21. Conservation Ecology: Ecological States And The Resilience Of Coral Reefs McClanahan, T., N. Polunin, and T. Done. 2002. Ecological states andthe resilience of coral reefs. Conservation ecology 6(2) 18. http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss2/art18/main.html

Go to the pdf version of this article. The following is the established format for referencing this article: McClanahan, T., N. Polunin, and T. Done. 2002. Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs. Conservation Ecology (2): 18. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss2/art18 Synthesis Ecological States and the Resilience of Coral Reefs Tim McClanahan Nicholas Polunin , and Terry Done Wildlife Conservation Society Newcastle University Australian Institute of Marine Science Abstract Introduction Reef Functions Processes, structures, and time scales ... Erratum (added 31 December, 2002) ABSTRACT ERRATUM : A longer version of this paper is published as a book chapter in McClanahan, T.R., N.V.C. Polunin and T.J. Done. 2002. Resilience of coral reefs. in L.H. Gunderson and L. Pritchard Jr. (editors). Resilience and the Behavior of Large-Scale Systems. SCOPE and Island Press, Washington. The original version of this paper stated incorrectly that the book chapter was still in press.] KEY WORDS: carbon production, coral reefs, diseases, ecological stress, fishing, global climate change, keystone species, oligotrophy-eutrophy, resilience, trophic ecology.

22. Coral Reef Ecology And Diver Damage To Coral Reefs Learn more Reef ecology PADI Underwater Naturalist Specialty. roles of individualreef creatures, basic reef creature biology, threats to coral reefs and more http://www.tobagodiveexperience.com/NuReef.shtml

Photo Gallery About Us Accommodations Boats Brain Coral Dive Sites Diver Training Diving FAQs Links Mantas Map-o-Tobago Rates Hyperbaric Chamber Reef Preservation Weather Whale Sharks Wreck Diving Guestbook Site Search Tobago Dive Experience PO Box 115 Scarborough Tobago West Indies Telephones: Speyside Shop Turtle Beach Shop FAX USA Toll Free Reef Ecology - the Basics The reef is a very complex association of animals and plants. There are over one thousand different species of animals and plants found in the near shore waters (0-200ft) of Tobago. Nearly all of these organisms are interdependent and they exist in a delicate balance with one another. The dominant components of Tobago's reefs are stony corals, gorgonian corals and algae. All corals are animals, although gorgonians (sea fans, sea whips, sea plumes, etc.) look more like bushy plants. The wide variety of sponges seen on the reefs are also animals, and all of these creatures are easily killed by careless or unknowing divers. Coral and algae are in constant competition. Most marine algae grows very rapidly - the world's fastest growing thing is a marine algae. Corals, on the other hand, grow very slowly, but live far longer than algae. These groups are in a constant struggle to dominate each other.

23. Coral Reef Caribbean Field Station are documenting the current status of coral reefs and the Listof printable information sheets coral Reef ecology The Pinnacles http://www.fcsc.usgs.gov/Education/Coral_Reef/coral_reef.html

Center for Aquatic Resource Studies Home Herpetology Coral Reefs ... Posters Coral Reef Ecology Coral reefs in the Caribbean and western Atlantic are deteriorating in response to hurricanes, coral diseases, anchor damage, sedimentation, and other stresses. USGS biologists at the Caribbean Field Station are documenting the current status of coral reefs and the effects of some of these stresses within Virgin Islands National Park (St. John), Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix), and Dry Tortugas National Park (Florida). The primary objective is to detect change in benthic cover over time using a statistically rigorous protocol. The USGS/CARS Outer Continental Shelf Ecosystem Project conducts detailed studies of the community structure, habitat association and food web structure of deep reef fishes in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. USGS biologists work cooperatively with federal and state researchers on various aspects of life history, management and conservation of deepwater reef fishes and their essential habitat. List of printable information sheets: Coral Reef Ecology The Pinnacles Project Coral Reef Monitoring Video U.S. Department of the Interior

24. Coral Reef Ecology (SIS 5234); Application of Landscape ecology to Design and Manage Marine Reserves. (4920); Longterm Study of coral reefs in the US Virgin Islands and the Dry http://www.fcsc.usgs.gov/basis/Coral_Reef_Ecology/coral_reef_ecology.html

