81. Chapter 3. Monetary Reality Through History. Telematic Currency And Market Strat Telematic currency and market strategy. Chapter 4. The money system today. Telematiccurrency and market strategy. Chapter 3. Monetary reality through history. http://chalaux.org/mtemuk03.htm

Home Chapter 3. Monetary reality through history This chapter's goals Non-monetary barter Monetary reality among primitive peoples Money systems of incoming civilizations ... Bibliographic references for this chapter 1. This chapter's goals In the previous chapter , when speaking of the elements of the money systems, we have exposed our arguments in such a way as to suggest somehow a succession of steps in the evolution of the market and of the money systems therein contained. This succession of steps could be summed up as follows: At the beginning the market works without any money system, by means simply of a non-monetary barter. In the second step, money units appear with their mercantile value, and monetary barter starts. Finally, in some dynamic and evolving markets the use of monetary instruments is introduced, which allow the elemental monetary exchange to take place. As we have already said, this interpretation is not necessarily historic; we have therefore avoided all sorts of actually historical references all along the previous chapter , and we have stressed the more theoretical aspects of the money systems.

82. Chapter 2. Monetary Reality Through History. Essay On Currency, Market And Socie Chapter 3. Features of a scientific monetary system. Essay on currency,market and society. Chapter 2. Monetary reality through history. http://chalaux.org/ammsuk02.htm

Home Chapter 2. Monetary reality through history The pre-monetary barter Monetary reality among the primitive peoples The monetary systems of the rising civilizations Emergence of the specific metal currency ... Bibliography for this chapter In the previous chapter we have used an exposition system which suggested, to a certain extent, some sort of historical reconstruction of the development of monetary systems: first there is the non-monetary barter; then the monetary units appear and the market values are established (prices and salaries); finally, in some evolved societies, the monetary instruments appear. We are aware that this reconstruction is very theoretical and simplifies the complexity of the facts which actually took place. For this reason, in this chapter we want to offer some brushstrokes to give some support to the broad outline made in the previous chapter. However, it is necessary to point out that the reconstruction of the development of the monetary reality, both among prehistoric peoples and among present primitive peoples, shows serious difficulties: the existing documents are few and partial, and their interpretation is a very delicate task. With all these limitations then we face our subject.

83. Ithaca HOURs Online: Home Page Pioneering local money program tbat inspired dozens around the US and the world. Website describes how it works, development and history of local currencies, media coverage over the years, how to start and maintain your own local currency, list of businesses accepting HOURS, and a local currency starter kit. http://www.ithacahours.com/

home intro businesses successes ... archives Ithaca HOURs Online Here's why we print our own money! Welcome to the on-line home of the founder of Ithaca HOURS. This web site contains a wealth of information about Ithaca HOURS' development and history, media coverage over the years, archives, (etc etc.) The Ithaca HOURS System is now managed by an elected Board of Directors. For information about current System activities and operations, how to obtain loans or grants, etc., visit the Ithaca HOURS web page at www.ithacahours.org HOUR Resources We have gathered together many resources here to make getting information on Ithaca HOURS as convenient as possible. Click the Businesses button to see list of participating local businesses. Go to Visiting Ithaca HOURs for vital information on how to start using Ithaca HOURs quickly. It's easy. It's a good way to get to know Ithaca. Since 1991, many other local currency programs have begun to flourish. Click on Other HOURs Cities to find one near you. Or click the Starter Kit button for information on how to begin a local currency program in your own community.

84. Museum Of American Financial History historians writing about mediums of exchange typically define currency as durable defineacceptance today, but over the course of history, acceptance was more http://www.financialhistory.org/EXHIBITS/africa/af_artic.htm

