21. Panama Information: Weather, Maps, Travel, Currency, History In most of Central America, US dollars are the only currency exchanged. Museum ofPanama, the Plaza de Bolívar, the presidential palace, the history Museum of http://www.panamatravels.com/panama_information.htm

HOME car rental general info real estate About Panama Click on the links to visit specific sections, or just scroll down to read our entire mini-guide. Overview When To Go Events Money and Costs ... Getting Around Overview Panama has a cosmopolitan capital city, incredible rainforest and some of the finest snorkeling, birding and deep-sea fishing in the world, so it's hard to figure out why travelers tend to steer clear of this country or just whiz through. It may have something to do with the fact that Panama is known internationally for its canal, the 1989 US invasion and the name it donated to a style of headgear, but this does it no justice. The reality is a proud prosperous nation that honors its seven Indian tribes and its rich Spanish legacy and embraces visitors so enthusiastically that it's difficult to leave without feeling that you're in on a secret that the rest of the traveling world will one day uncover. Full country name: Republic of Panama Area: 78,000 sq km (30,420 sq mi)

22. Indian Currency Collector Gives a brief account of the history of Indian Paper Money, guidelines on collecting Indian currency, and a select bibliography on references about Indian currency. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/6139/

The Indian Currency Collection  Welcome to the FIRST site on the Web on Indian Currency. This site gives a pictorial account of the history of Indian Paper Money. Latest Publication Other Publication This book is a Standard Reference Guide, giving details of all Notes issued in India since 1770 up to April 2000, covering a history of 200 years. It classifies Indian Notes into 1500 categories with 763 illustrations in full color, giving details of Paper, Printer, Watermark, Size, Prefix, Signatories, etc. A current Price List is also included. This book traces the history of Indian Paper Money right from it’s inception in 1770 till the present times. It provides the reader with the historical perspective of evolution of Paper Money in India, along with details of the relevant historical, political and socio-economic developments in those eras. As a classification, Indian Paper Money can be grouped into the following categories: Notes issued by the early Private and Semi-Government Banks (up to 1861 AD), popularly called as Presidency Banks.

23. Civil War Tokens, Currency And History From CJC, Inc. Site offers Civil War Tokens, currency, Photos and history.Category Shopping Antiques and Collectibles Coins Medals and Tokens......Free Civil War Token on any $200 Invoiced CW Token/currency Order.*SPECIAL* CIVIL WAR TOKEN $14.95 -. CIVIL WAR PATRIOTIC TOKENS http://www.civil-war-token.com/

FREE CIVIL WAR TOKENS Rettew History FastCoin ... We Buy Tokens Free Civil War Token on any $200 Invoiced CW Token/Currency Order *SPECIAL* CIVIL WAR TOKEN - $14.95 - CIVIL WAR PATRIOTIC TOKENS, SUTLER TOKENS AND STORE CARDS: Regular issue US coinage was hoarded during the Civil War restricting merchants ability to make small change. Some merchants had tokens made to give out as change in their stores. If you ordered the least expensive tokens you would receive a combination of two existing dies, usually of a patriotic nature or similar to a US cent, these are called Civil War Patriotic Tokens Civil War Sutler Tokens were a special kind of Store Card that was issued by sutlers who supplied the Union Army. If you had more to spend you could have one or two dies custom made for you with information specific to your business (i.e. location, occupation, specialties, etc.) these are called Civil War Store Cards RARITY RATINGS: The rarity scale for Civil War tokens is listed below. Most collectors collect by town, merchant or die. Very few try to get one of each die combination and metal composition. So value is determined more by supply and demand than by individual rarity. Additionally, more than a few pieces have incorrect rarity ratings (both over and under rated) in current references due to outdated information, hoards, mistakes or typo's.

