41. InteliHealth: Cervical Cancer Health News, cervical cancer Headlines. March 19, 2003. News brought to youby , Caregiving. •, cervical cancer. •, Children's Health. •, Cholesterol. http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/333/20778.html

Entire Site Diseases Conditions Healthy Lifestyle InteliTools Your Health IH Catalog Dental chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_home_mo_1','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_home-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_shop_mo_2','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_shop-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_dental_mo_3','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_dental-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_drug_mo_4','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_drug-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_askexpert_mo_5','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_askexpert-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_medical_mo_6','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_medical-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_chats_mo_7','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_chats-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_privacy_mo_8','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_privacy-o.gif'); Advertisement Cervical Cancer Headlines April 04, 2003 New Cervical Smear Tests Perform No Better Than Conventional Tests - April 04, 2003 (British Medical Journal) New cervical smear tests are unreliable and should not replace conventional tests (PAP smears) according to a study in this week's BMJ. Cervical Cancer Test May Be Widely Used - April 01, 2003

42. The Minnesota Breast And Cervical Cancer Control Program, Content A program to provide quality breast and cervical cancer screening free of charge to low and moderate Category Regional North America United States Minnesota Health......A program to provide free breast and cervical cancer screening to lowand moderate income Minnesota women age 40+ who are underinsured. http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/dpc/cc/mbcccp.htm

We welcome your comments and suggestions about this site. Feedback Page Minnesota Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (MBCCCP) our website has moved to www.health.state.mn.us/divs/hpcd/ccs/mbcccp.htm Please make a new bookmark! For questions about this page, please contact our Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Division: mary.manning@health.state.mn.us See also > Disease Prevention and Control Home health by topic health statistics forms and applications ... Address of and directions to the Minnesota Department of Health Updated Monday, 03-Feb-03 11:54:41

43. NHS Cervical Screening Programme What is a smear test? A smear test can spot abnormal cells which, if left untreated,might turn into invasive cervical cancer. It is not a test for cancer. http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/cervical/

Search this site for: About the NHS Cervical Screening Programme What is cervical screening? What is a smear test? What does the NHS Cervical Screening Programme do? Who is eligible for cervical screening? ... How much does the programme cost and how is it funded? If you have been invited for screening, or have been for screening and have any questions about the result, you should contact the name and address shown on your invitation letter or result letter. If you are worried about a specific problem, or otherwise worried about the risks of cancer, then you should talk to your GP. What is cervical screening? Cervical screening is a method of preventing cancer by detecting and treating abnormalities which could lead to cancer in a woman's cervix (the neck of the womb). The first stage in cervical screening is a smear test. What is a smear test? A smear test can spot abnormal cells which, if left untreated, might turn into invasive cervical cancer. It is not a test for cancer. The smear test is used to take a sample of cells from the cervix for analysis. A doctor or nurse inserts an instrument (a speculum) to open the woman's vagina and uses a spatula to sweep around the cervix and take a sample of cells. Most women consider the procedure to be only mildly uncomfortable. The sample of cells is then 'smeared' on to a slide which is sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope. What does the NHS Cervical Screening Programme do?

44. Cancer Research UK: Cervical Cancer cervical cancer Although there is a higher chance to develop cervical cancer laterin life, it is the second most common cancer in women under the age of 35. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/aboutcancer/specificcancers/9543

About us About cancer Press office Get involved ... Contact our information nurses Cervical cancer If you or a friend or relative have been diagnosed with cancer, you will find much more detailed information on our patient information site, CancerHelp UK Summary Although there is a higher chance to develop cervical cancer later in life, it is the second most common cancer in women under the age of 35. Each year, there are over 3,200 new cases in the UK. The cancer develops from cells lining the cervix, which is the canal that connects the uterus to the vagina. During childbirth, the baby passes through this canal. Cervical cancer does not develop suddenly. There is usually a period when some of the cells lining the cervix develop abnormal changes that can give rise to cervical cancer later on. Doctors can pick up these changes through screening, and simple treatment can prevent cancer developing. The NHS cervical screening programme has been very effective in reducing the number of cases diagnosed in the UK. Risk factors Risk factors for cervical cancer include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection There are many types or strains of HPV. Some types can cause warts. Others are known as high-risk types, as they can cause abnormalities in the cells in the cervix, and cervical cancer. A high-risk HPV infection is present in almost all women with cervical cancer, but most women do not go on to develop cervical cancer.

