41. Congo, Democratic Republic Of The: History Early history. Rebel leader Laurent Kabila was sworn in as president on May 29 andchanged the name of the country to the democratic republic of the congo. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0857522.html

Encyclopedia Congo, Democratic Republic of the History Early History The indigenous inhabitants of the region of the Congo were probably Pygmies, who lived in small numbers in the equatorial forests of the north and northeast. By the end of the 1st millennium B.C. , small numbers of Bantu-speaking people had migrated into the area from the northwest (present-day Nigeria and Cameroon) and settled in the savanna regions of the south. Aided by their knowledge of iron technology and agriculture, the Bantu-speakers migrated to other parts of the Congo and Africa, at the same time developing new, related languages. From about A.D. 700 the copper deposits of S Katanga were worked by the Bantu and traded over wide areas. By about 1000 the Bantu had settled most of the Congo, reducing the area occupied by the Pygmies. By the early 2d millennium the Bantu had increased considerably in number and were coalescing into states, some of which governed large areas and had complex administrative structures. Most of the states were ruled by a monarch, whose authority, although considerable, was checked by a council of high civil servants and elders. Notable among the states were the kingdom of Kongo (founded in the 14th cent.), centered in modern N Angola but including extreme W Congo and a Luba empire (founded in the early 16th cent.), centered around lakes Kisale and Upemba in central Katanga.

42. CNN - 3D-Globe: Democratic Republic Of Congo dialects history. abroad. May 1997 Kabila names himself president andrenames the country the democratic republic of congo. September http://europe.cnn.com/SPECIALS/infoglobe/codebase/dem.congo.html

Democratic Republic of Congo The Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire, emerged from a rebel coup in 1997 with a new name and new leadership, but prospects for real change after decades of corruption remain uncertain. Rebel leader Laurent Kabila's troops rolled over the feeble resistance put up by the government troops of dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who died shortly after being forced into exile. Kabila renamed the country and proclaimed himself president in May 1997. The immediate prospects of many people remain bleak in a society plundered for more than 30 years under Mobutu. The basics of a functioning society are still far from the norm, with high inflation, widespread poverty and an unstable currency. The political situation appears similarly unreliable. Kabila has promised elections for 1999, but some observers are skeptical. He has suppressed political opposition, eliminated subordinate positions and resisted U.N. investigations of alleged human rights abuses involving an unknown number of refugees. Land and People History Financial Weather DEMOGRAPHICS Population: Average life span: 45.2 male, 49 female

43. The Democratic Republic Of The Congo In Crisis conflict is the newest chapter in Central Africa's tragic history. the country'svast potential, allowing the democratic republic of the congo to take its http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/rice.htm

Susan E. Rice, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa, House International Relations Committee Washington, DC, September 15, 1998 Released by the Office of Central African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, September 15, 1998. The Democratic Republic of the Congo in Crisis Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate the opportunity to testify today before this subcommittee on the grave situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Congolese waran unprecedented regionalized war that has drawn at least six armies onto Congolese soilis potentially among the most dangerous conflicts on the globe. The ongoing fighting threatens regional stability, hampers economic progress, endangers the lives of millions of people, perpetuates human rights abuses, and impedes the democratic transformation of Africa's third-largest country. Credible reports of inter-ethnic violence, communal massacres, and attacks against non-combatants because of their ethnicity echo the tragedies of the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the subsequent alleged massacres inside Zaire in late 1996 and 1997. There are credible reports

44. Directory :: Look.com Africa. FreeGK.com democratic republic of congo Including map andoverview of history, culture, economy and currency. Newafrica http://www.look.com/searchroute/directorysearch.asp?p=25794

45. INCORE: Conflict Data Service: Internet Country Guides: Zaire a range of information on politics, history, geography, culture DR congo was on thelist of MSF's top ten interest is; MSF in the democratic republic of congo http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/cds/countries/zaire.html

INCORE guide to Internet sources on conflict and ethnicity in the Democratic Republic of Congo Version 4 (February 2001) You will also find sources which deal with the Democratic Republic of Congo, among other African countries, in the INCORE guide to internet sources on conflict and ethnicity in Africa Contents Inclusion in this guide does not imply an endorsement by INCORE of the views expressed in any of these sources. If you have a complaint about this guide or believe that we have omitted a relevant source please read our information about the guides before writing to us. You may find that this will answer some of your questions. This includes a warning about the type of information included in the guide, information about our 'criteria for inclusion' in the guides and about our 'updating and additions policy'. Prime sources (A select list drawn from the categories below) News Sources Articles and Documents Various sources Non Governmental Organisations ... Sources which cover every country in the world Prime sources This is a short list of internet sources which have a lot of content relating directly to conflict and ethnicity in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This list does not imply a recommendation of the sources or an endorsement of the views expressed in any of these sources. It is a select list drawn from the other categories in this document.

