81. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE of Science. Logical empiricism. A Primer on Logical Positivism. Philosophyand the Foundations of Mathematics. Short summary of Logical Positivism. http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/dbanach/ph31e.htm

Contemporary Philosophy of Science Links on Kuhn and The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Reading Questions on Kuhn Thomas Kuhn's Theory of Scientific Revolutions Short Introduction to Kuhn's views, with Bibliography Philosophy of Science: Kuhn An even shorter introduction to Kuhn with a glossary of important terms from his work. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions A synopsis of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions August 16, 1996, Hour Two:Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Revolutions A Radio show on Kuhn's view of Science. You need RealAudio Player and a sound card for this one. Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) Has a Bibliography, images, and links to information about his books Part IX, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Links on Issues concerning Scientific Realism and Contemporary Phil. of Science Logical Empiricism A Primer on Logical Positivism Philosophy and the Foundations of Mathematics Short summary of Logical Positivism ... Introduction to Consequences of Pragmatism Daniel Dennett, "Faith in Truth" Thomas Nagel, "The Sleep of Reason"

82. Alan Richardson, "Kuhn's Structure And Logical Empiricism: Beyond Epic, Tragedy, Some lessons for our understanding of the place of logical empiricism in the historyof philosophy of science and of related disciplines, especially history of http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r20430/schps_toronto_2002/richardson.html

Program Logical Empiricsm Revisited Programme L'empirisme logique reconsidéré Alan Richardson University of British Columbia Kuhn's Structure and Logical Empiricism: Beyond Epic, Tragedy, Irony, and Farce This talk seeks to sort out historical and interpretative issues regarding the place of Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions Department of Philosophy University of British Columbia 1866 Main Mall E370 Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada Email : alanr@interchange.ubc.ca Page mise à jour le 03 mars, 2002 © Société canadienne d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science

83. Rationalism And Empiricism the deteriorating emphasis on medieval thought, Descartes' theories became so successfulthat he was given the title as father of modern philosophy. empiricism. http://www.usd.edu/honors/HWB/hwb_h/ratemp.htm

RATIONALISM René Descartes was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician. He is considered as the father of modern philosophy. His major works include Discourse on Method Meditations on First Philosophy (1641), and Principles of Philosophy (1644). His philosophy, also known as Cartesianism, describes a dualistic universe that is a world consisting of two basic substances, matter and spirit. Matter includes everything in the physical universe and spirit consists of the human mind. His belief is that both of these substances can exist independently of each other. In proving his theory, he introduced the Latin phrase cogito ergo sum , meaning I think, therefore I am. Descartes' philosophy was not widely accepted at first. "In France and the Low Countries, Catholic and Protestant clerics combated the new teaching" (Tsanoff). The problem was that Descartes proposed the rejection of authority and tradition, and many people viewed this as the rejection of ethics and religion. "It was said that his views led to atheism" (Russell). Descartes was aware of this possible conflict, so he tried to prevent the Catholic Church from becoming his enemy. He attempted to convince the Church that his philosophy could actually be compatible with its theology. The other main factor affecting the acceptance of Descartes' philosophy was the period of history in which he lived. Descartes was writing in a time when scientists and philosophers started to develop theories that contrasted with medieval thought. This was around the time that Galileo suffered condemnation because of his theories about the universe. Galileo's condemnation greatly affected Descartes' willingness to express his own views. Fearing that he too would be persecuted, Descartes abandoned the book he was working on

84. Jim Macdonald's Links To Philosophy Classics (from Friedrich Nietzsche-Jacques D A Note on Popper's Argument for Dualism, Putnam on Synonymity and Belief,empiricism and the philosophy of Mind, The Concept of Emergence. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/2032/two5.html

Having trouble finding an etext online? Support this site and buy the book you need by following this link to Amazon.com Books Music Enter keywords... Jim's Links to over 300 philosophy classics by over 90 philosophers Classics from Friedrich Nietzsche-Jacques Derrida (this page) Classics are in more or less historical order Classics from the Presocratics-St. Augustine (includes Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Lucretius, Cicero, Augustine, others) Classics from Boethius-David Hume (includes Anselm, Aquinas, Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, Francis Bacon, Pascal, Leibniz, others) Classics from Jonathan Edwards-John Stuart Mill (includes Jurin, Voltaire, Smith, Bentham, Hegel, Emerson, others) Non-philosophical provocative Classics (includes Bible, Koran, Baghavad Gita, ancient Greek works, sermons of Wesley, others) Friedrich Nietzsche works: Thus Spake Zarathustra On the prejudices of philosophers Twilight of the Idols On the Genealogy of Morals ... Schopenhauer as Educator (first four sections) The Anti-Christ Beyond Good and Evil The Birth of Tragedy On the Use and Abuse of History for Life ... William James works: The Will to Believe Varieties of Religious Experience Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine The Ph.D. Octopus

