21. XE.com - Information On The New Euro Currency For information on advertising on this page, click here. The europeanEconomic and Monetary Union (emu) euro currency Unit. On January http://www.xe.com/euro.htm

xe.com About the New "Euro" Currency http://www.xe.com/euro.htm Links XE.com Home Currency Services Site Map Tell a Friend Svenska For information on advertising on this page, click here The European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) Euro Currency Unit On January 1, 1999, eleven of the countries in the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) decided to give up their own currencies and adopt the new Euro (EUR) currency: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece followed suit on January 1, 2001. The Vatican City is also participating in the changeover. This changeover is now complete. It is worth noting that any place that previously used one or more of the currencies listed below has now also adopted the Euro. This applies to territories of Euro-zone countries as well as to places that do not have their own currency per se. Examples include Andorra, the Azores, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Europa Island, French Guyana, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova, the Madeira Islands, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint-Martin, and San Marino. Euro bank notes and coins began circulating in the above countries on January 1, 2002. At that time, all transactions in those countries were valued in Euro, and the "old" notes and coins of these countries were gradually withdrawn from circulation. The precise dates that each "old" currency ceased being legal tender are noted in the table below.

22. The Euro EuroOne currency for Europe http//europa.eu.int UK Citizens Online DemocracyEuro Questions and Answers http//www.democracy.org.uk/resources/emu/faq/emu http://worldroom.tamu.edu/BREuro.htm

A New Currency: Euro's Prospects Look Brighter The single currency and the European Parliament http://www.europarl.eu.int/euro/en/default.htm EuroOne Currency for Europe http://europa.eu.int/euro/ European Monetary Institute (EMI) http://europa.eu.int/emi/general/index.html European Monetary Union http://homepages.iol.ie/~kingshos/euro.htm UK Citizens Online Democracy Euro Questions and Answers/Discussion Forums http://www.democracy.org.uk/resources/emu/faq/emu.html This week's Briefing Room focuses on the European Monetary Union and its future unified currency, the Euro. Each of the five resources listed above and described in detail below, discuss various aspects of this issue. After months of doubt and political difficulties in France, Germany, and most recently, Italy, it now appears that the unified European currency, the Euro, will indeed begin on January 1, 1999 to replace the national currencies of as many as 10 or 11 countries. The path to a unified currency is by no means smooth, however. Many European Union member states are finding it politically difficult to reduce their budget deficit to 3 percent of gross domestic product and other states, such as Britain and Denmark, are choosing to remain out for now regardless. On the other hand, European economic growth will apparently exceed earlier expectations, allowing leaders to use increased tax revenues instead of cutting social services to qualify. The single currency and the European Parliament http://www.europarl.eu.int/euro/en/default.htm

23. The Euro - Europe's Single Common Currency What are the prospects for european monetary union? This page contains links to official EU information Category Science Social Sciences currency and Money euro...... pound sterling as the world's most important currency after the However, if the eurois to assume a wider role it t get at the countries within emu, think again http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/euro.html

The Euro - Europe's Single Common Currency For the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire most of Europe has a single, common currency. The US dollar faces the first challenge to its hegemony since it displaced the British pound sterling as the world's most important currency after the First World War. However, if the Euro is to assume a wider role it will have to flourish in its own continent and survive challenges to the stability of European economies first. "If you think the speculators can't get at the countries within EMU, think again. It won't be long before our derivatives geniuses dream up a new synthetic currency. Where there is motive, there will always be opportunity." Linda Davies The quotation is from a speech on the Psychology of Risk, Speculation and Fraud , at a conference on the Future of European Monetary Union in Amsterdam. What are the prospects for European monetary union? This page contains links to official EU information sources and to other sources expressing a variety of viewpoints. The Euro - Official Home Page of the future single currency There are versions in each of the official languages of the European Union.

24. EMU And The Euro Currency - A CompInfo Directory Find the best sources of Internetbased information on emu and theeuro currency. CompInfo - The emu and the euro currency - Outline. http://www.compinfo-center.com/ecom/euro.htm