46. Conflict In The Democratic Republic Of Congo: Webguide & Research Conflict Profile The democratic republic of congo Background and history of the AmnestyInternational USA democratic republic of congo Human rights issues http://www.worldrevolution.org/Projects/WebGuide/SpecialGuide.asp?Topic=congo wa

47. Society And Culture Program. Category regional Africa congo, democratic republic ofthe Society and Culture http//www.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd44.html. http://www.ad.com/Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the/Society_and_

search Top Categories: History Politics Religion Africa Update - The Congo Region Vol IV, Issue 4 (Fall 1997). Africa Update is the quarterly newsletter of the Central Connecticut State University African Studies Program. Category: Regional > Africa > Congo, Democratic Republic of the > Society and Culture http://www.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd4-4.html African Studies - Democratic Republic of Congo Links page from Penn University. Category: Regional > Africa > Congo, Democratic Republic of the > Society and Culture http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Zaire.html A French-language portal for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with a few pages in English. Category: Regional > Africa > Congo, Democratic Republic of the > Society and Culture http://www.congo2000.com/english/enpage.html Ethnologue: Democratic Republic of Congo Languages of DRC Category: Regional > Africa > Congo, Democratic Republic of the > Society and Culture http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo Solidarity for Social Advancement and Peace (SOPROP) in Congo A non-governmental, non-profit organization fighting for human rights and for peace, and providing support for socially disadvantaged people.

48. The Great Lakes _ [on The Forgotten Continent] cost of small arms in northeast democratic republic of the congo articles Key eventsin congo's history 1960-1997 Amnesty International on congo what is http://www.nephridium.org/features/africa/the_great_lakes/reports.html

back to front other features focus on the great lakes visualising a region maps un reports: written with a sharp, but limited pen Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo BBC's news of its publication reviews pan-African perspective: Marc P. Mealy The Blind Spot of the report - - updated addendum to the report oxfam reports: No End in Sight: The human tragedy of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo - August 2001 very informative report s ee also Under Fire: the human cost of small arms in north-east Democratic Republic of the Congo .pdf comprehensive collections: global policy forum globalissues.org washington post articles bbc's profile talks, articles etc: Deadly Legacy: U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement African Studies: DRC northeastern university site ... electronics times petitions: janegoodall.org Stop the Bushmeat Trade/End Hunting of Primates! Project Underground articles IV. Conclusion and findings from the un report mentioned above 213. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become mainly about access, control and trade of five key mineral resources: coltan, diamonds, copper, cobalt and gold. The wealth of the country is appealing and hard to resist in the context of lawlessness and the weakness of the central authority.

49. Reflection On The Crisis In The Democratic Republic Of Congo: Human Rights Revie Agreement for a ceasefire in the democratic republic of congo of the conflict liedeep in the history of the country came into existence as the congo Free State http://afronet.org.za/HRreview/vol4_pp5.htm

Volume 4, 2000 Editorial Ngande Mwanajiti Maimbolwa Muuba Muleya Mwananyanda Country Representatives Botswana Dr. Bojosi Othlogile Lesotho Khabele Mathlosa Mauritius Hon. Amedee Darga Mozambique Manuel de Araujo Nambia Yvonne Dausab South Africa Vernon Seymour Swaziland Phasha Mayisela Tanzania Alex Mgongolwa Zambia Dr. Gilbert Mudenda Zimbabwe Rindai Chipfunde Web Concept by BOOK REVIEW Reflection on the Crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo Ibbo Mandaza (Ed) Reviewed by Dr. Alfred Chanda The history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been characterised by instability, conflict, dictatorship and massive plunder of its resources. Despite being endowed with vast mineral resources and being potentially one of the richest countries in the world, it is in fact one of the poorest. The country has been grossly mismanaged by the various rulers that it has had the misfortune to be saddled with since colonial times. The overthrow of Mobutu's tyrannical and corrupt regime in 1997 by the rebels led by Laurent Kabila, and supported by Rwanda and Uganda, raised high expectations, both among the Congolese people and the outside world, that peace and sanity would finally be restored to the Congo. However, the Congolese people did not have much of a respite because a vicious war broke out in August 1998 when Kabila's allies turned against him in Eastern Congo.

50. Africana.com: Gateway To The Black World.Screen Name Service is known about the early history of the congo democratic republic OF THE congo Aftertaking power, Kabila The warfare ruined congo's chances of recovering from http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_312.htm

Seems like there's been some kind of error. The link that brought you here is malfunctioning. The content you wish to view may have moved to another area of the site or may no longer be available. Apologies for the inconvenience. Let's try again!

