condemned American juvenile took place in 1642. In the years from this date until January 1998, a total of 356 persons were executed for crimes committed as juveniles, representing approximately 1.8 percent of all confirmed American executions (Streib, 1998). The current American death penalty era began in 1972, when the Furman v. Georgia Supreme Court decision struck down all existing death penalty statutes. Sentencing under post-Furman statutes began in 1973, but the constitutionality of those laws was not determined until Gregg v. Georgia (1976), when the Supreme Court reopened the path for executions (Sickmund, 1997). Current Information In 1998, 38 States and the Federal Government had statutes authorizing the death penalty; 14 jurisdictions remained without the death penalty (Streib, 1998). Of the 39 jurisdictions authorizing death sentences, 14 States and the Federal Government have set 18 as the minimum age for execution. Four States have set age 17 as the minimum, and the remaining 20 States have a minimum age of 16 either by statutory expression or by default pursuant to the Thompson ruling (Snell, 1998; Streib, 1998).

10. Editorial: The Young Condemned / Rendell Should Support A Death Penalty Ban For poster child of juvenile capital punishment, there are Today, four juveniles siton Pennsylvania's death row. USA launched its No death penalty for Juvenile http://www.post-gazette.com/forum/20030202edaclu0202p1.asp

Pittsburgh, PA Friday April 4, 2003 News Sports Lifestyle Classifieds ... About Us Take me to... Search Local News Nation/World Sports Obituaries Lifestyle Business Opinion Photo Journal Weather Classifieds PG Store PG Delivery Web Extras Contact Us About Us Help Corrections Site Map Opinion Previous Articles Columnists Commentary ... Opinion Editorial: The young condemned / Rendell should support a death penalty ban for juveniles Sunday, February 02, 2003 The impulse to kill is as old as the first organized societies. Examples of executions sanctioned by ancient communities can be found in sacred scriptures and oral traditions from every corner of the globe. State-sanctioned killing has a long and bloody pedigree, a testament to the seductive allure of an ethic that insists execution wielded by the state is a legitimate antidote to evil. An equally long-standing tradition stretching from the dawn of civilization to our own day is the recognition of the moral differences and expectations of juveniles and adults. If it were not for the erosion in our understanding of these time-honored differences, it would hardly be worth mentioning. Unfortunately, the lines between "juvenile" and "adult" have become blurred, especially in the realm of capital punishment. The case of John Lee Malvo, the 17-year-old suspect in the three-week D.C. sniper rampage last year, has ignited debate about capital punishment and whether it is ever legitimate to sentence to death a juvenile convicted of even heinous crimes.

11. Death Penalty Statistics populations, jurisdictions authorizing capital punishment, capital offenses, Supreme onissues surrounding the death penalty. on women, juveniles, and mentally http://www.uaa.alaska.edu/just/death/stats.html

Focus on the Death Penalty Focus on Gun Control Index to Links ... Index Focus on the Death Penalty Death Penalty Statistics The principal sources of death penalty statistics , with links to specific resources at each site, are included here. These sites provide detailed information on executions, death row populations, jurisdictions authorizing capital punishment, capital offenses, Supreme Court death penalty cases, changes in state statutes, and other information. Detailed information about executions , including the names of prisoners executed in the U.S., offense information, race of offender and victim, state of execution, and method of execution can also be found through sites listed here. Additionally, we provide links to documents providing results of public opinion polls on issues surrounding the death penalty. See also Specific Issues: Specific Populations for resources with statistics on women, juveniles, and mentally retarded persons on the nation's death rows. See The International Context for statistics on the death penalty worldwide.

12. Supersphere: Chicago - Minneapolis capital punishment is the most premeditated of murders, to which no juveniles on deathRow in the USA A list by by State and age of juevenile death penalty laws http://www.supersphere.com/FrontPage/Politic/Page.html?ID=DeathRow

13. WebQuest struggle against the death penalty includes a piece on the death penalty for juveniles,racism and mental retardation and capital punishment, and life on death http://coe.west.asu.edu/students/ahudson/WebQuest.html

WEBQUEST CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS IT EVER JUSTIFIED? O ur society has become increasingly violent. Gone are the days where you can leave your doors open and your cars unlocked. Family values and morals are declining. Drug abuse, child abuse, domestic violence, and gangs are on the rise. Guns are almost as easy to get as candy. Children are not safe even at school. Society seems obsessed with sex and violence is glorified in music and movies. It seems some members of society place little value on human life. With the crime rate increasing, crimes becoming more heinous , and society's killers are becoming younger and younger, the United states which once outlawed capital punishment has brought it back. Some argue that it is justified. What do you say? The Task Using the suggested resources, you will have the opportunity to gain a better understanding of the methods used in capital punishment types of crimes committed by people given the death penalty, and arguments for and against capital punishment. Visit the suggested Internet sites and read accounts of people and events. Complete the following assignments: Write a 2-3 page letter to the governor defending your position on capital punishment.

