1. Deafness And Blindness, Disability And Inclusion, In West African Tradition And Ezine of the International Disability Exchanges and Studies (IDEAS) Project 2000-2004 to the present. The explorer hugh clapperton (1788-1827) spent several weeks http://www.disabilityworld.org/03-04_01/resources/bookreviews.shtml

table of contents home page text-only home page Deafness and Blindness, Disability and Inclusion, in West African Tradition and Modernity: review of books and materials By M. Miles ( m99miles@hotmail.com CONSTANZE SCHMALING (2000) Maganar Hannu: Language of the hands. A descriptive analysis of Hausa Sign Language. (International Studies on Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf, Volume 35). Hamburg: Signum Verlag. xx + 295 pages. isbn 3-927731-70-6. Softback. UK Pounds 26.95. H. WILLIAM BRELJE (Ed.) (1999) Global Perspectives on the Education of the Deaf in Selected Countries. Hillsboro, Oregon: Butte Publications, Inc. x + 423 pages. isbn 1-884362-36-2. Softback. UK Pounds 32.95. A little-known storehouse of disability-related traditions and activities awaits detailed exploration across the countries of West Africa, from the 13th century onward. Some parts are starting to reappear in new editions, surveys and research studies, such as those listed above. Other fragments are to be found in older travellers' reports and missionary archives. The best general guide is probably still John Iliffe's account (1987) of the history of the African poor. However, the West African disability history field is slowly growing and differentiating itself from that of other regions. Sunjata The precise nature of the historical Sunjata's childhood impairment is now impossible to decide. The present edition of the tales as told by two Gambian griots notes that "Griots do not generally suggest any reason for Sunjata's lameness" (p. 97). One version has him crawling on all fours for seven years (p. 5); another says that at twelve or at fourteen years "Sunjata could not crawl, Much less stand up, Much less walk" (pp. 57, 59, 74-75, 113). Did he refuse to get up out of pique because his half-brother had mistakenly been recognised as the first-born? (p. 5) Did the seven- or fourteen- year pregnancy of his ugly, hunchbacked mother have any bearing on the issue? (pp. 4, 42, 99, 110) Did he prefer to be carried, like the 'Boy Who Refused To Walk' in the Hausa folk tale? (Tremearne, 1913, 351-354; also 196). Ask the next griot you meet.

2. Overview Of Annan by Robert Stevenson in 182426. The african explorer hugh clapperton and the evangelist Edward Irving were born in http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/towns/townfirst346.html

Gazetteer for Scotland Help ... Add Comment Annan Dumfries and Galloway Annan Town Centre Supported by: The Robertson Trust, The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, The Royal Scottish Geographical Society, The Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh.

3. US SCOTS Online Famous Scots clapperton, hugh (1788 1827) Classic explorer, sought the source of the Livingstone,David (1813 - 1873) Missionary and african explorer, discovered the http://www.usscots.com/webcontent/famous.html

4. Explorer "D" Sir James Clark Ross born Antarctic explorer. 1800. James 1802. hugh Miller born - Born in Cromarty, Miller was 1827. hugh clapperton died - explorer, born in Annan (Dumfries http://pms.dadeschools.net/explorer_d.htm

Palmetto Middle School Palmetto Middle School Explorer "D" Vasco Da Gama (Portugal, 1460?-1524) Has been alphabetized under the G Eduard Dallmann (Germany, 1830-1896) 1873-4: Hunts for whales near the Antarctic Peninsula. Charts Graham Land. 1884-5: Navigates 60km upstream the Sepik (New Guinea). timeline (in German) William Dampier (England, 1651-1715) Spends most of his years from 1681 one as a buccaneer. 1686-91: Guides a pirat ship from Mexico to Guam and the Philippines. After mutineers have left captain Barthomolew Sharp behind, he visits New Holland (Australia) and roams through Southeast Asia. 1698-9: Leads a navy expedition to search for Terra Australis. Explores western Australia and the Dampier archipelago, discovers New Britain and shipwrecks on Ascension. William Dampier Dampier, William (in German) The New World Voyages of William Dampier John Pinkerton: Early Australian voyages Darius I (Persia, ?-486 BC) 521: Becomes king of Persia. 516: Failed expedition against the Scythians around the Danube. 492, 490: Twice attempts and fails to conquer Greece.