The Artistry of African Currency By Lydia Puccinelli Throughout history, many different objects have been used to facilitate trade for goods and to measure wealth. Today, we usually think of dollars and coins when we define what we regard as money, although much commerce is carried out without any physical currency at all. Value is counted by entries in bank and credit card accounts, and the transfer of money often takes place through electronic impulses between computers. Objects have served the same purposes as well, in other times and places. Throughout Africa's past, many objects have served as money salt, shells, beads, metal, indigenous coins, European coins, jewelry, woven cloth, weapons and tools. The keys to understanding why a particular object came to be used as currency are acceptability and value. Acceptability encompasses such aspects as familiarity, usefulness, and artistic expression, which add to the intrinsic value of the medium itself. Thus, while the scarcity of copper might have caused it to be exchanged on that basis alone, its use was further validated through the forms into which it was cast. Iron was more ubiquitous in African societies, but refining, forging, forming and decorating similarly increased its value. Economics and financial historians writing about mediums of exchange typically define currency as durable, divisible and accepted means of measuring and storing value. Governments and laws largely define acceptance today, but over the course of history, acceptance was more often conferred by broader cultural currents, including region, myth and beliefs about the nature of the universe. In Africa, where few extensive nation-states existed, the needs of trade and commerce depended on commonly held beliefs or values that spanned great geographical distances and an almost unimaginable diversity of activities. Consequently, the currency needed for even the simplest daily transactions was backed by shared beliefs as much as by the intrinsic value of the currency itself. Transactions that involved significant life events marriage, procreation, health and death were validated by objects with high intrinsic, symbolic and artistic values.

85. History Of Drachma DRACHMA. Money in modern Greece. During the Greek revolution and until1828, the financial dealings were made with different foreign http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/4340/greek-currency/history.htm

DRACHMA Money in modern Greece During the Greek revolution and until 1828, the financial dealings were made with different foreign coins: English, French and mostly Turkish. The first Greek coins were mint at 1828 although the monetize has been decided very earlier, at 1822. The monetary unit was phoenix, silver coin consisting of silver (90%) and brass (10%). Coppery coins circulated also during the period 1828-1832. At 1932, after the great financial crisis which has begun at 1929, golden and silver coins were abandoned and obligatory bank note circulation was introduced. The issue of bank notes has begun earlier, at 1885, when the Greek government authorized National bank, Ionian bank and Thessaly bank to issue bank notes of 2 and 1 drachma in a total amount of 18 million drachmas. At 1927 Bank of Greece was instituted, and obtains the exclusive authority of bank note edition. At this time the relation between drachma and english pound was 375 Drs = 1 pound. During the World War II the destruction of capital and the reduction of the production leads to an enormous inflation and to the nullification of drachma. This has also effects on the relation between drachma and pound. January 1941: 1 pound = 1.200 drachmas

86. History Of US Paper Money The history of US Paper Money. 1775 Continental currency American colonists issuedpaper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War. http://www.ronscurrency.com/rhist.htm

The History of U.S. Paper Money In the early days of the nation, before and just after the revolution, Americans used English, Spanish, and French money. 1690 Colonial Notes The Massachusetts Bay Colony issued the first paper money in the colonies which would later form the United States. 1775 Continental Currency American colonists issued paper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War. The notes were backed by the "anticipation" of tax revenues. Without solid backing and easily counterfeited, the notes quickly became devalued, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a Continental." 1781 Nation's First Bank Also to support the Revolutionary War, the continental Congress chartered the Bank of North America in Philadelphia as the nation's first "real" bank. 1785 The Dollar The Continental Congress determined that the official monetary system would be based on the dollar, but the first coin representing the start of this system would not be struck for several years. 1791 First U.S. Bank

87. Information On Trade, Taxation, Currency, Inflation And Attitudes Towards Money. Articles on accounting, money, taxation, and other aspects of economics in antiquity.Category Science Social Sciences Economics Economic history...... Economics, Coins, and Taxes. Information on trade, taxation, currency, inflationand attitudes towards money. SPECIAL OFFER FROM MILITARY history! http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/economics/

zfp=-1 About History Ancient/Classical History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with Ancient/Classical History with N.S. Gill Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects A to Z COLOSSEUM Cleopatra Pictures WEAPONS WARFARE ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Economics, Coins, and Taxes Information on trade, taxation, currency, inflation and attitudes towards money. Coins, Barter, Money, Exchange Evolution of coins, payment in commodities like salt, and the use of money in antiquity. Numismatics An overview of ancient coin collecting for beginners, coins to look at and information on the minting of ancient coins. Tax Revenue generated from taxes (tariffs and tributes), rents, donations, and how it was collected. Expenses from military activities (until 420 soldiers provided their own equipment), public works (including welfare), and civil service. Economy of Carthage Roy Decker explains how Carthaginians made their fortunes and provoked the envy of the Greeks and Romans.