45. Cancer.gov Task Force Announces New cervical cancer Screening Guidelines 01/22/2003 TheNational Cancer Institute (NCI) supports new guidelines on cervical cancer http://www.nci.nih.gov/newscenter

This site is managed by the Office of Communications at the NCI and is designed to help science writers and reporters find information about cancer research at the National Cancer Institute. To reach NewsCenter staff, call 301-496-6641. Recent Major News Releases NCI Pursues Vaccines to Prevent and Treat Cancer NCI Study Estimates More Than 2 Million Women Could Benefit From Tamoxifen 04/01/2003 - More than 10 million women in the United States have a high enough risk of developing breast cancer that they could consider taking the breast cancer chemoprevention drug tamoxifen, according to Andrew N. Freedman, Ph.D., and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Metastasis Gene May Be Useful for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer 03/16/2003 - By analyzing the genes that are active in tumor cells, scientists may be able to predict whether the most common form of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, is likely to spread from its original site. NCI-Funded Clinical Trials Show Aspirin Reduces Recurrence of Polyps 03/05/2003 - Taking daily aspirin for as little as three years was shown to reduce the development of colorectal polyps by 19 percent to 35 percent in people at high risk for colorectal cancer in two randomized, controlled clinical trials published in today's New England Journal of Medicine Related Links Cancer Research Awareness Background and educational information.

46. Medicare.gov - Cervical Cancer Information Contains links to publications and other websites with informationon cervical cancer. d Health Information. cervical cancer. Some http://www.medicare.gov/Health/Cervical.asp

d Screen Reader Version Español Home ... Information for Medicaid Beneficiaries and People with Disabilities The Official U.S. Government Site for People with Medicare Search Help Site Map Index Site Tips ... Frequently Asked Questions Have a question? Your answer could be here. Search Tools Nursing Home Compare Medicare Personal Plan Finder Assistance Programs Prescription Drug Assistance Programs ... Medigap Compare Health Information Cervical Cancer Some Important Information You Should Know about Cervical Cancer. This section provides information about cervical cancer, Pap tests that are used to screen for cervical cancer, your Medicare benefits for cervical cancer screening, and steps you can take to help protect your health. Websites American Cancer Society The American Cancer Society Website contains information to help you: Learn about cancer, Understand available treatment options, and How to cope with cancer and the associated treatments. Information can also be obtained by calling toll-free 1-800-ACS-2345 (1-800-227-2345). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website contains a section with resources to help with breast and cervical cancer. Information can also be obtained by calling toll-free at 1-800-311-3435.

47. Screening For Cervical Cancer: Recommendations And Rationale Recommendations and Rationale. Screening for cervical cancer. Despite fallingincidence, cervical cancer remains the tenth leading cause of cancer death. http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/cervcan/cervcanrr.htm

Recommendations and Rationale Screening for Cervical Cancer By the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Address correspondence to: Alfred O. Berg, M.D., M.P.H., Chair, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, c/o David Atkins, M.D., M.P.H., Chief Medical Officer, Center for Practice and Technology Assessment, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 6010 Executive Boulevard, Suite 300, Rockville, MD 20852; E-mail: uspstf@ahrq.gov This statement summarizes the current U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on screening for cervical cancer and the supporting scientific evidence, and updates the 1996 recommendations contained in the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Second Edition Explanations of the ratings and of the strength of overall evidence are given in Appendix A and Appendix B available through the USPSTF Web site ( www.preventiveservices.ahrq.gov http://www.guideline.gov ). The summary of the evidence and the recommendation statement are also available in print through the AHRQ Publications Clearinghouse (call 1-800-358-9295 or E-mail ahrqpubs@ahrq.gov