5. MSN Learning & Research - Search Results - Hugh AND The AND Great Masekela, hugh (1939 ), South african trumpet player, exiled from his homeland from 1960 to 1990. clapperton, hugh (17881827), Scottish explorer whose account of the region now http://encarta.msn.com/teleport/fromTools/find.asp?brand=elibrary&q1=Hugh+AND+th

6. Richard Lemon Lander: Explorer Of West Africa - EnchantedLearning.com Lander worked for the Scottish explorer hugh clapperton, and went bouts of illness,and clapperton died on african tribesmen later accused Lander of witchcraft http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/l/lander.shtml

Help save Enchanted Learning: Don't let it go the way of the dinosaurs. Click here for more information on our honor system. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card $20.00/year (transaction via PayPal Other Amount (transaction via PayPal An Enchanted Learning Web Page Zoom Explorers A B C D ... Glossary of Exploration Terms Richard Lemon Lander: Explorer of West Africa Richard Lemon Lander (1804-1834) was an English explorer who made three trips to West Africa; he and his brother John were the first Europeans to canoe down the lower Niger River to its delta (where it meets the sea). Richard Lander was born in Truro, Cornwall, England, on Feb. 8, 1804. He had no formal education, but went on an extended trip to the West Indies as a child. As a young man, Lander worked for the Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton, and went with him on a trip to West Africa (what is now northern Nigeria). The expedition (1825-1828) was designed to travel down the Niger River, but it was unsuccessful due to illness and many deaths. Clapperton and Lander's European companions all died early in the trip. Lander and Clapperton both had bouts of illness, and Clapperton died on April 18, 1827. African tribesmen later accused Lander of witchcraft, forcing him to drink poison to determine whether or not he was indeed a witch. Since he survived, the charges of witchcraft were rescinded, and Lander eventually returned to England (in July 1828). In England, Lander published "Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Sea Coast" (1829) and "Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa, with the Subsequent Adventures of the Author" (1830).

7. Joseph Kenny OP: THE SPREAD OF ISLAM..., Bibliography: PRE-COLONIAL EXPLORATION Crow, hugh Memoirs, comprising a narrative of his Richard Records of Captain clapperton’slast Thomson, JB Joseph Thomson, african explorer London 1896 (a http://www.op.org/nigeriaop/kenny/nwafr/Bib19Explor.htm

PRE-COLONIAL EXPLORATION Adams, John Remarks on the country extending from Cape Palmas to the River Congo London 1823 Adams, Robert “The narrative of Robert Adams, a sailor, who was wrecked in the year 1810 on the Western coast of Africa, was detained three years in slavery by the Arabs of the Great Desert, and resided several months of that period in the city of Tombuctoo” Quartery Review Ajayi, J.F.A. “West African states at the beginning of the 19th c.” in his A thousand years Agbi, S.O. “The Japanese contact with and knowledge of Africa 1868-1912" U.I. History Dept. seminar 1983 Narrative of the expedition to the River Niger in 1841 London 1848 1968 2 v Anderson, B.J.K. “Narrative of the expedition despatched to Musahdu by the Liberian government... in 1874" SOAS: VT 162543 Atkins, John A voyage to Guinea, Brazil and the West Indies Cass 1970 (reprint of 1735 Axelson, E. Congo to Cape: early Portuguese explorers London: Faber 1973 Baikie, W.B. Narrative of an exploring voyage up the Rivers Kwo’ra and Bin’nue in 1854 London 1856 Baikie, W.B. “Notes of a journey from Bida in Nupe to Kano in Haussa, performed in 1862"

8. Richard Lemon Lander: Explorer Of West Africa - EnchantedLearning.com Lander worked for the Scottish explorer hugh clapperton, and went with him on a illness, and clapperton died on April 18, 1827. african tribesmen later accused Lander of witchcraft, http://www1.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/l/lander.shtml

EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. Click here to learn more. An Enchanted Learning Web Page Zoom Explorers A B C D ... Glossary of Exploration Terms Richard Lemon Lander: Explorer of West Africa Richard Lemon Lander (1804-1834) was an English explorer who made three trips to West Africa; he and his brother John were the first Europeans to canoe down the lower Niger River to its delta (where it meets the sea). Richard Lander was born in Truro, Cornwall, England, on Feb. 8, 1804. He had no formal education, but went on an extended trip to the West Indies as a child. As a young man, Lander worked for the Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton, and went with him on a trip to West Africa (what is now northern Nigeria). The expedition (1825-1828) was designed to travel down the Niger River, but it was unsuccessful due to illness and many deaths. Clapperton and Lander's European companions all died early in the trip. Lander and Clapperton both had bouts of illness, and Clapperton died on April 18, 1827. African tribesmen later accused Lander of witchcraft, forcing him to drink poison to determine whether or not he was indeed a witch. Since he survived, the charges of witchcraft were rescinded, and Lander eventually returned to England (in July 1828). In England, Lander published "Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Sea Coast" (1829) and "Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa, with the Subsequent Adventures of the Author" (1830). Lander returned to West Africa with his brother, John Lander, in 1830. They followed the lower Niger River from Bussa to the sea, travelling in leaky canoes. Along the way they were kidnapped by the King of the Ibos, rescued by another king (King Boy of Brass), and were reluctantly helped by a British ship. Lander later published his "Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination of the Niger" (1832).

9. Links & Other Stuff Rise in competition for african slaves between 18231825 hugh clapperton exploredmost of Nigeria and Kingsley, the first female explorer, traveled throughout http://www.fandm.edu/departments/Anthropology/Bastian/ANT269/link.html

Mande Yoruba Timeline Art Gallery ... Class Roster Mande Web Links www.Mande.net tcd.freehosting.net/djembemande/index.html www.oswego.edu/other_campus/stud.org/mansa/photo.html www.coraconnection.com ... www.oswego.edu/other_campus/stud.org/mansa This site seeks to promote and preserve the knowledge of Mande speaking peoples by listing all languages in addition to groups and subgroups of the Mande. A variety of pictures add to the educational value of the site. Yoruba Links www.nando.net/prof/caribe/voodoo.html The Face of the Gods www.cultural-expressions.com/ifa/ifadef.htm www.Yoruba.org www.yorubanation.org This is the web sit of the National Association of Yoruba Descendants. www.wsu.edu:8080/~brians/anglophone/soyinka.html Resources on Wole Soyinka www.mg.co.za/mg/news/wolesoyinka.html www.africanperspective.com/html7/Aweek.html#aw1 African Perspective . Issue #7 dated October 24, 1998, features Wole Soyinka's return from exile. The article discusses Soyinka, in addition to the politics of Nigeria. prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/soyinka/index.html

10. Discovering Other Places african explorers, General/Miscellaneous Cabrillo, If your idea of heavenon-earthis California, find out about this explorer of what is now clapperton, hugh http://www.hpedsb.on.ca/sg/quinte/other_places.htm

Visit over 50 links to over 25 explorers of other parts of the world, both famous and not-so-famous, edited 17 Sep 02 Click on these underlined links to jump down this very long page. Africa General Antarctica General People who explored parts of Canada Maps ... Vespucci For Images of Original Maps : see Lewis Clark African Explorers, General/Miscellaneous Famous Explorers of Africa Short biographies and accomplishments of Mungo Park, Rene Callie, Johann Rebmann, David Livingstone, and Richard Burton Antarctic Explorers, General/Miscellaneous Antarctic Explorers Lists every significant explorer of this last continent to be explored, from de Lozier in the 1700s, through Cook , Weddell, Wilkes, Ross, Scott, Shackleton, Amundsen, and Byrd Over 20 names are listed, with a biography of each and a summary of his accomplishments. Apollo 11 The History Place - Apollo 11 Lots of pictures and audio files of the ultimate exploration, including the famous "One small step " speech of Armstrong’s; with links to NASA’s histories of other missions to the moon. Astronauts Astronauts Biographies of veteran astronauts, trainess, payload specialists, and cosmonauts from NASA, who ought to know.