14. Juveniles And The Death Penalty -- The Washington Times EDITORIAL • September 2, 2002 juveniles and the death penalty Stephen G. Breyer— have evinced a desire to chip away at capital punishment by playing http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20020902-897683.htm

Front Page Nation/Politics World Commentary ... Employment Extra Juveniles and the death penalty Back to Opinion/Editorial Updated at 12:00 a.m. White House Upgrades Terror Alert Bush to Ask U.N. For Help With Iraq Smith Loses to Sununu in N.H. Upset Flight 93 Families Visit Crash Site ... Lawmakers Seek Martha Stewart Probe Updated at 12:00 a.m. Nation goes on higher terror alert US base in Bahrain on Delta alert Genetic defects found in cloned animals 14 U.S. embassies close on eve of Sept. 11 ... 80 feared killed in Indian train accident

15. Death Penalty Issue Hijacked -- The Washington Times fair public debate and legislative votes on the death penalty for juveniles. of youth;their paternal instincts incline them against capital punishment. http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20021029-36818968.htm

Front Page Nation/Politics Election 2002 World ... Employment Extra October 29, 2002 Death penalty issue hijacked Bruce Fein      The death penalty hovers over the Washington area. Bruce Fein is general counsel for the Center for Law and Accountability, a public interest law group headquartered in Virginia. Back to Commentary Gephardt to Pass House Leader Post Triumphant GOP Looks to New Agenda Fed Cuts Interest Rate Half a Point ... Sniper Suspects Charged in Va. Updated at 9:30 p.m. UPI hears ... Source: Gephardt to quit as Dem leader UN council studies new Iraq resolution LA mayor pledges better days for Valley ... Bush to ready legislative agenda

16. Death Penalty has been the recent history of capital punishment in the applied to mentally retardedpersons and juveniles. death penalty critics argue that the high reversal http://www.newsbatch.com/deathpenalty.htm

Updated February 12, 2003 When did countries begin to abolish the death penalty? Capital punishment was widely applied in ancient times throughout the world. The modern movement for the abolition of capital punishment began in the 18th century with the writings of Montesquieu and Voltaire. Some of the first countries to abolish capital punishment included Venezuela (1863), San Marino (1865), and Costa Rica (1877). Today, over half the countries in the world have abolished the death penalty either by law or through practice. (Click to see map) Most executions occur in a handful of countries: China, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United States. In Great Britain, it was abolished (except for cases of treason) in 1971; France abolished it in 1981. Canada abolished it in 1976. In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that throughout the world, it is desirable to "progressively restrict the number of offenses for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment". What has been the recent history of capital punishment in the United States?

17. Capital Punishment capital punishment in Missouri; Prisoners' advocate site; to innocence, justice, race,women and juveniles. death penalty Information Center An information rich http://www.lafayettehighschool.org/socialstudies/Main Dept Folder/Class Hotlinks

Capital Punishment Posted for Ms. Rummel and Mrs. Hagedorn, April, 2002 Click "Back" to return to this page Resources Death Penalty Information and Resources - Collective of pertinent resources include news articles and reports, book and film catalogs and downloadable case law opinions. Death Penalty Topics and Related Resources Vignettes from the above book Death Penalty Pros and Cons - Links to resources Categorized list of links from above - Links on this page include news, legal, and government sources as well as pro and con death penalty sources. Pro death penalty site - Resources, papers, interviews (a link from previous page Justice Center Web Site: Focus on the Death Penalty-University of Alaska Anchorage - rich list of annotated links-pro and con sites, debate, death row sites, news, other death penalty link collections. The specific issues links collections looks Especially rich site-maybe a jumping off point for some topic choice ideas. Both the international and death row links were just updated in March. Specific Inmates' Stories Life and Crimes of Clifford Boggess - PBS examination of capital punishment through the life and crimes of self-confessed double murderer Clifford Boggess, who was executed in Texas in June 1998 after spending almost ten years on death row . Contains pro and con arguments and educators' links