48. Screening For Cervical Cancer: Recommendations And Rationale Screening for cervical cancer (continued). Recommendations of Others. US PreventiveServices Task Force. Screening for cervical cancer. AHRQ Publication No. http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/cervcan/cervcanrr2.htm

Screening for Cervical Cancer (continued) Recommendations of Others The new guidelines of the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommend initiating screening 3 years after onset of sexual activity but no later than age 21. ACS recommends annual screening with conventional Pap tests, or screening every 2 years if liquid-based cytology is used, until age 30; thereafter, the screening interval can be extended to 2-3 years based on past screening results and risk factors. Most other North American organizations have previously recommended beginning screening at onset of sexual activity or at age 18; these include the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) , American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), American Medical Association (AMA), the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Some of them may update their guidelines in light of the new recommendations on starting age. These organizations recommend that initial screening be conducted annually, but most recommendations permit Pap testing less frequently after three or more normal annual smears, based on patient risk factors and the discretion of the patient and physician. Guidelines of the ACS

49. Cervical Cancer cervical cancer, which is almost always preventable, continues to be a large publichealth problem in many developing countries because of limited access to http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/english/3cc/3cc.htm

Reading Materials Workshop Proceedings Related Links Reading Materials WHO Press Release, 11 October 2001 : Cervical Cancer Screening is Failing to Control Disease in Many Developing Countries, Researchers Say Medscape Editorial : Innovative Approaches to Cervical Cancer Prevention Article in Bulletin of WHO : Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries, Sankaranarayanan R (Adobe Acrobat 175K) Preventing Cervical Cancer in Low-Resource Settings Outlook, Vol. 18, No. 1. PATH Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer Lancet Journal Article : Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical-cancer screening: test qualities in a primary-care setting Lancet Journal Commentary Policy on Distribution of Materials Workshop Proceedings 2000 - Training Issues for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Low-Resource Settings (Summary) 1997 - Alternatives in Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in Low-Resource Settings (Highlights) Related Links Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention JHPIEGO University of Zimbabwe PATH (Program for Approriate Technology in Health) Reproductive Health Outlook: Cervical Cancer (PATH) National Cervical Cancer Coalition International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

50. The HPV Test - Greater Protection Against Cervical Cancer Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus), the cause of virtually all cervical cancer,is a far more accurate way to detect cancer and precancer than the current http://www.thehpvtest.com/

New Clinical Guidelines Published in JAMA Recommend HPV Testing for Borderline Pap Test Results Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus), the primary cause of virtually all cervical cancer, is a more accurate way to detect cancer and pre-cancer than the current management strategy of repeating the Pap test following an ASC-US (borderline) or mildly abnormal Pap result. What can I do? Relevent Links Site Map

51. Cervical Cancer cervical cancer What is Cancer Anyway? Causes and Risks Symptoms. Cancervical cancer Be Prevented? Many cases can be prevented! http://www.coolnurse.com/cervical_cancer.htm

Cervical Cancer What is Cancer Anyway? Causes and Risks Symptoms Cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases. They all affect the body's basic unit, the cell. Cancer occurs when cells become abnormal and divide without control. All of the organs of the body are made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This orderly process helps keep us healthy. If cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed, a mass of tissue forms. This mass of extra tissue, called a growth or tumor, can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are not cancerous. They can usually be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. The most important thing is that cells from benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors are not a threat to life. Polyps, cysts, and genital warts are types of benign growths of the cervix.

52. NCCC Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Information Information from the National cervical cancer Coalition about cancer treatment and vaccine trials. http://www.nccc-online.org/hpv.htm