11. Discoverers Web Alphabetical List C 1450?) 1482-3 Follows the african west coast hugh clapperton (Scotland, 1788-1827)1820-5 With Oudney and Frederick A. Cook - An American explorer The Cook http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/alpha/c.html

C (Spain, 1490?-1556) People in the West - Cabeza de Vaca (translation of De Vaca's own story) (different site) Windows to the Unknown (various articles) The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca The Estevanico Society Giovanni Caboto (better known as John Cabot , Venice (born in Genova), ca.1450-1499?) 1497: In English service crosses the Atlantic, and discovers North America, probably at or near Newfoundland. 1498: Makes a second voyage to North America, of which little is known. According to some sources explores the American coast from Baffin Island to Chesapeake Bay, according to others is lost without a trace. John Cabot - where was Cabot's first landfall? Matthew Site Home Page Patent Granted by King Henry VII to John Cabot and his Sons The John Day Letter The Pasqualigo Letter ... Sebastian Cabot (born as Sebastiano Caboto , Venice, 1476?-1557) 1497: Likely to have joined his father John Cabot on his first voyage. 1508-9: Explores the coast of North America, looking for the northwest passage. Might have discovered or even sailed Hudson Strait. 1553: Governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers (later known as Muscovy Company), which sends out expeditions to find the northeast passage and starts trade with Russia.

12. Interesting Dates In Scottish History 02/20/1784 Adam Black, Edinburgh Scotland, politician/publisher;05/18/1788 - hugh clapperton, Annan Scotland, african explorer; http://www.electricscotland.com/history/moredates.htm

Clans Tartans History Travel ... Feedback Other Pages of Historical Interest Interesting Dates in Scottish History Events in history ... - Malcolm IV becomes king of Scotland - Robert the Bruce crowned king of Scotland - Battle of Bannockburn; Scotland regains independence from England - Declaration of Arbroath - Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence - King Robert II Stuart of Scotland crowned - Battle of Sauchieburn, Scotland - 1st written record of Scotch Whiskey appears in Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Friar John Cor is the distiller - Jacobus IV of Scotland marries Margaretha Tudor - Battle of Flodden Fields; English defeat James IV of Scotland - Duke of Albany takes captured French back to Scotland - Duke of Albany leaves Scotland - Cardinal Beaton replaces earl Arran as regent for Mary of Scotland - English earl Hertford leads retaliatory mission against Scotland - England signs Peace of Andres with Scotland/Ireland - Mary queen of Scotland (6) arrives in France - England/Scotland signs Treaty of Edinburgh - Mary Queen of Scots arrives in Leith Scotland to assume throne after spending 13 years in France - Mary, Queen of Scots, imprisoned in Lochleven Castle prison Scotland

13. Significant Scots - C Chalmers, James Scottish missionaryexplorer who served in Rarotonga in the CookIslands for clapperton, hugh The distinguished african traveler. http://www.electricscotland.com/history/scots/c.htm

Clans Tartans History Travel ... Feedback Significant Scots A B C D ... Z C Calder, Sir Robert A distinguished British Admiral. Calderwood, David An eminent divine and ecclesiastical historian born in the 16th century. Cameron, Donald This gallant Highland chief; who united such amiable manners and attractive accomplishments to the proverbial hardihood and valour of his race, that his name has descended to us under the title of "the gentle Lochiel." Cameron, Richard An eminent martyr of the Scottish church, and whose name is still retained in the popular designation of one of its sects. Campbell, Alexander It is worth mentioning that his Dialogue on Scottish Music, prefixed to the History, was the first means of giving foreign musicians a correct understanding of the Scottish scale, which, it is well known, differs from that prevalent on the continent; and it is consistent with our knowledge, that the author was highly complimented on this subject by the greatest Italian and German composers. Campbell, Archibald, Marquis of Argyle

14. Hugh hugh Masekela (1939) South african musician. Miscellaneous hugh clapperton(1788-1827) European explorer of West Africa. http://www.geocities.com/edgarbook/names/h/hugh.html