51. Democratic Republic Of The Congo year was another one of huge upheaval for the democratic republic of the congo. Conflictthreatens regional stability The end of 1998 saw the emergence of a http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList171/9AD18094B75BC099C1256B66005E

About the ICRC ICRC Activities The ICRC worldwide Focus ... Annual Report Annual Report Democratic Republic of the Congo The year was another one of huge upheaval for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country was shaken by the conflict which had broken out in August 1998 15 and rapidly developed into an internationalized conflict, with the forces of at least six other African nations involved in the fighting between government troops and myriad opposition groups and factions. It remained divided by a front line that left the government in control of Kinshasa and the west and south of the country and the RCD* opposition in control of much of the east and north-east. Conflict threatens regional stability The end of 1998 saw the emergence of a new opposition movement, the MLC*, operating in the north-west of the country. In mid-May, the ousting of the RCD leader resulted in the creation of a second RCD movement (RCD-Wamba) backed by Uganda and based in Kisangani; the original movement based in Goma continued to enjoy the support of Rwanda. A rift between Uganda and Rwanda, a reflection of the split within the RCD, escalated to the point where the forces of the two countries conflict threatens regional stability clashed in Kisangani in August. The situation was brought under control following meetings between high-level representatives of Uganda and Rwanda. Clashes between government and opposition forces in the east and south-east prompted ever more population displacements, with many people flocking over the border into neighbouring Tanzania. Goma, Uvira and Kalémié were all hit by aerial bombardments in May, causing numerous civilian casualties. The situation was compounded by instances of localized ethnic strife, often causing the worst havoc and the greatest number of casualties. Bloody clashes over land rights erupted in June between the Hema and Lendu tribes in the north-eastern district of Ituri. According to local sources, the fighting claimed thousands of lives, and an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 people fled their homes, 85,000 of them finding refuge in and around Bunia.

52. The ICRC In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo democratic republic of the congo (Info resources\Annual delegation also covers thecongo) (Info resources Kinshasa, regional delegation (congo and Zaire) (Info http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/congo_kinshasa?OpenDocument

53. Blackworld: Countries -- Congo about the country's geography, history, culture, economy Nongovernment Web directoryfor congoBrazzaville presents reports from the democratic republic of the http://www.blackworld.com/country/congo.htm

Search the Web Blackworld Career Center Job Search Resume Search Post Your Resume ... Post Your Jobs Job Resource Center Employer Resource Center Meet Someone! Black Express! Get Books For Free ... Airline Reservations Congo Get Books Free! Time Mag Free! Fortune Mag Free! Sports Mag Free! ... Democratic Republic of Congo - Travel Health Online Read a travel warning and learn about health risks in this country. Check out the consular info sheet for details about safety and crime. Gonzo Congo Don George reviews Redmond O'Hanlon's book "No Mercy - A Journey to the Heart of the Congo." From the archives of Salon.com's Wanderlust. Congo - Consular Information US State Department site offers travel warnings, lists entry requirements and explains what medical care is available.

54. Foreign Governments/Africa congo (republic) President Brief history and key diplomatic republic of SenegalIncludes information on business Movement for democratic Change Opposition party http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/forafr.html

FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS Sub-Saharan Africa Frames Index No-Frames Version Angola Benin ... Related Regional Web Sites Last updated on February 8, 2001 Angola Angolan culture, business, news; relief efforts to aid the country Under Politics: structure of the government, social policies, profile of the President, directory of key officials, and text of the Lusaka agreement Benin Welcome to Benin Brief history and politics of country Basic population and economic statistics Development projects in Benin Text in French only Not connecting as of Nov. 2000 AFRIKINFO.COM In French Constitution of Benin Directories of government institutions and officials Links to sites with general and political information about Africa Botswana Republic of Botswana Extensive description of government offices and their e-mail addresses linked through an organization chart Economic development and travel information Burkina Faso A la decouverte du Burkina Faso Official government website in French Constitution, electoral law, institutions, foreign policy Tourist and historical information Embassy to Canada Brief history and description of country Economic laws and policy Directory of government officials and membership in international organizations Cameroon Africa Index Annotated links to Cameroon's politics, economy, culture, environment, tourism, and news

55. Amnesty International - Library - Democratic Republic Of Congo democratic republic of congo Armed conflict fuelled by history of human abuses andimpunity The populations of the democratic republic of congo (DRC) and http://web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/Index/AFR620341998?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES\DEMOC