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) This area provides important information regarding Human Papillomavirus (HPV) , including some of the latest cancer trials and information on upcoming vaccines. Please choose an area of interest from the menu on the right. Click here for Additional Information on HPV HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV): A virus that is the cause of warts of the hands and feet, as well as lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral, anal and genital cavities. More than 50 types of HPV have been identified, some of which are associated with cancerous and precancerous conditions. The virus can be transmitted through sexual contact and is a precursor to cancer of the cervix. There is no specific cure for an HPV infection, but the virus often can be controlled by podophyllin (medicine derived from the roots of the plant Podophyllum peltatum) or interferon, and the warts can be removed by cryosurgery, laser treatment or conventional surgery. SOme sicientitsts believe HPV can "clear" out of the body. top CERVICAL CANCER AND OTHER HPV-RELATED STUDIES Portland Kaiser Cohort Study of HPV and Cervical Neoplasia top The Guanacaste Study of HPV Natural History top Vaccine Trial A large randomized trial is planned in Costa Rica to evaluate the efficacy of two virus-like particle (VLP)-based prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines developed at NCI. Volunteers in the trial will be screened for cervical disease at entry and will receive three VLP or three placebo vaccinations over the course of six months. Participants will be actively followed for a period of four years and information will be collected on side effects of the vaccine (safety), immune induction by the vaccine (immunogenicity), and the occurence of cervical disease (efficacy).

53. Task Force Recommends Regular Cervical Cancer Screening For Most Women - RTI Int Task Force Recommends Regular cervical cancer Screening for Most Women RTI InternationalWebpage - The US Preventive Services Task Force recommendeds that http://www.rti.org/page.cfm?objectid=3AAC37E9-384B-40DC-B680DEB82F632D83

54. Eliminating A Deadly Cancer Scientists say a vaccine currently being tested in several countries holds great promise for eradicating cervical cancer, the secondbiggest killer of women. Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/news/story/20387.html

55. Story Gallery - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation More than 600 women die every day from cervical cancer, mostly in thedeveloping world. It generally strikes women in midlife when http://www.gatesfoundation.org/storygallery/cervicalcancer.htm

Home Story Gallery More than 600 women die every day from cervical cancer, mostly in the developing world. It generally strikes women in midlife when they have completed their childbearing and are playing an increasingly important economic and social role in their families and communities. Health care providers in developing countries regularly see women with advanced, incurable cervical cancer. At this late stage, there is little they can do to save women's lives. Even drugs designed to ease cancer pain often are unavailable. Yet cervical cancer can be readily prevented through screening and treatment using relatively simple technologies. While the majority of women in industrialized countries have access to basic cervical cancer preventive services, women in the developing world generally do not. Progress and Prevention Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, and is the leading cause of death from cancer among women in developing countries. But unlike many cancers, cervical cancer can be prevented. A first line of defense is to educate women about how to protect themselves from Human Papilloma virus — HPV — a common infection that causes most cervical cancers. For women at risk of cervical cancer, secondary prevention is the key to saving lives. Using relatively inexpensive screening and treatment technologies, to detect abnormal cervical tissue before it progresses, can prevent cervical cancer. Successful programs reach a large proportion of women at risk, screen them for precancerous lesions (new approaches including visual inspection of the cervix and HPV testing will help), and treat those who need to be treated with simple approaches like cryotherapy, the freezing of precancerous cells.

56. Grants - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Date, Title. 12.17.2001, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) $6,800,309over 3 years to support the Alliance for cervical cancer Prevention. http://www.gatesfoundation.org/GlobalHealth/Grants/default.asp?showYear=2001

57. The Sexually Transmitted Disease No One Talks About By Julie Sevrens. Detroit Free Press Article about the virus and its link to cervical cancer. http://www.freep.com/news/health/hpv2_20000502.htm

Home News Sports Entertainment ... Hugh McDiarmid SECTIONS Today's stories Metro Wayne Oakland ... Place an ad The sexually transmitted disease no one talks about HPV has been around since ancient times, but it often goes undetected May 2, 2000 BY JULIE SEVRENS KNIGHT RIDDER NEWSPAPERS When parents talk to their children about the birds and the bees, there's one thing that's rarely mentioned: the human papilloma virus. ABOUT HPV The human papilloma virus is the most common sexually transmitted disease, with about 5.5 million new cases occurring in the United States every year. Here are some other facts about the disease: Nearly three out of four Americans from the ages of 15 to 49 have been infected with HPV. Most have just never known it. The body's immune system often can sufficiently suppress or perhaps even kill the virus on its own. Vaginal, oral and anal sex can all spread the disease, as can skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. Abstinence is the best defense. Condoms offer some protection but, because they do not cover the entire genital area, it is possible to acquire the virus while using them. Most HPV cases are symptomless and often harmless. Of the 70 to 100 strains of HPV thought to be in existence today, just two are responsible for causing genital warts. About a dozen are high-risk strains associated with causing cervical cancer. It is possible to acquire more than one virus strain.