88. Bureau Of Engraving And Printing Bureau history The establishment of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing can be Theofficial opening of the Western currency Facility took place on April 26 http://www.bep.treas.gov/document.cfm/18/101

Select Page U.S. Banknotes Anti-Counterfeiting Money Facts For Collectors Select Keyword CFO Report Collecting Counterfeiting eagle Features Federal Positions Job Kids Large Denomination Latin New Designs portraits Premium Products Public Tour Information star Star Note Strategic Plan Value Washington worth Bureau History The establishment of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing can be traced as far back as August 29, 1862, to a single room in the basement of the main Treasury building where two men and four women separated and sealed by hand $1 and $2 United States Notes which had been printed by private bank note companies. Today there are approximately 2,500 employees who work out of two buildings in Washington, D.C. and a new facility located in Fort Worth, Texas. The official opening of the Western Currency Facility took place on April 26, 1991. The youngest employee ever hired by the Bureau was Emma S. Brown, who came to work in 1865 when she was not quite 11 years old. Her family included an older brother and a physically-handicapped mother. The brother, who was the main support of the family, was a soldier with the 188th Pennsylvania Volunteers. He was killed in action during the siege of Petersburg in July 1864. Ms. Brown's Congressman, hearing of her situation, gave her a political appointment in the Bureau. After 59 years of service,, she retired on April 24, 1924 from the position of forewoman of the trimming section in the Bureau's examining division. In 1877, the Plate Printer force included a large number of experienced firemen who were formed into a Fire Brigade for the protection of Bureau property. The group drilled every Saturday.

89. From The History Of The Czech Currency From the history of the Czech currency. I. Prehistoric currencies.the Celts were probably the only ethnic group that used coins in http://comenius.jaroska.cz/cz/currency.html

From the History of the Czech Currency I. Prehistoric currencies the Celts were probably the only ethnic group that used coins in this era; they were able to mint the coins and they used them as the equivalent in the trade their coins were called " statéry (pl), statér (sg)", they were mint from the precious metals like gold, or silver, from the alloys (bronze) the place of archaeological excavations: Nechranice by Hradec Králové, CR II. The Currencies before 1300 The Slaves did not use coins as the equivalent, but the pieces of linen ; in Slavonic languages it means "plátno" and this produced the other words, like "platit"= pay, or "platidlo"= currency Is it possible to compare this with the etymology of Germanic languages? The currencies in the era of the Great Moravian Empire great variety of the coins, many difficulties connected with that; e.g. the mightiest families were rich enough so t that they could afford to use the coinages of their own, or some princes used to mint the coins of their own, some of them used the foreign currencies some names of the coins: denáry (silver)

90. Preston LETS Local currency system, allowing trade of skills, services and goods. Contains explanation of concept and process, history of scheme, application form and newsletter. http://www.vivienne001.u-net.com/lets/

What Is LETS? History Of Preston LETS ... Other Sites LOCAL EXCHANGE TRADING SYSTEM (LETS) AN ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY WHY NOT TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TRADE WITHOUT MONEY A wide choice of goods and services on offer - would you like a massage or reflexology but cannot afford it - is your back hurting and you can't do your gardening - do you need a babysitter? Why not join Preston LETS and trade without money? Established 1993. For further information e-mail hayes@vivienne001.u-net.com Preston Lancashire Web Design By

91. Forbes.com: Currency Crises And The Rewriting Of History currency crises and the rewriting of history Steve H. Hanke, 03.22.99 Someday TreasurySecretary Robert Rubin just may come through on his threats to resign. http://www.forbes.com/global/1999/0322/0206036a.html

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92. The History Of American Currency - P0005.jpg p0005.jpg Click on the image to turn the page. p0003.jpg,p0004.jpg, p0005.jpg, p0006.jpg, p0007.jpg. http://pehr.net/books/history-of-american-currency/p0005.jpg-1024x768.html

93. A Brief History Of Currency MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2000 Headlines email this story to a friend. A THOUSANDYEARS OF WORK AND MONEY. A brief history of currency. http://csmweb2.emcweb.com/durable/2000/03/13/p12s2.htm