Center for Aquatic Resource Studies Coral Reef Ecology Projects (SIS) These summaries are abbreviated versions. For more information, consult the Science Information System (SIS) database. Click to View Marine resources of the Virgin Islands National Parks: scientific basis for development of a conservation ethic. (SIS# 5234) Application of Landscape Ecology to Design and Manage Marine Reserves. The effects of globally transported African and Asian dust on coral reef and human health. Long-term Study of Coral Reefs in the U.S. Virgin Islands and the Dry Tortugas. (SOFIA website: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/coral_reefs/) Coral and octocoral diseases on Caribbean and Western Atlantic reefs. ... Comments

25. Guide To The Ecology Of Coral Reefs Welcome To Alexander Mustard's Guide to the ecology of CoralReefs. reef montage click to enter click on image to enter. http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/GDD/hydro/atmu/ecology/

Welcome To Alexander Mustard's Guide to the Ecology of Coral Reefs click on image to enter

26. The Ecology Of Coral Reefs Making coral reefs nature's ultimate aquarium! Scientists who study coralreefs are only just scratching the surface of this diversity. http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/GDD/hydro/atmu/ecology/chapter2/

Chapter 2: bewildering diversity Coral reefs cover approximately 255300 square km of the earth - sounds a lot, but in fact this only represents 1/4 of one percent of the marine environment. If we, correctly, think of the marine environment in three dimensions this fraction shrinks still further, since coral reefs exists only in water less than 50m and the average depth of the ocean is 3.8km. Even so, the relatively small area occupied by of coral reefs still support more that 25% of all known marine fish species. Making coral reefs nature's ultimate aquarium! Coral reefs are often referred to as the rain forests of the sea, because both ecosystems are remarkable for their diversity of life. But in many ways this comparison undersells the biodiversity of the coral realm. One good way to estimate the diversity of an ecosystem is to look at how many different kinds of animals live there - the more kinds the more diverse. For example imagine two hypothetical reefs - both support 5 species, the first has 5 species of wrasse, while the other has a species of wrasse, coral, sponge, turtle and shrimp. Surely the we should consider the second reef more diverse because, although it has the same number of different species as the first, it supports a greater variety of animals.

27. Life History And Ecology Of Anthozoans A whole exhibit on coral reefs their ecology, fossil history, andbiogeography- is planned for the future. Until then, we offer http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/anthozoalh.html

Anthozoa : Life History and Ecology Anthozoans, unlike other cnidarians , completely lack a medusa stage; they live exclusively as polyps. While anthozoans retain their nematocysts, or stinging cells, and may feed on large prey or particulate food, a number of anthozoans supplement their diet by growing symbiotic algae in their tissues. Hermatypic , or reef-building, scleractinian corals in particular owe their success to the fact that most have symbiotic dinoflagellate algae in the genus Symbiodinium living inside their tissues. Coral polyps also use their tentacles and nematocysts to feed, but Symbiodinium may actually produce most of a coral's food. For this reason, reef-building corals are exclusively shallow-water dwellers; without light they cannot survive (although solitary corals, octocorals , and anemones may inhabit much cooler and deeper waters). Therefore, one result of global warming and rising sea levels will be the death of coral reefs. A whole exhibit on coral reefs - their ecology, fossil history, and biogeography- is planned for the future. Until then, we offer you this sneak preview of intrepid UCMP graduate student Chris Meyer , SCUBA diving by a coral head somewhere in the south Pacific.

28. Life History And Ecology Of Cnidaria Cnidarian ecology is a complex subject indeed, because it is cnidarians in ofsome of the richest and most complex ecosystems on the planet, coral reefs. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidarialh.html

Cnidaria : Life History and Ecology Cnidarian ecology is a complex subject indeed, because it is cnidarians - in particular corals - that are the builders of some of the richest and most complex ecosystems on the planet, coral reefs. Other cnidarians are important as predators in the open ocean. Cnidarians generally occupy two major niches. They may use their cnidocysts to trap prey items. On the other hand, many cnidarians, anthozoans in particular, depend on zooxanthellae - symbiotic dinoflagellates within the tissues - to survive. These single-celled protists carry out photosynthesis within the animal's tissues, and pass on the carbon compounds they fix to their hosts; corals, therefore, are photosynthetic animals in a sense. Some cnidarians are nearly completely dependent on zooxanthellae; others trap prey but augment their diet with zooxanthellae. While not all corals are dependent on symbionts - some live at great depths where there is never light - colonial, reef-forming corals depend on them; thus, reefs can only exist in shallow water. Notice the white areas on this coral reef exposed at low tide: this loss of symbionts, called bleaching, is deadly to coral reefs.