58. Fact Sheet 3.20 Fact sheet from the National Cancer Institute about precancerous cervical conditions, risk factors, Category Health Reproductive Health Human Papilloma Virus...... HPV infections often do not cause any symptoms. HPVs and Cancer RiskHPVs are now recognized as the major cause of cervical cancer. http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_20.htm

Cancer Facts CIS Home Cancer.gov Dictionary Search Date reviewed: 01/08/2001 Editorial changes made: 10/15/2002 Human Papillomaviruses and Cancer Human Papillomaviruses Human papillomaviruses ( HPVs ) are a group of more than 100 types of viruses . They are called papillomaviruses because certain types may cause warts , or papillomas, which are benign (noncancerous) tumors . The HPVs that cause the common warts which grow on hands and feet are different from those that cause growths in the mouth and genital area. Some types of HPVs are associated with certain types of cancer Of the more than 100 types of HPVs, over 30 types can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. HPV infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Some types of HPVs may cause warts to appear on or around the genitals or anus . Genital warts (technically known as condylomata acuminatum) are most commonly associated with two HPV types, numbers 6 and 11. Warts may appear within several weeks after sexual contact with a person who has HPV, or they may take months or years to appear; or they may never appear. HPVs may also cause flat, abnormal growths in the genital area and on the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that extends into the vagina ). HPV infections often do not cause any

59. CNN - Pap Smears, Safe Sex Prevent Cervical Cancer - Apr. 4, 1996 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9604/04/nfm/

Pap smears, safe sex prevent cervical cancer, experts conclude April 4, 1996 Web posted at: 1:00 a.m. EST From Correspondent Eugenia Halsey WASHINGTON (CNN) A panel of experts from the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday that virtually all cervical cancer deaths could be prevented by a combination of safe sex and regular pap smears. Almost 5,000 American women die every year from cervical cancer. Three months ago, 31-year-old Valerie Paterno found out through a routine pap smear that she had cervical cancer. Her treatment: a radical hysterectomy. Today, she is alive. Now she encourages other women to have regular pap smears. "It's not something you put off. It's not a fun thing to do, but it's not a bad thing to do. And it saved my life; it could save yours" Valerie Paterno Doctors say that for treatment to be effective, the cancer must be detected early. "The key is going to be making sure that all women have access to medical care, access to the medical system where they can then enter into these screening programs," said Dr. Albert Steren, a gynecological oncologist at Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland. The expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Health agrees. It found that more widespread pap smears, especially among the economically disadvantaged such as minorities, older women, rural residents, and the poor could wipe out the disease.

60. Fact Sheet 3.13 However, the exact nature of the association between OC use and riskof cervical cancer remains unclear. cervical cancer Brinton LA. http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_13.htm

Cancer Facts CIS Home Cancer.gov Dictionary Search Date reviewed: 02/12/03 Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk Key Points The results of the Women’s Contraceptive and Reproductive Experience (Women’s CARE) study indicated that current or former use of oral contraceptives (OCs) among women ages 35 to 64 did not significantly increase the risk of breast cancer ( see section on Breast Cancer Studies have consistently shown that using OCs reduces the risk of ovarian cancer ( see section on Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers There is some evidence that long-term use of OCs may increase the risk of cancer of the cervix ( see section on Cancer of the Cervix There is some evidence that OCs may increase the risk of certain cancerous liver tumors ( see section on Liver Tumors References Introduction Oral contraceptives (OCs) first became available to American women in the early 1960s. The convenience, effectiveness, and reversibility of action of birth control pills (popularly known as “the pill”) have made them the most popular form of birth control in the United States. However, concerns have been raised about the role that hormones play in a number of cancers , and how hormone-based OCs might contribute to their development.

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