18. Juveniles And The Death Penalty/Senior Debate the eighth amendment as it applies to juveniles. capital punishment nor life imprisonmentwithout possibility of 1949) states that the death penalty shall not http://www.gprep.org/~stevem/juvdeath.html

Juveniles and the Death Penalty/Senior Debate This debate will explore the ramifications of the eighth amendment as it applies to juveniles. The format for the debate will be as follows: Moderators for the Debate Mr. Steve Maczynski Mr. Neil Roberts An Exploration into the Eighth Amendment and Three Key Supreme Court Cases. I. Eighth Amendment: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. " 1791: year this Amendment was added to the US Constitution. II. Supreme Court Cases: Trop v. Dulles(1958): Supreme Court ruled that the definition of "cruel and unusual punishments" is not permanently fixed and is subject to change over time as a result of "evolving standards of decency " in America. Quote: "the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society." Thompson v. 0klahoma(1988): Supreme Court ruled that the execution of offenders aged 15 and younger at the time of their crime is unconstitutional. Two are different reasons why the Supreme Court made their decision: Execution of an offender aged 15 and younger is "cruel and unusual punishment."

19. Coordinating Council On Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention - November 2 Bulletin examines the history of capital punishment and Supreme for crimes committedas juveniles and notes involved in applying the death penalty to juveniles http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/coordcouncil/

John J. Wilson, Acting Administrator November 2000 From the Administrator The appropriateness of the death penalty for juveniles is the subject of intense debate despite Supreme Court decisions upholding its use. Although nearly half the States allow those who commit capital crimes as 16- and 17-year-olds to be sentenced to death, some question whether this is compatible with the principles on which our juvenile justice system was established. This Bulletin examines the history of capital punishment and Supreme Court decisions related to its use with juveniles. It also includes profiles of those sentenced to death for crimes committed as juveniles and notes the international movement toward abolishing this sanction. I hope that this Bulletin enhances our understanding of the issues involved in applying the death penalty to juveniles so that we may focus our energy and resources on effective and humane responses to juvenile crime and violence. John J. Wilson Acting Administrator Juveniles and the Death Penalty Lynn Cothern Introduction History of the Death Penalty History of the Juvenile Death Penalty ... Coordinating Council Members Acknowledgments Lynn Cothern, Ph.D., is Senior Writer/Editor for the Juvenile Justice Resource Center (JJRC) in Rockville, MD. Lucy Hudson, Project Manager for JJRC, and Ellen McLaughlin, Writer/Editor for the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (JJC) in Rockville, MD, revised and updated the Bulletin using source material provided by the author. Nancy Walsh, Senior Writer/Editor for JJC, wrote the sidebar on the

20. Death Penalty For Juveniles Under Scrutiny | Csmonitor.com unease with the current use of the death penalty. backdrop, views on execution ofjuveniles vary. Supreme Court considers when deciding capitalpunishment cases http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0827/p02s01-usju.html

WORLD USA COMMENTARY LEARNING ... MonitorTalk Search: Economy Justice Military Politics Also see: War in the Gulf Living Monitor Breakfast For more than 30 years, the Monitor has been hosting weekly breakfasts in Washington where newsmakers dine and discuss issues, politics, and policy with reporters. USA Stories: for 04/04/2003 A sharp turn in US perceptions of war Final Four regains some luster with NBA-quality stars In South, a statue dispute larger than life Is it OK to have fun? ... Mall of an America torn At the Minnesota landmark, teens have deep reservations about war. Most-viewed stories: (for 04/02/03) New find in 'smoking gun' search Antiwar protesters in a PR fix Body armor could be a technological hero of war in Iraq War's cruel dilemma: the civilian factor ... Justice from the August 27, 2002 edition Death penalty for juveniles under scrutiny Texas is scheduled to execute the third person in four months for a crime committed under age 18. By Kris Axtman HOUSTON In America, teenagers under the age of 18 can't drink, vote, or sit on a jury. The public has come to believe that it takes children time to develop mentally, to mature fully before they can make decisions on their own. But in many death-penalty states, that reasoning changes if a teenager under the age of 18 commits murder. Prosecutors and victim's families contend that the child knew exactly what he or she was doing, and should be held fully accountable for those actions.

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