29. Eco Adventure SEA Protecting The Coral Reefs And Local Ecology We will take an active part in the education of our staff, the community, as wellas our visitors,concerning the ecology issues of the region. coral reefs. http://www.ecosea.com/eco/HTM/About us.htm

Protecting the Enviroment ! Vision Eco-Adventures South East Asia was formed to provide a quality experience for those travelers seeking a more enlightened experience while in South East Asia. ! Mission Will always seek to protect and serve the interests of our customers and the environment equally Values We aim to give back to the community, beyond paying taxes We will take an active part in the education of our staff, the community, as well as our visitors,concerning the ecology issues of the region. We believe that gratitude is an action word, so we will use 5% of our revenues towards projects to clean the areas where we work and live. We also will make ourselves available to the local governments to work with their staffs promoting the benefits of preserving and protecting the natural environment. Coral Reefs Our first project will be to educate on coral reefs and to clean shorelines of water deposited refuse. We will take a day to teach local children to snorkel for the cost of helping clean the shoreline with us. We will also take 1 night a week and offer to as many as possible free English lessons. To promote more understanding, we will encourage our customers to be the teachers! We value open communication, trust, integrity and respect, which will allow us to work productively and effectively with our clients and coworkers and neighbors.

30. Books / Science & Nature / Nature & Ecology / Coral Reefs Published 1997 20. The ecology of Fishes on coral reefs Peter F. Sale(Editor) / Paperback / Published 1994 21. Marine Aquaria and http://www.bookmag.com/books/science---nature/227.html

Books / Coral Reefs Browse our most popular books titlesfrom 1 to 50. The Reef Aquarium : A Comprehensive Guide to the Identification and Care of Tropical Marine Invertebrates Vol 1 J. Charles Delbeek, et al / Hardcover / Published 1994 (Back Ordered) Reef Fish Identification: Florida Caribbean Bahamas Paul Humann, Ned Deloach (Editor) / Paperback / Published 1994 Coral Reef Fishes : Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean : Including the Red Sea Ewald Lieske, Robert F. Myers / Hardcover / Published 1997 Reef Coral Identification : Florida Caribbean Bahamas Including Marine Plants Paul Humann, Ned Deloach (Editor) / Paperback / Published 1993 The Modern Coral Reef Aquarium Vol 1 Svein A. Fossa, Alf Jacob Nilsen / Hardcover / Published 1997 Natural Reef Aquariums : Simplified Approaches to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms John H. Tullock / Hardcover / Published 1997 Indo-Pacific Coral Reef Field Guide Gerald R. Allen, Roger Steene / Paperback / Published 1996 Marine Reef Aquarium Handbook Robert J. Goldstein / Paperback / Published 1997

31. Coral Reefs Of The World Books, Essential Reading PAPER • 128 PAGES Focusing on coral reefs of the Caribbean, this handbook introducesthe ecology and diversity of the coral reef ecosystem and reef fishes. http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/d/24/pc/Middle America/mcms.html

Choose a Region Polar Regions North America Middle America South America Northern Europe Southern Europe Mediterranean Middle East Africa South Asia Southeast Asia Advanced Search Have An Item Number? ... Visiting MIDDLE AMERICA Coral Reefs of the World READING AND TRAVEL GUIDE Order an essential package, and we’ll ship any additional items for free. We offer a mix of guidebooks, maps, field guides, novels and books on art, architecture, history, nature and culture. These items are available for , including U.S. shipping, a discount (Item no. EWCRB) Select Item National Audubon Society Field Guide to Tropical Marine Fishes: Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas and Bermu C. Lavett Smith A photographic guide to coral reef fishes found in the Caribbean, Florida, the Bahamas and Bermuda. This portable, pocket-size book features 417 excellent color photographs, each with a range map and description. Species are grouped according to taxonomy and shape. Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology William S. Alevizon Focusing on coral reefs of the Caribbean, this handbook introduces the ecology and diversity of the coral reef ecosystem and reef fishes. It’s a concise and attractive guide, illustrated with color photos. The second half is devoted to the fish that make the reef their home.