CompInfo - The Computer Information Center The top one-stop reference resource for corporate IT, computers and communications Millions of IT users world-wide rely on our Web-based support resources Tell your colleagues and friends, and bookmark us at http://www.compinfo-center.com/ Computer Magazines Computer ... Resources EMU and the euro currency - Outline Topic Outline KnowledgeBases Newsgroups and FAQs Magazines and Ezines ... Key Training Providers EMU and the euro currency - Knowledge Bases EMU and Euro information (Systems Modelling Ltd) This site includes  Euro software, Euro/IT FAQ,  EMU/euro FAQ, Euro web links SEE also Related Topics Back to Top EMU and the euro currency - Newsgroups and FAQs If you know of a high quality resource for this sub-category of this topic, please suggest it Back to Top EMU and the euro currency - Magazines and Ezines If you know of a high quality resource for this sub-category of this topic, please suggest it Back to Top EMU and the euro currency - White Papers If you know of a high quality resource for this sub-category of this topic, please suggest it Back to Top EMU and the euro currency - Organizations and User Groups If you know of a high quality resource for this sub-category of this topic

25. European Monetary Union And The Euro Martin Ricketts, an emu consultants, has an online euro currency converteron his trilingual site promoting his emu booklet. The http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/Emu/Emu.htm

Homepage on European Monetary Union and the Euro Prepared by Nouriel Roubini This website is member of the V i s i t E u r o p e ! QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION NOTES ON EUROPE, EMU and EURO Recent articles from The Economist Click here to get the Economist articles Recent articles from the Financial Times A guide to EMU Peter Martin: Emu's new horizons Robert Chote: The euro-creature The Financial Time Page on EMU: a large collection of articles and materials (to access this page you need a free registration with the Financial Times that can be obtained cliking here US views on EMU Larry Summers: a view of the EMU from the US Treasury Robert Peston: Note of confusion on single currency in the UK ... UK: Government unity strained by Emu Recent articles from the Wall Street Journal Why Monetary Unions are Good foor Small Open Economies The Euro, Another Look: An Editorial Page Comment Can 11 Eurostates Find Harmony? Does It Matter? Recent analyses from the Morgan Stanley Global Economic Forum EMU Insights EMU: The Death of the Convergenge Trade EMU: Political Dynamics in the Euro-zone EMU: Three Challenges for Fiscal Policies (I) ... EMU: Inflation and The ECB's Credibility WEB LINKS TO EURO and EMU RESOURCES (from the Financial Times EMU homepage) Organisations: The European Monetary Institute web site provides an overview of the institute and contact addresses.

26. The Single Currency - The UK And The Euro The Road To The euro 1 Summary of key events leading to european the european Uniontowards closer integration and the introduction of the single currency. http://www.thesinglecurrency.net/road1.htm

This page from TheSingleCurrency.net can now be found at ... The Euro Debate.co.uk

27. Euro Currency - Article Display economic, political and legal framework to replace national currencies with a singlecurrency (the euro) and set out three stages on the journey towards emu. http://www.euro-info.co.uk/euro/asp/art_detailcfe2.html?eur_cid=41

28. Euro Currency - Article Display will result in an extended period of dual currency operations for the if Greece entersemu, the demand for euro services from emu individual customers http://www.euro-info.co.uk/euro/asp/art_detaild410.html?eur_cid=98

29. Compaq.com - EMU/Euro Programme - Background Economic and Monetary Union (emu) and the euro currency The desire for currencystability in europe has deep roots, with some going back to the 19th century http://www.compaq.com/euro/general.html

Europe, Middle East and Africa Home Welcome Sitemap Whats New ... General Information Select an Option Below Euro-Myths Euro Symbol Windows 95 Frequently Asked Questions Further Information IT Impact Welcome Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the Euro Currency The desire for currency stability in Europe has deep roots, with some going back to the 19th century - the Latin Monetary Union, German currency union and the gold standard. Serious currency instability in the 1920s and 1930s reinforced that desire. Yet when the common market was established in the late 1950s, monetary union was not explicitly on the agenda. In fact, it was not until 1962 that the European Commission considered a single currency. The defining moment for the single currency actually came with the Delors report, commissioned in 1988 by Jacques Delors, a former French finance minister in the Mitterand government, and European Commission president at that time. The report advocated a staged move towards monetary union and formed the basis of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. The treaty pointed the way to the development of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and concluded that in a world of newly freed capital movements, the single currency was the only way to achieve European currency stability. The Economic and Monetary Union involves the adoption of a uniform monetary policy and a single European currency, the euro. The euro was officially launched at the Brussels Summit in May, 1998. At this time the European Commission decided that 11 of the 15 European Union countries had met the necessary conditions to adopt the single currency, the euro, on 1 January 1999. At this time the exchange rates among participating countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain) is locked and the euro will soon become the single currency of the monetary union.