Monitor Site Map @csmonitor.com About Us/Help Advertising Christian Science Article Archive AP's The WIRE Crossword puzzle Forums (join in!) Home International News Links Library News In Brief Subscriptions US News Weekly News Quiz MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2000 Headlines e-mail this story to a friend A THOUSAND YEARS OF WORK AND MONEY A brief history of currency Click here for the timeline Before bookmarking this page in your browser, click here The URL for this page is: http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/2000/03/13/fp12s2-csm.shtml For further information: Origins of Money and of Banking History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day Monetary History Secrets of Making Money NOVA Wooden Nickel Historical Museum Please Note: The Monitor does not endorse the sites behind these links. We offer them for your additional research. Send Editor E-mail Go to Forums Get Free E-mail Update Home ... Feedback

94. Guardian International Currency Gold History GOLD history Data Plot Provided With Permission By PACIFIC EXCHANGE RATE SERVICEcopyright 1999 This website Copyright © GUARDIAN INTERNATIONAL currency CORP. http://www.guardianfx.com/information/gold_history.html

GOLD HISTORY Data Plot Provided With Permission By PACIFIC EXCHANGE RATE SERVICE GUARDIAN INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY CORP. June 2000 Developed by A. Madge A. Simons 151 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5C 2W7, Canada info@guardianfx.com 1-877-94FOREX (toll-free) 416-362-1300 (tel) 416-362-4100 (fax)

95. Guardian International Currency Silver History SILVER history Data Plot Provided With Permission By PACIFIC EXCHANGE RATE SERVICEcopyright 1999 This website Copyright © GUARDIAN INTERNATIONAL currency CORP http://www.guardianfx.com/information/silver_history.html

SILVER HISTORY Data Plot Provided With Permission By PACIFIC EXCHANGE RATE SERVICE GUARDIAN INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY CORP. June 2000 Developed by A. Madge A. Simons 151 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5C 2W7, Canada info@guardianfx.com 1-877-94FOREX (toll-free) 416-362-1300 (tel) 416-362-4100 (fax)

96. Magyar Nemzeti Bank Financial information including the history of the composition of the currency basket and its relationship to the forint, economic statistics, and legislative information. http://www.mnb.hu/

Menü Újdonságok A jegybankról Monetáris politika Pénzügyi stabilitás ... English version Hírek A nemzetgazdaság pénzügyi számlái a 2002. IV. negyedévi elõzetes adatok alapján MNB tanulmánypályázat közgazdász hallgatóknak Tájékoztató a jegybanki kéthetes betételhelyezésrõl (03.04.01.) A monetáris intézmények konszolidált mérlege és a monetáris aggregátumok alakulása a 2003. februári adatok alapján ... Tájékoztató a kéthetes betételhelyezésekrõ Ügyfeleinknek A Jegybank forint- és devizapiaci mûveleteinek üzleti feltételei ÜZLETI FELTÉTELEK az MNB által vezetett pénzforgalmi bankszámlára vonatkozóan (2003. február 1-tõl) VIBER rendszer leírás 3.2 VIBER üzemidõk (2003. február 1-tõl) ... A hatályos jegybanktörvény Alapadatok A Magyar Nemzeti Bank által jelenleg meghirdetett forint refinanszírozási, betéti és hitel kamatlábak idõsora 2000. január 1-jétõl Aktuális forint refinanszírozási, betéti és hitel kamatlábak Fedezetértékelés Hivatalos BUBOR fixingek ... A jegybanki alapkamat alakulása Legfrissebb kiadványaink 2003/3 Várpalotai Viktor: Dezinflációs számítások dezaggregált kibocsátási résekre alapozó makromodellel 2003/1 Péter Benczúr: A nominálárfolyam viselkedése monetáris rezsimváltás után 2003/2 Várpalotai Viktor: Numerikus módszer gazdasági adatok visszabecslésére Jelentés az infláció alakulásáról (2003. február)