32. Institute For Tropical Ecology And Conservation Biological Parameters. ecology Review of general concepts of ecology withemphasis on coral reefs as the basis of marine tropical ecosystems. http://www.itec-edu.org/coral1.html

Home Info Station Field Courses ... Site Contents Coral Reef Ecology Instructor: Dr. Garen Baghdasarian Department of Life Sciences Santa Monica College Santa Monica, CA Phone: (310) 434-8222 E-mail: baghdasarian_garen@smc.edu NOTE: Diving certification is not necessary to enroll in this course, but is recommended. For SCUBA-certified (PADI, NAUI, or SSI certified) students who will be diving, there is a $100 Lab Fee with this course which covers dive tank, air and dive weight rental. Students with SCUBA certification are expected to bring their own BC, regulators, and proof of certification. Course Description This course will consider both the physical and biological aspects of coral reef ecology. Lectures and field trips will be used to cover the ecologically relevant aspects of geology and oceanography, review the organisms living on the coral reefs, and to consider the overall interactions of the organisms with each other, as well as with their physical environment. We will also look at the effect of various environmental factors (global warming, runoffs, over fishing, etc.) on the overall health of coral reefs. Additionally, students will be exposed to a number of field and laboratory research techniques used in coral reef ecology, and they will be expected to participate in an independent and original research project. As part of their research training, students will also be expected to review and critique a number of published articles.

33. Institute For Tropical Ecology And Conservation to develop an awareness of the objectives of research on coral reefs as wellas an appreciation of current theoretical and practical issues in ecology. http://www.itec-edu.org/coral.html

Home Info Station Field Courses ... Site Contents Coral Reef Ecology Instructor: Dr. Al Beulig Division of Natural Sciences New College of Florida Sarasota, FL 34243-2197 Phone: 941-359-4374 E-mail: beulig@banshee.sar.usf.edu COURSE DESCRIPTION NOTE: Diving certification is not necessary to enroll in this course, but is recommended. For SCUBA-certified (PADI, NAUI, or SSI certified) students who will be diving, there is a $100 Lab Fee with this course which covers dive tank, air and dive weight rental. Students with SCUBA certification are expected to bring their own BC, regulators, and proof of certification. This course is designed to provide the student with a sound foundation in ecological concepts and field techniques as applied to coral reef ecosystems. The material covered is equivalent to a university upper level course in coral reef field ecology. (Note: Diving certification is not necessary to enroll in this course, but is recommended.) Formal Lectures Lectures will present topics that provide a background for the field work in an interactive discussion format. Topics are selected to permit students to develop an awareness of the objectives of research on coral reefs as well as an appreciation of current theoretical and practical issues in ecology.

34. Essays And Essays Writing Essays On Environmental Issues & Ecology - 074-030 The ecology of coral reefs send me this essay This 10 page paper assesses specificproblems related to maintaining the stability of the coral reefs and http://www.essaypage.com/categories/074-030.html

We have thousands of essays in this area! Below is a list in order of relevance to your search query. All of the following documents are ready for delivery TODAY and priced at only $ /page with a free bibliography! Use the Send Me This Essay link to access our fast, easy order form and receive any essay on this list TODAY!!!... Page 31 of 98 Coral Reefs As Ecosystems send me this essay 10 pages in length. Hundreds of millions of years of oceanic history teeters on the verge of permanent extinction. Because of the detrimental effects of pollution, overfishing, tourism and drastic environmental changes, the world's coral reefs are fighting for their very existence. That coral reefs are an ecosystem all unto themselves, their rapid decline does not only influence their survival, but also that of myriad other species as well. Significant efforts are being made as a means by which to salvage what is left and perhaps repair what has already been damaged. The writer discusses ecosystems as they relate to coral reefs. Bibliography lists 10 sources. Filename: TLCcoral.wps