30. EuroInternet: Euro-EMU 537 euroPortal – euroPortal is a private collection of Links dedicatedto the euro currency and emu issues Your launchpad to the euro currency. http://eiop.or.at/cgi-bin/eurolink.pl?cmd=get&cat=44

31. Starwood Hotel Group Euro, EMU And Currency Training Translate this page Starwood Hotel Group euro, emu and currency training for all staff into the implicationsand practicalities of handling transactions involving the euro http://www.starwoodeuro.com/welcomes.htm

32. Starwood Hotel Group Euro, EMU And Currency Training Starwood Hotel Group euro, emu and currency training for companies wishing to toprovide training for all staff into the implications and practicalities of http://www.starwoodeuro.com/masters.htm

33. Compaq.com - EMU/Euro Programme - Currency Solution Set - EuroWorks unit to the other. euroWorks enables you to be 'euro ready' on dayone, doing business in the euro currency from 1st January 1999. http://h18000.www1.hp.com/euro/solutions/euroworks.html

Europe, Middle East and Africa Home Welcome Sitemap Whats New ... General Information Select an Option Below Application Appraisal Banking Solutions Euro Transition Services EuroWorks Hardware Solutions Packaged Solutions EuroWorks EuroWorks Brochure Euro Guide Euro Works Click here to download Click here to download Note:To view or print the PDF files above, you will need a copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your PC. To download the latest free version click below. Compaq's unique EuroWorks solution is a flexible interface that operates between your business applications and those of your customers and suppliers. Using a combination of technology tools, processes and methodologies a framework is created to process euro based transactions and carry out the necessary requirements of triangulation and rounding outside of your business applications currency. This special interface sits between your internal systems and those of your customers and suppliers and converts data from one currency unit to the other. EuroWorks enables you to be 'euro ready' on day one, doing business in the euro currency from 1st January 1999. This approach uses the proven middleware technology of today, where all changes are external to the application, but are still managed, audited and maintained. EuroWorks lets you migrate to the euro currency at your own pace and in full control. Using EuroWorks, your business applications would change over to the euro on a 'when ready' basis, avoiding the risks of a big bang approach, or the costs of a dual migration.

34. Compaq.com - EMU/Euro Programme - Euro Currency Symbol On Compaq Tower And Rack euro currency Symbol on Compaq Tower and Rack Server Keyboards. Support forthe euro currency symbol is dependent on the software, not the keyboard. http://h18000.www1.hp.com/euro/whatsnew/symbol.html

Europe, Middle East and Africa Home Welcome Sitemap Whats New ... General Information Select an Option Below What's New - White Paper - The Euro Currency Symbol - Press Release - Europeans Seduced by the Euro - Compaq/DIGITAL Customers Focus on the Euro Issue Euro Currency Symbol on Compaq Tower and Rack Server Keyboards Abstract This paper provides a brief overview of Compaq's implementation of the euro currency symbol on Compaq tower and rack server keyboards. The paper discusses key placement, language, and operating system support. A question and answer section is also provided. Executive Summary With the adoption by the European Community (EC) of euro currency, customers have needed euro currency symbol support for their ProSignia and ProLiant servers. Compaq has implemented euro currency symbol support through software and multiple operating systems Compaq X86 servers provide OS support and Industry Standard Server Division support for the euro currency symbol via keyboard commands. Support for the euro currency symbol is dependent on the software, not the keyboard. If a customer has operating system support for the euro key, then by engaging the appropriate keystroke combination the euro symbol can be accessed. Euro compliant tower and rack keyboards will ship for ProSignia and ProLiant servers in European markets January 1, 1999. By providing hardware support for the euro currency symbol ahead of the EC market requirement, Compaq takes a leadership position in the marketplace. Compaq anticipates this position will ensure competitiveness of ProLiant and ProSignia servers through their lifecycles. Compaq has followed the recommendations given by the European Commission for placement of the euro sign on the keyboard. The benefits for customers include convenience and investment protection.

35. The Euro Currency And EMU - Precedents; Arguments For And Against criteria as a condition for joining emu has imposed Britain's membership of the singlecurrency, when it takes has suitably converged with other euro countries http://www.theeurodebate.co.uk/arguments/precedents.htm

The Euro Debate.co.uk feedback@TheEuroDebate.co.uk Those for and those against Should Britain join the European single currency? Plus links to information about the euro on the Internet tell a friend Home Euro Facts - countries, coins and timetable The Road to the Euro ... Books about the euro Arguments - Precedents Introduction Political Economic Business/Trade For Against Consumers Precedents Links to in-depth analysis The United States has an economy and population of a similar size to the eurozone, and runs the world's most successful economy with a single currency. Since essentially the same free market conditions exist in the EU as they do in the United States, and since EU workers enjoy the same freedom as their American counterparts to seek work anywhere in their own free-market area, there is no reason why the eurozone economy should not ultimately function as well as the US economy. Although it is true that the American government has more power than the European Central Bank to transfer money to regions experiencing difficulties, governments within the eurozone will still retain enough economic independence to provide aid to depressed regions. Previous trials of currency convergence in Europe may not have been resounding successes e.g. the