24. General Sources On Monetary History The Leslie Brock Center for the Study of Colonial currency A major resource for allthose interested in the history of currency in the North American colonies. http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/other.html

General Sources on Monetary History In addition to the links below there is quite a lot of information about money in some of the documents in the History of Economics collection assembled by Rod Hay at McMaster University in Canada. This link is to the British mirror of the collection. Users in North America will probably find that access to the original site is quicker. There is also some historical information in some of the sources listed in Current Controversies Over Money and also in the web page of numismatics links. Current Value of Old Money How would you determine how much a certain sum of money at a particular period in history would be worth today? These printed and online sources for comparing prices and the cost of living over long time spans may be useful. The British Museum Department of Coins and Medals The coin collection covers the history of coinage from its origins to the present day, and the national collection of paper money, contained notes ranging from 14th century China to current issues from banks all over the world. Casa de la Moneda Museum The bilingual, Spanish and English, site of the museum that is part of the

25. About OANDA Corporate history. Founded markets. OANDA began to develop, market andsupport Internetbased currency tools for consumers and businesses. http://www.oanda.com/site/oanda/com_index.shtml

home US . USD Australia . AUD Austria . ATS Belgium . BEF UK . GBP Canada . CAD Euro . EUR France . FRF Germany . DEM Hong Kong . HKD Indonesia . IDR Italy . ITL Japan . JPY Singapore . SGD Spain . ESP Sweden . SEK Switzerland . CHF Thailand . THB US . USD Australia . AUD Austria . ATS Belgium . BEF UK . GBP Canada . CAD Euro . EUR France . FRF Germany . DEM Hong Kong . HKD Indonesia . IDR Italy . ITL Japan . JPY Singapore . SGD Spain . ESP Sweden . SEK Switzerland . CHF Thailand . THB Full Currency Converter Get Currency Information For your Site. OANDA.com Corporate History Company Management Board of Directors Site Awards ... Client Comments Corporate History Founded in 1995 by economist Richard Olsen and Michael Stumm, OANDA was created as the Internet arm of About OANDA What We Offer OANDA has three lines of business based on its currency database. They include: Currency Conversion and Localization For individuals A destination for travelers and investors to find virtually everything there is to know about 164 global currencies. For the traveler, visitors can find current currency rates, simple conversions, forecasts, historical currency rates, as well as helpful tips and links for every travel need.

26. Ministry Of Finance history, legislation, and currency statistics. http://www.finance.gov.bn/bcb/bcb_index.htm

INTRODUCTION The Brunei Currency Board (BCB) was established by the 1967 Currency Act in Chapter 32 of the Laws of Brunei. As stipulated in Section 9(1) of the Act, it has the sole right to manage and issue currency notes and coins in Brunei Darussalam. The currency issued by the Board is designated by Section 13 of the Act to serve as legal tender within the State. Brunei Darussalam commenced issuance of its own currency on 12th June 1967. Prior to this date, The Board of Commissioners of Currency which was reconstituted under the Malaya British Borneo Currency Agreement 1960, was the sole currency issuing authority in Malaysia, the Republic of Singapore and Brunei Darussalam, which was then known as the State of Brunei. Under the provision of the 1960 Currency Agreement, the effect of the lodgment of notice on 12th December 1964, by the Government of Malaysia to replace the Board by Bank Negara Malaysia as the sole currency issuing authority in Malaysia was that the Board would have to relinquish its powers to issue currency notes not later than 11th December 1966, and coins a year later. However, on 5th August 1966, the Participating Governments of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, signed an agreement to amend clause 18(a) of the Currency Agreement to allow the Board to continue to issue currency for the three countries for a further period of six months until 11th June 1967.

27. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries Elementary school students tell about the history of money in the United States and share fun facts about U.S. currency. http://library.thinkquest.org/J003358F/

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Junior of Entries The web site you have requested, Money , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Money click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Money click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Junior 2000 Entry Click image for the Site Site Desciption Our site is about the history of money in the United States. There are fun facts that you may not know about U.S. currency, links to government sites, including the United States Secret Service. We have also included a scavenger hunt and links to two fun games by the U.S. Bureau of engraving and printing.