For many more names, please Return to Edgar's Main Page. Hugh Gender : Masculine. Language : English. Etymology Hugh History Hugh (in Northern France it was Hugues or Hugon , while in Southern France it was Hue or Huon ). It was a very common Norman and Medieval name, made more popular by St. Hugh, the Bishop of Lincoln (1135-1200). Pronunciation : HYOO. Diminutives English Huey Hughie Alternates Hughe French Hugues Hawaiian Hiu Italian Ugo Latin Hugo Scottish Shug Scottish (Medieval) Huchon Welsh Hew Huw Hu Surnames Welsh Hughes Pugh Puw Famous Bearers Artists and Authors Hugo van der Goes Flemish painter. Ugo da Carpi (1480-after 1520) Italian painter. Huw Morus Welsh poet. Hugh Kelly British dramatist. Hugh Henry Brackenridge American author. Ugo Foscolo Italian poet and novelist. Hugo Wolf German composer. Hugo Erfurth German photographer. Hugo von Hofmannsthal Austrian poet. Hugh McCrae Australian poet. Hugo Wast Argentine novelist. Hugh Lofting English-American author. Sir Hugh Walpole British novelist.

15. LookSmart - Clapperton, Hugh Overview of hugh clapperton Gazetteer provides a brief overview ofthe achievements of this 19th century african explorer. Visit http://www.looksmart.com/eus317836/eus317911/eus53828/eus76702/eus540431/eus1001

16. Scottish Surnames explorer in Africa. for african Affairs (1948) and Member of Local Govt., TanganyikaTerritory (195051). clapperton, hugh (1788-1827) of Annan. http://www.fife.50megs.com/scottish-surnames-c.htm

Home Page Tour Scotland on a relaxing, small group vacation of my homeland. Click here for the Best Scottish Tours ! CADDELL Warlike. CADELL , Francis (1822-79) of Cockenzie. Explorer in Australia. Ex-plored the Murray River. He was murdered by his crew. CADER A keep, a fortress, a stronghold. CAIRD , Edward (1835-1908) of Greenock. Idealist and philosopher. Master of Balliol Coll., Oxford (1893-1907). Best known for his monumental commentary The Critical Philosophy of Immanual Kent (1889). CAIRD , John (1820-98) of Greenock. Brother of Edward. Preacher and writer. His 'Religion in Common Life', preached before Queen Victoria at Crathie in 1855, was said to have been the greatest single sermon of the century. CAIRNCROSS , Sir Alexander K. (1911-) of Lesmahagow. Economist. Master of St Peter's Coll., Oxford (1969-). CAIRNE A circular mound of stones.

17. Pekka Masonen - Tutkimus - Studies In 1823, the British explorer hugh clapperton visited Hausaland but he could alsoask clapperton detailed questions in Hijaz, met West african pilgrims on http://www.uta.fi/~hipema/tutkimus.htm

Etusivulle ~ Top page Esittely ~ Introduction Julkaisut ~ Publications Opetus ~ Teaching ... Henkilökohtaista ~ Personal Tutkimus ~ Studies DISSERTATION PROJECTS OTHER INTERESTS CONTACT Lucky bastard having some fun with comrades... (after the trial, 11.11.2000). Dissertation My doctoral dissertation - The Negroland Revisited. Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages - was publicly examined at the University of Tampere on 11 November 2000. It was published by the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ, Humaniora 309; ISSN 1239-6982; ISBN 951-41-0886-8; 599 pages, soft). While there are many works describing the European encounter and exploration of sub-Saharan Africa, a comprehensive history of African historiography is still lacking. My dissertation was offered as a humble contribution to that field of study. I focussed on examining the development of African historiography in Europe with special emphasis on literature describing the three ancient West African empires of Ghana Mali , and Songhay , during the "Sudanese Middle Ages" as the period of their flourishing (

18. Megatchad Translate this page Une histoire à explorer. Petersburg Journal of african Studies 6, p. 63-70. Journalsof the Travels in Borno of Lieutenant hugh clapperton, RN, from January http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/afrikanistik/mega-tchad/Bulletin/bulletin98/reference