85. A History Of Philosophy : Modern Philosophy : Empiricism, Idealism, And Pragmati A History of philosophy Modern philosophy empiricism,Idealism, and Pragmatism in Britain and America. http://hallphilosophy.com/philosophy/584.shtml

A History of Philosophy : Modern Philosophy : Empiricism, Idealism, and Pragmatism in Britain and America Home Nonfiction Philosophy by Frederick, S.J. Copleston Freder Copleston See More Details Paperback Reprint edition Vol 008 (March 1994) Image Books; ISBN: 0385470452 ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.56 x 5.39 x 8.21 Other Editions: Hardcover Paperback Reviews Editorial Reviews Book Description Conceived originally as a serious presentation of the development of philosophy for Catholic seminary students, Frederick Copleston's nine-volume A History Of Philosophy has journeyed far beyond the modest purpose of its author to universal acclaim as the best history of philosophy in English. From the Publisher Conceived originally as a serious presentation of the development of philosophy for Catholic seminary students, Frederick Copleston's nine-volume A History Of Philosophy has journeyed far beyond the modest purpose of its author to universal acclaim as the best history of philosophy in English.

86. PCC - Philosophy, Cosmology & Consciousness William James and Rudolf Steiner by Robert A. McDermott This article discusses the philosophical method of William James (18421910) in relation to the spiritual science of Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). James's religious thought is most explicitly http://pcc.ciis.edu/FACULTY/williamjamesandsteiner.htm

William James and Rudolf Steiner by Robert A. McDermott This article discusses the philosophical method of William James (1842-1910) in relation to the spiritual science of Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). James's religious thought is most explicitly developed in his Varieties of Religious Experience ([1902]1985); Steiner's spiritual science includes his spiritual epistemology and his presentation of the evolution of consciousness. Steiner's spiritual science is developed in his first two philosophical works, Truth and Knowledge (1892) and Philosophy of Freedom (1894) and his three foundational works: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment Theosophy (1904), and Occult Science-An Outline (1909). James and Steiner lived barely a generation apart and wrote their major philosophical works during the same two decades before and after the turn of the century. It is almost certain that James was unfamiliar with Steiner's writings, and Steiner's only reference to James shows that he knew only James's Pragmatism and the Meaning of Truth ([1907] 1975) and The Will to Believe ([1897] 1979). It falls to us to arrange this dialogue on their behalf.

87. The Philosophy Of William James IV. The Negation of philosophy. In A Pluralistic Universe (1909) and Essays in RadicalEmpiricism (1912), James developed his metaphysical position there is no http://radicalacademy.com/philjames.htm

THE RADICAL ACADEMY Homepage M A I N M E N U Online Newsletter Search Central About the Academy Guestbook ... Philosophical Quotations Resource Centers: Philosophy Politics Religion Education ... Media Please Support The Radical Academy By Shopping In Our Bookstore Magazine NewsStand Emporium Classic Philosophers The Great Thinkers of Western Philosophy Academy Resources Glossary of Philosophical Terms Philosophy Search Engine Timeline of Philosophy A Timeline of American Philosophy ... Books about Religion in The Radical Academy Bookstore In The Academy Bookstore Books by and about William James Shop Amazon Stores Bookstore Magazine Outlet Music Store Video Store ... Shop at the Office Depot on Amazon.com

88. Peter Suber, Links For "Rationalism & Empiricism" Rationalism empiricism CourseRelated Links Peter Suber, PhilosophyDepartment, Earlham College. Since 1996 I've made link pages http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/courses/re/relinks.htm

Course-Related Links Peter Suber Philosophy Department Earlham College Since 1996 I've made link pages like this one for each of my courses. In the meantime, the size of the web and the power of search engines have both leaped forward. The growth of the web has made representative or comprehensive link pages more difficult to produce, and the improvement of search engines has made them less necessary. Link pages can still be very useful, but to make them more useful than the best search engines takes more work than they are usually worth. So I won't be updating this link page (from the previous iteration of the course) but I leave it online in case it has any remaining utility. When I know of specific web pages helpful for a class discussion, then I'll mail out the URLs to the class email list during the semester (and I encourage you to do the same). For general online research on the many topics of the course, I recommend Google Our Six Philosophers Descartes Descartes as a mathematician . From W.W. Rouse Ball's History of Mathematics. The Descartes Project Discourse on Method . Scanned by librarians, but they didn't think to tell us which English translation they used.