28. On2 Money / A History Of Money Money is a fact of life, it always has been. So as long as there hasbeen an America, there have been many different kinds of currency. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/on2/money/history.html

Click to see an interactive timeline of money The Euro The Value of Silver Securing Money NOVA's History of Money Way Before the Benjamins... Money is a fact of life, it always has been. So as long as there has been an America, there have been many different kinds of currency. WAMPUM So you think carrying change in your pocket could be a pain? How about lugging around strings of beads made from the clam shells? That is precisely what Native American tribes had to do. These beaded shells, called wampum, were the most common form of money in North America. By 1637, the Massachusetts Bay Colony declared wampum legal tender (ok to use as money). CONTINENTALS We’re not talking about your grandparents car, here. What we are talking are America’s original ‘bucks’. To finance the American Revolutionary, Congress authorized the first printing of currency by the new republic. But without the strong financial backing of gold or silver, the Continentals quickly devalued and were soon worthless - thus the expression, "not worth a continental." WILDCAT AND BROKEN NOTES Although these notes were actually issued by banks, they were as worthless as Monopoly money -

29. NOVA Online | Secrets Of Making Money | The History Of Money | PBS used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the most widely and longestused currency in history. 1,000 BC First Metal Money and http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/moolah/history.html

The History of Money In the Beginning: Barter Barter is the exchange of resources or services for mutual advantage, and may date back to the beginning of humankind. Some would even argue that it's not purely a human activity; plants and animals have been bartering in symbiotic relationships for millions of years. In any case, barter among humans certainly pre-dates the use of money. Today individuals, organizations, and governments still use, and often prefer, barter as a form of exchange of goods and services. 9,000 6,000 BC: Cattle Cattle, which include anything from cows, to sheep, to camels, are the first and oldest form of money. With the advent of agriculture came the use of grain and other vegetable or plant products as a standard form of barter in many cultures. 1,200 BC: Cowrie Shells The first use of cowries, the shell of a mollusc that was widely available in the shallow waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, was in China. Historically, many societies have used cowries as money, and even as recently as the middle of this century, cowries have been used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the most widely and longest used currency in history. 1,000 BC: First Metal Money and Coins

30. History Of The Euro tender on 1 January 2002, but attempts to create a single currency go back 20 Historyof the Euro Twelve of the 15 EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/business/2001/euro_cash/history

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH Front Page In depth Business Europe ... Euro cash History of the Euro The Euro and you Spent currencies The euro was launched on 1 January 1999 as an electronic currency and became legal tender on 1 January 2002, but attempts to create a single currency go back 20 years. This chart shows the value of the euro (before 1999 as a basket of the 11 legacy currencies) against the US dollar. Hover or Click on the graphic below History of the Euro Twelve of the 15 EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Finland, Greece and Ireland) are members of the eurozone. On 1 January 2002 the euro replaced the old national currencies. As the chart shows, European currencies have always fluctuated against the dollar, even as debates have raged about the euro. Back to Top News Sources Privacy

31. Travlang's Currency Exchange Rates In addition to the latest rates, we provide the recent rate history, a JavaScriptcalculator, detailed information and images about each currency, and more! http://www.travlang.com/money/