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Landnutzung in der westafrikanischen Savanne AJAYI O., R. TABO et D. ALI. 1996. "Incidence of stem borers on post-rainy season transplanted sorghum in Cameroon, Nigeria and Chad in 1995/1996", International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter Journal des anthropologues 74, p. 117-131. BABA, Ahmed Tela. 1998. "The Use of -ii Ending Hausa Verbal Exclamatory Expressions in Response to a Pressupposed Syntactic Construction", Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 53, p. 81-89. BABA, Ahmed Tela. 1998. The Morphophonological Alternations in the Hausa Verbal Form BACHELIER, B., DEGUINE, J.P., EKORONG, J., KLASSOU, C., MARTIN, T. 1997. , Montpellier, CIRAD, 33 p., 20 tabl., 6 graph. ; Montpellier, Montpellier, CIRAD-CA, 1997/12, p. 20-22. Napoli, Istituto universitario orientale, 204 p. BAUMGARDT, Ursula. 1994. 42, p. 135-154. Sahara . Paris : Karthala, p. 441-458. BLAZEK, V. 1997. "Saharan numerals", 65, p. 159-170. . Paris : Karthala, p. 165-210. BONDAREV, Dmitry. 1997. "Le conseil dans les contes d'animaux Kanouri", St. Petersburg Journal of African Studies

19. 1825 usglawgeogmdw Aug 27 african explorer William Balfour Baikie is bsnanmwtrwstOther Miscellaneous Africa Dixon Denham, hugh clapperton and Walter Oudney http://www.home.eznet.net/~dminor/1825.html

The following is an Eagles Byte Chronology for the year 1825, current up to 5/12/98. The apparent gobbledygook in the square brackets is actually a cluster of codes, to make electronic seraching easier. Many will be fairly obvious, i.e. AR = American Revolution (many are case sensitive) bsn = buisness nys = new york state. You'll get a full list with your order. Ordering and pricing information can be found at the bottom of this page. Enjoy. January The state capital of Indiana is moved from Corydon to Indianapolis. [gvtmdw] ** Congress votes $200,000 and a 24,000-acre Florida township for The Marquis de Lafayette, as a gift for his aid in the Revolution. [ARFlausgbsnhstmltsth] Jan 1 The New York House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents opens. [nyclaw] Jan 3 Robert Owen buys the German Rappite settlement of Harmonie, Indiana, and founds the utopian community of New Harmony. [bsnmdw] ** Troy, New York's Rensselaer School of Theoretical and Practical Science (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; RPI) opens. [nysedcsci] Jan 7 Subscription of stock in Delaware and Hudson Canal Company opens, sells out. [engnrwtrnvlbsn]

20. Special Tour Packages that a massive river flowed through the West african savanna, but was finally solvedthrough expeditions headed by Scottish explorer hugh clapperton from 1823 http://pages.zdnet.com/f1612996/thetaipeihouseresort/id3.html

Home An introduction to The Taipei House - Resort Activities Travel and Adventure in Ghana. ... The Upper West Region Special Tour Packages Africa! The Black Star Will Shine Contact Us Directions/Map PHOTOS ... The Tambel Businesss Consulting Limited. Special Tour Packages We try to differentiate ourselves by offering terrific tour packages to the Ancient Empires of West Africa, located on the map below. Antient Empires of West Africa THE GHANA EMPIRE: Around 700 to 800 years ago existed the mighty Empires of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Kanem and Bornu. Located in what is now West Africa, they created the famous routes in Africa such as from Sujilmasa, to Taghaza, to Awdaghast. These routes guided the creation of the Empire of Ghana, other routes are from Sijilmasa to Taut, Gao, and Timbouktu. There are other routes that connect what is now the present Nigeria through Gao along the river Niger to (Sokoto, Katsina, Kano and Bornu) the Hausa land. Also connects Libya via Agadez in central Niger Republic, to Tamanrasset in Southern Algeria, to Ghat and Tripoli, to Tunis in Tunisia. These routes had made all the above mentioned places famous trade centers. These centers of trade invariably became centers of Islamic learning and civilization. Among those empires, Ghana was the highly advanced and economically a prosperous empire as early as the 10th century. It arose in what are now Southeastern Mauritania and Southwestern Mali by the 5th century AD. The Ghana Empires ruling dynasty belonged to the Soninke people. Its economy was based on a trade in gold acquired from the south, beads and some cash crops, sold to the Moslem merchants from the North Africa, which in return they take wool especially salt. Its capital was at Kumbi Saleh in what is now Southeastern Mauritania.

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