56. Congo War Overview, information on the opposition groups, maps and links.Category Society Issues Specific Conflicts Great Lakes...... congo (DRC), is the widest interstate war in modern African history. congo @ AfricaNews Online; Permanent Mission of the democratic republic of The congo. http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/war/congo.htm

FAS Military Analysis DOD 101 US Ops ... Join FAS Congo Civil War The war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), is the widest interstate war in modern African history. Congo has become an environment in which numerous foreign players have become involved, some within the immediate sub-region, and more worrisome in fact, some from much further afield. That only serves to complicate the situation and to make peaceful resolution of the conflict that much more complex. The war, centered mainly in eastern Congo, has involved nine African nations and directly affected the lives of 50 million Congolese. Most of the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) is ruled by President Laurent Desire Kabila, whose Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (ADFL) overthrew the authoritarian regime of Mobutu Sese Seko by armed force in 1997. The country's dilapidated transportation and communications infrastructure impaires central Government control. By the end of 1998, the Government had lost control of more than one-third of the country's territory to a rebel organization, the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), dominated by members of the Tutsi ethnic minority. Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi were behind the rebel movement that tried to topple Congolese President Laurent Kabila. The rebellion started in early August 1998, when Kabila tried to expel from the country Rwandan military forces that had helped him overthrow Mobutu, and upon which the Congolese Tutsis and the governments of Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi all relied for protection from hostile nongovernmental armed groups operating out of the eastern part of the country. These groups included:

57. MD Travel Health - Democratic Republic Of The Congo (Zaire) - Vaccinations, Mala age who does not have either a history of documented functioning, a special exitpermit from the democratic republic of the congo's (Kinshasa) Immigration http://www.mdtravelhealth.com/destinations/africa/democratic_republic_of .html

Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) Summary Swimming precautions Regional terrorism Medications ... Safety/Security Summary of recommendations Most travelers will need vaccinations for hepatitis A typhoid fever yellow fever meningococcus influenza , and polio , as well as medications for malaria prophylaxis and . Additional immunizations may be necessary depending upon the circumstances of the trip and the medical history of the traveler, as discussed below. Insect repellents are recommended, in conjunction with other measures to prevent mosquito bites. All travelers should visit either a travel health clinic or their personal physician 4-8 weeks before departure. If you need more geographical information, you may find it helpful to consult one of the on-line maps produced by the United Nations or the CIA (found in the University of Texas Map Library ) or to go to the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names For hyperlinks marked PDF, you may need to download

58. NCBuy: Country Reference - People Of Congo, Democratic Republic Of The one million refugees fled into Zaire (now called the democratic republic of theCongo or DROC and Rwandabacked Congolese rebels spawned a regional war in http://www.ncbuy.com/reference/country/people.html?code=cg

59. Lesson 8 - Historical Connections In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo Mathematics. When constructing the timeline of events in the history of the DemocraticRepublic of the congo, the students use the principles of spacing http://www.michigan.gov/scope/0,1607,7-155-13497_13503_13507-45206--,00.html

Skip Navigation Michigan.gov Home Scope Home Site Map ... Eighth Grade Lesson 8 - Historical Connections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo SCoPE Site Lesson Plan Title: Abstract This lesson relates the economy to colonial use of environmental and mineral natural resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The students research the history of the country and construct a timeline of events beginning with the colonial period. They look at reasons why Belgium wanted to control the Congo as a colonial territory, with particular focus on minerals and other resources found there. After students relate resources to the demands of the colonial economy, they compare economic parallels in present day Africa. Subject Area: Social Studies Grade Level and Course Title: Seventh Grade/Eastern World Unit of Study: Central and East Africa Benchmark Describe the economy and natural environment of a subregion in Central and East Africa (II.4.MS.4). Key Concept natural environments Instructional Resources Equipment/Manipulative Student copies of outline map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Outline maps may be printed from: http://geography.about.com/science/library/blank/blxindex.htm

60. Central African Republic - Government, History, Population, Geography And Maps Search the Net history; 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 40.1%, Italy,Japan, US, Spain, Iran, democratic republic of the congo, republic of the http://www.worldrover.com/vital/central_african_republic.html

Search the Net: History 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's more images and photos! Central African Republic source: CIA World Factbook 1998 Central African Republic Introduction [Top of Page] Current issues: In 1996, the Central African Republic experienced three mutinies by dissident elements of the armed forces, which demanded back pay as well as political and military reforms. Continuing violence in 1997 between the government and rebel military groups over pay issues, living conditions, and lack of opposition party representation in the government has destroyed many businesses in the capital, reducing tax revenues and exacerbating the government's problems in meeting expenses. Geography [Top of Page] Location: Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo Geographic coordinates: 7 00 N, 21 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 622,980 sq km land: 622,980 sq km water: sq km slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,203 km border countries: Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

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