Click Here! Currency Exchange Rates Find the exchange rate between: Algerian Dinars American Dollars Argentinian Pesos Australian Dollars Austrian Schillings Bahamian Dollars Barbados Dollars Belgian Francs Bermudian Dollars Brazilian Real British Pounds Bulgarian Lev Canadian Dollars Chilean Pesos Chinese Renminbi Cyprus Pounds Czech Koruna Danish Kroner Dutch Guilders Eastern Caribbean Units Egyptian Pounds Euro Fijian Dollars Finnish Markka French Francs German Marks Gold Ounces (New York) Greek Drachmas Hong Kong Dollars Hungarian Forint Icelandic Krona Indian Rupees Indonesian Rupiah Irish Punt Israeli New Shekels Italian Lira Jamaican Dollars Japanese Yen Jordanian Dinar Korean (South) Won Lebanese Pounds Luxembourg Francs Malaysian Ringgit Mexican Pesos Netherland Guilders New Zealand Dollars Norwegian Kroner Pakistani Rupees Philippines Pesos Platinum Ounces (New York) Polish Zloty Portugese Escudo Romanian Leu Russian Rubles Saudi Arabian Riyal Silver Ounces (New York) Singapore Dollars Slovakian Koruna South African Rand South Korean Won Spanish Pesetas Special Drawing Right Sudanese Dinar Swedish Krona Swiss Francs Taiwan Dollars Thai Baht Trinidad and Tobago Dollars Turkish Lira UK Pounds US Dollars Venezuelan Bolivar Zambian Kwacha and Algerian Dinars American Dollars Argentinian Pesos Australian Dollars Austrian Schillings Bahamian Dollars Barbados Dollars Belgian Francs Bermudian Dollars Brazilian Real British Pounds Bulgarian Lev Canadian Dollars Chilean Pesos Chinese Renminbi

32. Colonial America Learn about the history of the 13 colonies, colonial currency and religion, through photographs and manuscripts from the Library of Congress. http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/clementems/colonial.html

Colonial America Clemente Learns about History Plymouth History of 13 Colonies Colonial USA Colonial Currency Religion in the Colonies Photographs and Manuscripts from Lib. of Congress Pilgrims and Thanksgiving The Puritans Virginia History Connecticut History Pennsylvania History North Georgia History Delaware History New York - Dutch Colony New Jersey History Virginia History Massachusetts History Maryland History Georgia History

33. English Currency coins may carry the same name throughout many periods of this history, they often Aslong as currency was based on the value of silver, the basic monetary unit http://www.bignell.uk.com/english_currency.htm

English Currency 959-2000 Introduction These pages give a list of officially issued denominations of coins and banknotes. They concentrate on denominations and do not attempt to detail the actual coins issued. For convenience, I have started with a new issue of coins in the reign of Eadgar in 959. Most questions about 'English' money relate to the pre-decimalisation 20th century money. For details of that, go to the page entitled Up to decimalisation. For most of the period, the weight or silver of gold contained in the coin determined what the value of the coin was. Coins were not made of pure silver or pure gold, but were always alloyed with another metal to improve their ability to withstand wear. The amount of silver or gold contained in the alloy is known as the fineness. Although coins may carry the same name throughout many periods of this history, they often varied widely in size, weight and, less often, fineness. Coins could also change value during their lifetime as the value of the metal in them became greater than their face value. As long as currency was based on the value of silver, the basic monetary unit was the penny. Because that was a rather small unit the Mark (160 pence) and later the pound (240 pence) were used for accounting purposes, although no Mark coin was issued and there was no Pound coin before 1489. The Shilling was also introduced at this time as a coin, then called a Testoon. The relationship between the Pound, the Shilling, and the Penny is:

34. National Currency Symbols End Centuries-long History Euro introduction much more than just a replacement of guilder Nationalcurrency symbols end centurieslong history. AMSTERDAM - The http://www.godutch.com/iwindmill/iexcerpts/991007b.htm

i Windmill i NewsExcerpts Excerpts Menu October 2002 Store-front shop Hemlock now largest sheet fed printers in region May 2002 Walk across muddy tidal flat a unique Dutch experience April 2002 Crown princess Juliana in 1945 said thanks with loads of tulips March 2002 Death in missing women’s case leaves Draayers’ mourning for foster daughter Ontario Royal Wedding gift supports safe drinking water projects Valentine’s Day wedding anniversary reminder for elderly couple February 2002 Store started by diamond cutter DeVries enters second century A review of House of Orange history since 1791 Grocery chain Meijer in transition appoints another Meijer Community across North America involved with Royal Wedding ... Key cabinet stick handler goes for premier’s post of Ontario January 2002 Elderly musicians couple brings melodic sunshine to care homes Demise of De Volksvriend ended era in Dutch American community Dutch public can appreciate mid-winter pranksterism and publicity stunts Elderly teacher regularly tutors troubled youths at school named after her ... Veendam regrets ending sister-city ties with BC’s Kelowna Year 2000 Supreme Court rules Egg Board's fine tax deductible Innovative greenhouse industry suppliers experience rapid growth Former peat-harvesting town showcases its history of hard work More seceded independent Reformed churches affiliate with URC ... Woman still writes to family after 73 years in the U.S.