35. The Ecology Of Coral Reefs The ecology Of coral reefs. THE GREAT BARRIERREEF AUSTRALIA. PAUL BYRNE. 9715889. (MTEACH). http://alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au/BLP/Powerpoints/Byrnefolder/tsld001.htm

The Ecology Of Coral Reefs THE GREAT BARRIER REEF AUSTRALIA PAUL BYRNE (MTEACH) Next slide Back to first slide View graphic version

36. The Ecology Of Coral Reefs Slide 1 of 14. http://alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au/BLP/Powerpoints/Byrnefolder/sld001.htm

37. LITERATURE ON EFFECTS OF STORMS ON CORAL REEFS Science 145 383­386. Grigg, RW 1983. Community structure, succession and developmentof coral reefs in Hawaii. Marine ecology Progress Series 11 1­14. http://www.pacificscience.org/STORM.HTM

LITERATURE ON EFFECTS OF STORMS ON CORAL REEFS (Compiled by Alexander M. Kerr,Yale University Aronson, R. B., K. P. Sebens and J. P. Ebersole. 1992. Hurricane Hugo's impact on Salt River submarine canyon, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Fong, P. and D. Lirman. 1994. Damage and recovery on a coral reef Lirman, D. and P. Fong. 1995. The effects of Hurricane Andrew and Tropical Storm Gordon on Florida reefs. Coral Reefs 14: 172

38. Browse Topics The living reef, coral reefs And Islands; Marine Animals. The killingreefs, coral reefs And Islands; Marine ecology. Australia's coral http://infocus.sl.nsw.gov.au/res/sublist.cfm?subName=MARINE ECOLOGY

39. Zanzibar Resource Site : Ecology Of Zanzibar : Coral Reefs Of Zanzibar : Article ecology coral reefs of Zanzibar Article about coral reefs, their presence, populationsand prospects in Zanzibar Island and Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania http://www.allaboutzanzibar.com/indepth/ecology/03-marinehistory/id-03-01.htm

AAZ : ZANZIBAR ECOLOGY ARTICLE : CORAL REEFS Introduction Zanzibar, being situated near the equator, is in the heart of the ‘coral belt’, which extends to 30 degrees North and South in locations where the water temperature never falls below 16C. The most obvious coral feature is the fringing reef, which is present on most of the islands and which in many locations forms a near continuous ridge. The rock-like material of the reef extends upwards from the shallow sea bed to within centimetres of the surface in places, varying between 50 and 300 metres from the shore, providing a breaker from the sea and creating extensive lagoons. All about coral The familiar structures that we recognise as coral are actually the accumulation of the skeletons of billions of tiny coral animals, or polyps. Living polyps inhabit the surfaces of these structures atop successive layers of their ossified ancestors. They are between 1 and 3 mm in diameter and generally consist of a stalk, the bottom end of which is 75anchored to the colony by a skeletal cup, created by the excretion of calcium and into which it will withdraw for protection. At the upper end of the stalk is a flattened oral disc with an opening, surrounded by tentacles and cilia, which is both the mouth and anus.

40. IMR - Coral Reefs In Norway The biology of Lophelia, eg growth; The ecology of Lophelia reefs, eg associatedbiodiversity including fish. Research on deepwater coral reefs at the IMR http://www.imr.no/coral/mapping.php

Coral reefs in Norway Lophelia pertusa Home Research and mapping Distribution Fishery impact ... Links Research and mapping The research at IMR has included: Detection and mapping of reefs Reef assessment, e.g. impacts from fisheries Description of reef morphology The biology of Lophelia , e.g. growth The ecology of Lophelia reefs, e.g. associated biodiversity including fish Research on deep-water coral reefs at the IMR started with a pilot project in 1997 to test methods for detection and mapping of the reefs. The acquisition of knowledge and quality of scientific results largely depends on the development of useful and efficient methods. IMR has developed and adapted acoustical and visual methods for coral reef mapping for the careful sampling of living corals for the purpose of studying the biology and ecology of Lophelia Until now we have emphasized the development of mapping techniques and assessment of the reefs. This has been very urgent because large reefs have been at risk of extinction due to bottom trawling. Mapping procedures used by IMR If information is available from fishermen or literature: If no information is available from one particular area, a good procedure is:

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