97. FXHistory - Historical Currency Exchange Rates FXHistory provides historical currency exchange rates since 1990 for over 164 currencies Quick Links. currency Tools. FXConverter. FXBrowser exchange rate for any currency pair, select the language, the to obtain the historical currency exchange rates from our exchange http://www.oanda.com/convert/fxhistory

home US . USD Australia . AUD Austria . ATS Belgium . BEF UK . GBP Canada . CAD Euro . EUR France . FRF Germany . DEM Hong Kong . HKD Indonesia . IDR Italy . ITL Japan . JPY Singapore . SGD Spain . ESP Sweden . SEK Switzerland . CHF Thailand . THB US . USD Australia . AUD Austria . ATS Belgium . BEF UK . GBP Canada . CAD Euro . EUR France . FRF Germany . DEM Hong Kong . HKD Indonesia . IDR Italy . ITL Japan . JPY Singapore . SGD Spain . ESP Sweden . SEK Switzerland . CHF Thailand . THB Full Currency Converter Get Currency Information For your Site. Quick Links Currency Tools FXConverter FXBrowser FXHistory More... Forex Investors FXTrade: Currency Trading FXTrading Game FXNews FXAnalysis ... More... Businesses Customizable Tools Currency Rates FXCommerce More... Travelers FXDelivery FXCheatSheet FXPense More... Community FXMessage FXGallery FXPilot FXWAP FXHistory: historical currency exchange rates FXHistory is the easiest tool to access the largest foreign exchange database on the Internet. To obtain the historical exchange rate for any currency pair, select the language, the range of dates and the currencies you would like to obtain exchange rates for. You can obtain the historical exchange rates with the desired rate (cash, interbank, credit card), in ASCII, CSV or HTML format. Click on "Get Table" to obtain the historical currency exchange rates from our exchange servers.

98. AOL Search: Home > Regional News, maps, currency information, sports, and weather. http://www.aol.com/webcenters/international/home.adp

Main About AOL Search Help Main Recommended Sites: About these results AOL Local Guide - Local entertainment, visitor info, personals and more Sponsored Links: About these results - Take a quiz to find the best cities in America that match you. Sub Categories in Regional: Africa Asia Caribbean Central America ... South America Index: A B C D ... Z Sites in Category Regional: About these results CIA World Factbook *Editor's Pick!* U.S. government profiles of countries and territories around the world. Information on geography, people, government, transportation, economy, communications, military, and transnational issues. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Official City Sites *Editor's Pick!* Directory of official city, county, state and country sites from Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States. Also includes chamber of commerce and visitor bureau sites. http://officialcitysites.org AOL Anywhere International Web Channel News, maps, currency information, sports, and weather. http://www.aol.com/webcenters/international/home.adp City Population Statistical tables and maps for the principal cities and agglomerations of the world.

99. United States Department Of The Treasury - Home The Department of the Treasury performs four basic functions formulating and recommending economic, financial, tax, and fiscal policies; serving as financial agent for the U.S. Government; enforcing the law; and manufacturing coins and currency. http://www.treas.gov/

HOME CONTACT TREASURY SITE INDEX FOIA ... Education Direct Links Employment Opportunities Frequently Asked Questions OFAC/SDN List Seized Property Auctions ... Secret Service Did You Know? Every day U.S. Customs screens 1.3 million passengers. Learn more about Treasury Law Enforcement activities. News Treasury Secretary John Snow Travels to Florida to Promote President Bush’s Economic Agenda Treasury Secretary John Snow will travel to Orlando, Fort Lauderdale and Naples, Florida on Thursday and Friday, April 3-4, to discuss President George W. Bush’s efforts to strengthen the economy and to promote the President’s Jobs and Growth plan. The Secretary will meet with members of the hospitality and tourist industry, local economic officials, small business owners, individual ... more The President's Plan for Jobs and Growth Browse Key Topics Treasury Budget Request, Treasury Accounting, Federal Budget Currency, Coins, Anti-Counterfeiting, Gifts

100. RR Rare Coins & Currency Offers US and World coins and currency, books, supplies and tokens. http://www.rrcoins.net/

Search Table of Contents Feedback customers with a variety of numismatic items and numismatic related goods and services. Coins, paper money, medals, tokens, old bank checks, postcards, paper items, etc. We provide coin and currency appraisals for estate sales and private collections. Bob Reed has a diverse background and extensive knowledge both as a dealer and collector. He joined the New Orleans Crescent City Coin Club over 25 years ago, is a Past President, and remains an active member. He has held a variety of offices in the club and served on it's Board of Directors. He is also a member of regional coin clubs and the American Numismatic Association. P. O. Box 1162 Gretna, LA 70054-1162 504-361-1808 Fax rrcoinsandcurrency@msn.com Site Map U.S.Coins Pennies Nickels Dimes Quarters ... U.S.Large Type

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