35. Persistence Hard Currency For Authors Writing On Dutch Community History Undergraduate students starved for material Persistence hard currency forauthors writing on Dutch community history by Albert van der Heide. http://www.godutch.com/iwindmill/iFeature/persistence authors.htm

Excerpts Menu June 2002 Persistence hard currency for authors writing on Dutch community history May 2002 Walk across muddy tidal flat a unique Dutch experience April 2002 Crown princess Juliana in 1945 said thanks with loads of tulips March 2002 Death in missing women’s case leaves Draayers’ mourning for foster daughter Ontario Royal Wedding gift supports safe drinking water projects Valentine’s Day wedding anniversary reminder for elderly couple February 2002 Store started by diamond cutter DeVries enters second century A review of House of Orange history since 1791 Grocery chain Meijer in transition appoints another Meijer Community across North America involved with Royal Wedding ... Key cabinet stickhandler goes for premier’s post of Ontario January 2002 Elderly musicians couple brings melodic sunshine to care homes Demise of De Volksvriend ended era in Dutch American community Dutch public can appreciate mid-winter pranksterism and publicity stunts Elderly teacher regularly tutors troubled youths at school named after her ... Veendam regrets ending sister-city ties with BC’s Kelowna Year 2000 Supreme Court rules Egg Board's fine tax deductible Innovative greenhouse industry suppliers experience rapid growth Former peat-harvesting town showcases its history of hard work More seceded independent Reformed churches affiliate with URC ... Woman still writes to family after 73 years in the U.S.

36. HISTORY OF CURRENCY THE history OF NITEMARES currency THE BONES Bones are the main currencyof NITEMARE , but cannot be used in Dawn . Bones are made http://nitemare.fws1.com/photo5.html

Free Web space and hosting - fws1.com NITEMARES HOMEPAGE REGISTER A CREATURE NITEMARES NEWS ... GET A FREE WEBPAGE THE HISTORY OF NITEMARES CURRENCY THE BONES Bones are the main currency of NITEMARE , but cannot be used in Dawn . Bones are made up from the bones of people from the UpperWorld. In Cretin there is a building named the Currency Portal, The Keeper opened a gate to all the coffins in the UpperWorld and when a new body is burried, the workers of the Portal summon its opening and strip the bones from the body . When that is done they then put the bones into a grinder/compressor and it spits out quarter sized cions out with the symbol of evil on them. SKINS Skins are the currency of Dawn and can be used in other places such as Midnite, Forest of Lost Souls, and The Swamp Lands, but are not excepted in all of the stores in these cities. Skins are precessed in the same first step as the bones, but when the portal is summoned open , instead of the bones being striped they take the skin. When the skin is taken from the bodies it is then shipped to Dawn where they then cut out triangle patterns stamp it with the seal of goodness and bake the skin until hard.

37. RBA: The History Of Australia's Currency Notes Click for printfriendly version THE history OF AUSTRALIA'S currency NOTES. TheAustralian note issue has its origins in the Australian Notes Act of 1910. http://www.rba.gov.au/CurrencyNotes/history.html