89. Glossary Of Terms: Em Terms. Em. empiricism. knowledge. This is why, historically, empiricismcould not answer the critique of Rationalism and fell into scepticism. http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/e/m.htm

MIA Encyclopedia of Marxism : Glossary of Terms Em Empiricism Doctrine that sense experience is the sole source of knowledge. Empiricism originated in England in the seventeenth century with Bacon Hobbes and Locke , when it was a materialist Rationalist critique of Empiricism, and particularly the idealist critique of Berkeley forced empiricism to the scepticism of Hume : experience was the only source of knowledge, but could not give us "certain knowledge". For example, we may know that the Sun has always risen in the East, and this may be good enough for practical purposes, but Hume explained that we cannot know for certain that the Sun will rise in the East tommorow. Empiricism is characterised, on the one hand, by an uncritical attitude towards the categories through which Experience is grasped, and on the other by rejection of the significance of Reason in acquiring knowledge. This is why, historically, Empiricism could not answer the critique of Rationalism and fell into scepticism . Experience does not by itself give necessary and universal knowledge. Experience must be supplemented by the activity of Reason. The chief defect of Empiricism is that it views experience passively , whereas in order to retain a consistent materialist understanding of experience it is necessary to recognise that it is the practical activity of people changing the world which is the condition and source of knowledge. Further, knowledge only arises in and through definite social relations, through which people produce the forms of activity under which experience can be grasped; but for Empricism, experience is not a social activity, but simply a passive, sensual process.

90. PHIL 3313 19th & 20th Century Philosophy Sellars, Lewis, “A Pragmatic Conception of the A Priori”; Sellars, Empiricismand philosophy of Mind, sections 13; Austin, Sense and Sensibilia, chaps. 1-2. http://www.pragmatism.org/shook/19th&20thCentury/19th&20th.htm

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY Spring 2001 Professor John Shook Description This course discusses major philosophical issues and figures in Western Philosophy from Hegel onwards. The central topics of this course are in logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, and metaphysics. Objectives The 19 th and 20 th centuries witnessed the rise and dominance of epistemology as center stage for philosophical debate. Idealism, materialism, and empiricism competed for supremacy across Europe and North America. We shall first survey epistemology from the rise and fall of Hegelianism to the dominance of John Stuart Mill’s inductive logic. Second, the battle between materialism and idealism in the late 19 th century, played out in the contest over “psychologism” by Lotze, Wundt, Frege, and Husserl. Third, how Moore, Russell and (early) Wittgenstein made use of logical and analytical techniques to argue against idealism, setting in place the characteristic methods of "analytic philosophy." Fourth, the pragmatist revolt against both absolute idealism and analytic realism. Fifth, the appropriation of classical epistemological issues into the analytic tradition by the logical positivists and empiricists, including Ayer, Schlick, Neurath, Carnap, and Hempel. This will lead, sixth, to a study of some major contributions to the analytic tradition found in the work of Lewis, Sellars, Austin, Quine, Davidson, Putnam, and Hare. Required Texts J. Lindberg, ed.

91. Empiricism A short essay defining empiricism and its history in ancient Greece, Chinese and Japanese NeoConfucianism, and as the basis of Enlightenment science. This http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/EMPIRIC.HTM

Ancient Greece Aristotle Plato Pre-Socratic Philosophy Italian Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance Reader Leonardo da Vinci The Painter to be repeated in exactly the same way. In this way, experience can be shared, that is, others can verify the truth of the experience by repeating it. Enlightenment Glossary Classical Mechanics Chinese Philosophy Neo-Confucianism li which emanated from the Great Ultimate tao ch'i that principle operating through the material force ch'i explained all phenomena. Humans could understand that principle by studying anything for the human mind is perfectly identical with the Universal Mind or Universal Principle; however, this principle inhered in all things: one's mind, biology, politics, or whatever. Careful empirical study of a particular phenomenon would to the discerning mind reveal the principle at work in the universe. The result of this was a rapid growth in scientific knowledge in China as well as dramatic inventions, but unlike Aristotle and the European Enlightenment, knowledge of the world was seen as integral and coherent rather than divided into separate endeavors. Richard Hooker Current entries . . .

92. Empiricism And Rationalism science, literature, history, multicultural experiences, and, of course, writtenphilosophy. eg Hobbes) and idealism (Berkeley), between empiricism (Locke) and http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/empvsrat.html

Modern Philosophy: The Enlightenment Dr. C. George Boeree The 1600's were among the most exciting times for philosophy since ancient Athens. Although the power of religion was still immense, we begin to see pockets of tolerance in different places and at different times, where a great mind could really fly. England was fairly tolerant, if only because of its diversity. Holland was the best place to be. A small country fighting off attacks, military and economic, from every side, needed all the support it could get, whatever your religion, denomination, or even heresy. The central issues were the same as those of the ancient Greeks: What is the world made of? How do we know anything for certain? What is the difference between good and evil? But they are now informed with centuries of science, literature, history, multicultural experiences, and, of course, written philosophy. Perhaps we have to admit that the modern philosophers are only elaborating on the ancient Greeks, but what elaboration! Was Rembrandt only doodling? I will approach this era philosopher-by-philosopher, showing, I hope, the "battles" between materialism (e.g. Hobbes) and idealism (Berkeley), between empiricism (Locke) and rationalism (Spinoza), and between faith (Leibniz) and atheism (Bayle).

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