36. The Euro Currency And EMU - Trade And Business; Arguments For And Against Should Britain join the european single currency? Plus links to information aboutthe euro on the Internet. pdf (PDF format) The Pros and Cons of emu by David http://www.theeurodebate.co.uk/arguments/links.htm

The Euro Debate.co.uk feedback@TheEuroDebate.co.uk Those for and those against Should Britain join the European single currency? Plus links to information about the euro on the Internet Have Your Say Home Euro Facts - countries, coins and timetable The Road to the Euro ... tell a friend Arguments - Links Introduction Political Economic Business/Trade ... Precedents Links to in-depth analysis hm-treasury.gov.uk/emup.pdf (PDF format) The Pros and Cons of EMU by David Currie. A summary of a report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit. Observer.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,439386,00.html Extracts from Anthony Browne's book, 'The Euro - Should Britain Join: Yes or No?' (published in The Observer Euro-Know.co.uk/articles/ukeuro0.pdf The Institute of Directors research paper- 'The Euro - Better Out Than In' - 1999 (from the Euro-Know website) [PDF format] Politics.Guardian.co.uk/euro/story/0,9061,547225,00.html

37. EMU And Finland: I. Chapter This entailed the introduction of the single currency euro. It was also stated thatthe Parliament would decide whether to participate in the emu on the basis http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/tasplund/EMUchap1.htm

EMU and Finland Abstract About This Publication EMU and Finland - Essay: Chapter: Participation in the EMU and Its Third Stage Chapter: The Economical and Political Effects of Finland's Participation in the Euro Area Chapter: Finland's Future as a Member of the EMU and the Euro Area Related Links I. Chapter: Participation in the EMU and Its Third Stage In the spring of 1995 the Government stated in its program that it aimed for Finland to fulfil the convergence criteria of the EMU to allow Finland, if so decided, to participate in the third stage from the outset. This entailed the introduction of the single currency euro. It was also stated that the Parliament would decide whether to participate in the EMU on the basis of a separate Government Bill. In the meanwhile, when the political debating on whether Finland should join the currency area or not was going on, economical and monetary preparations for Finnish participation in the euro area were already made. The Bank of Finland was a member of the EU's European Monetary System (EMS) from the beginning of 1995. Finland joined the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in October 1996. By joining the ERM, Finland strengthened its exchange rate policy co-operation with the other EU member states. According to the Maastricht treaty regarding the convergence criterion for the exchange rate it was required that the rate had been stable for two years prior to the examination and that the currency had participated in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

38. EMU And Finland: III. Chapter of the emu and the euro Area. The central objectives in Finnish economic policy arean improvement of employment based strong economic growth, a stable currency http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/tasplund/EMUchap3.htm

EMU and Finland Abstract About This Publication EMU and Finland - Essay: Chapter: Participation in the EMU and Its Third Stage Chapter: The Economical and Political Effects of Finland's Participation in the Euro Area Chapter: Finland's Future as a Member of the EMU and the Euro Area Related Links III. Chapter: Finland's Future as a Member of the EMU and the Euro Area The central objectives in Finnish economic policy are an improvement of employment based strong economic growth, a stable currency and a decrease in the public dept. These objectives would have been the same whether Finland participated in the euro area or not. The main focus is on the instruments with which welfare, growth and secure employment could be best achieved. The instruments used are different for Finland as a member of the euro area compared to the situation outside that area. But it is also important to remember that even if Finland had stayed outside the single currency area, the economical and political environment would not have been the same as before. The participation in the Economic and Monetary Union is a complex issue from the viewpoint of the economy, economic policy and politics. As mentioned before the answer to the question whether adopting the single currency is a successful economic policy or not, will depend on how well households, enterprises and interest groups will understand the new circumstances and the terms of successful operation within the new framework. Furthermore, by being a participant country, Finland secures a continued role in the development of the European Union.

39. The Euro-the New Currency! As stated, the emu is introduced through procedures in three stages. From this stageonward the euro was viewed as the official currency in those member http://www.southbank.net/users/aro/emunoframes.htm

40. The Euro- The New Currency! Basic Timeline for the Implementation of the Single currency. 1 January 1999. 1 January2002. 1 July 2002. Last stages towards the emu considered. euro notes and http://www.southbank.net/users/aro/emu.htm

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