About the RBA Statistics Speeches Media Releases ... Contact Us THE HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA'S CURRENCY NOTES The Australian note issue has its origins in the Australian Notes Act of 1910 . Prior to this, paper currency circulating in Australia had comprised notes issued by trading banks and by one State Government. The Act of 1910 made it an offence for any bank to circulate notes issued by a State and withdrew their status as legal tender. Issue of notes by trading banks was effectively discouraged by the Bank Notes Tax Act , also of 1910, which imposed a tax of 10 per cent per annum on all notes issued by them. The Notes Act of 1910 vested control of the note issue in the Commonwealth Treasury. In 1920, control was transferred to a Board of Directors of four members, appointed by the Commonwealth Government, with the Governor of the Commonwealth Bank an ex officio member and Chairman. At the same time the administration of the note issue was taken over by a special Department of the Commonwealth Bank, although the Bank and the Notes Board were formally independent of one another. In 1924, with the establishment of a Commonwealth Bank Board, control of the note issue passed from the Notes Board to the Board of Directors of the Commonwealth Bank. In 1945, the

38. History Of Zambian Currency Together with the Zambian £. sd currency, a 5s proof coin to commemorate independencewas issued. The currency Act, 1967 replaced the Zambian £. http://www.boz.zm/Banking/history_currency.htm

Bank of Zambia Home About the Bank Speeches Publications ... Zambian Banking Laws Zambian Kwacha Currency History The New Kwacha F.A.O. numismatic collection Second Republic T he Kwacha (ZMK) is the current legal tender of the Republic of Zambia.The Zambian Kwacha (K) is divided into 100 Ngwee. Prior to independence, notes and coin in denominations of £10, £5, 10s and 5s, 2s-6d, 2s, 1s, 6d, 3d, and 2d circulated in the country as legal tender. After independence, the Bank issued the first Zambian notes and coin in similar denominations, although different in design. In order to allow for a smooth changeover, the two currencies circulated alongside each other until December 15, 1965, when the old currencies were withdrawn from circulation for subsequent demonetization, except for the 3d coin which continued to circulate, for a brief period. Together with the Zambian £. s. d. currency, a 5s proof coin to commemorate independence was issued. It was later followed by an ordinary 5s coin for circulation purposes. The New Kwacha I n 1967, the Government decided in favour of decimalisation and designated the main unit as Kwacha comprising of 100 ngwee. The Kwacha was equivalent to the old ten shillings. The Currency Act, 1967 replaced the Zambian £. s. d. currency for new Kwacha notes, and ngwee coin. Thus on January 16, 1968, the Zambian Pound was replaced by the Kwacha with the new Official Rate equal to one half the old unit, or US$1.40. The £5 note became K10, the £1 note K2, then ten shilling note one Kwacha note and a new 50 ngwee note was introduced to correspond to the old 5 shillings, 2 shilling coin became 20 ngwee, one shilling coin became 10 ngwee and 6 pence became 5 ngwee. At the same time, the currency was decimalized.

39. U.S. Treasury - Fact Sheet On The History Of "In God We Trust" Fact Sheets currency Coins. history of 'In God We Trust'. One facttouching our currency has hitherto been seriously overlooked. http://www.ustreas.gov/education/fact-sheets/currency/in-god-we-trust.html

News Key Topics Press Room Organization ... ACCESSIBILITY History of 'In God We Trust' The motto IN GOD WE TRUST was placed on United States coins largely because of the increased religious sentiment existing during the Civil War. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase received many appeals from devout persons throughout the country, urging that the United States recognize the Deity on United States coins. From Treasury Department records, it appears that the first such appeal came in a letter dated November 13 , 1861. It was written to Secretary Chase by Rev. M. R. Watkinson, Minister of the Gospel from Ridleyville, Pennsylvania, and read: Dear Sir: You are about to submit your annual report to the Congress respecting the affairs of the national finances. One fact touching our currency has hitherto been seriously overlooked. I mean the recognition of the Almighty God in some form on our coins.

40. U.S. Treasury - Fact Sheets On Currency & Coins Distribution of currency Coins Fort Knox Bullion Depositoty history of In GodWe Trust history of the Denver Mint history of the Lincoln Cent Indian Head http://www.ustreas.gov/education/fact-sheets/currency/

News Key Topics Press Room Organization News Key Topics Press Room Organization ... Preparation of Working Dies from Original Coin Designs

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