21. Individuals' Philosophy Pages Eduardo Chaves Hume, Objectivist epistemology, philosophy of religion, manypapers in Portuguese (on political philosophy, computers and society, etc.). http://members.aol.com/kiekeben/links2.html

SITES WITH ORIGINAL PHILOSOPHY The following websites contain original on-line philosophical papers. Note: I am no longer updating this list, but will keep it as long as most of the links are still active. A-G H-L M-R S-Z A-G Marilyn Adams - Philosophy of religion Mortimer Adler - Ethics, philosophy of education, metaphysics, epistemology, etc. Varol Akman - Philosophy of logic Colin Allen - Philosophy of mind William P. Alston - Philosophy of religion, etc. Adhanom Andemicael - Philosophy of time, consciousness Murat Aydede - Philosophy of mind, philosophy of belief, Aristotle Kent Bach - Philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, belief, etc. David Basinger - Philosophy of religion Robert Bass - Ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of mind, foundationalism, and more William Bechtel - Philosophy of mind and neuroscience - Connectionism, artificial intelligence, epistemology Jose Luis Bermudez, Fiona Macpherson, Tony Pitson - "The Consciousness in the Natural World Project" Mark Bickhard - Epistemology, cognitive science, etc. Robert Bidinotto - Objectivism Roger Bissell - Philosophy of mind, logic, mathematics, Objectivism, etc.

22. PHILOSOPHY COMIX of Mind Ethics SocioPolitical Jobs for Philosophers History of philosophy Metaphysics epistemology philosophy of Sport philosophy Comix. http://members.aol.com/lshauser/phlcomix.html

updated 1/30/01 Offpage: Larry Hauser's Philosophy Resources, Etc. Cartoonbank.com (online source for New Yorker cartoons) Below: Logic Phil. of Mind Jobs for Philosophers History of Philosophy ... Philosophy of Sport Philosophy Comix SHOE By Jeff MacNelly Jeff MacNelly's Home Page Email Shoe: Web Page MR BOFFO : Analyticity/"Tautology" from The New Yorker : Nouns v. Names : Two ways to get the money out of politics. from The New Yorker : Culinary Mistake as Category Mistake GARFIELD : Conversational Implicature: Irony or Sarcasm OVERBOARD : Louie notes an ambiguity of "good" FOXTROT: Jason ponders vagueness. : Beware of pun. THE LOCKHORNS : Loretta, a walking, shopping, contradiction in terms. THE LOCKHORNS : Ambiguity: Nothing is better than Loretta's pie. THE LOCKHORNS : Leroy ponders induction in the morning. FARCUS : One's modus ponens is another's modus tollens SHOE : Ambiguity from The New Yorker : Metaphor: Idiom from The New Yorker : Pragmatic "Analyticity" LUANN : False Cause from The New Yorker : Analyticity: "Contradiction in Terms" : Contra Compositionality: Type v Token DENNIS THE MENACE : Induction: Mill's method of residues IN THE BLEACHERS HAGAR THE HORRIBLE : Fallacy of Composition LUANN : Equivocation: Adjectival Ambiguity THE LOCKHORNS : Leroy ponders causation analyticity all night long.

23. Notre Dame Philosophy Department Graduate Students Choi, Isaac, ichoi@nd.edu, philosophy of Religion. Coffman, EJ, coffman.11@nd.edu,Metaphysics, philosophy of Action, epistemology, philosophy of Mind. http://www.nd.edu/~ndphilo/students.htm

General Information Undergraduate Program ... Staff Students Events Online Papers Miscellanea Current Graduate Students Arana, Andrew arana.1@nd.edu Philosophy of Math, Logic Austin, Ryan austin.22@nd.edu History of Modern Philosophy, Philosophy of Science. Baldwin, Jason baldwin.9@nd.edu Bartok, Philip bartok.1@nd.edu Continental, History and Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Mind. Berry, Roberta berry.18@nd.edu Philosophy of Science. Biddle, Justin biddle.3@nd.edu Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Physics. Birondo, Noell birondo.1@nd.edu Ethical Theory, Metaethics, Ancient Philosophy. Blauwkamp, Chris blauwkamp.1@nd.edu Twentieth Century German Philosophy Bokulich, Peter bokulich.1@nd.edu Foundations of Physics. Botham, Thad botham.2@nd.edu Bowler, Michael bowler.1@nd.edu Continental, Ancient. Branham, Alissa branham.2@nd.edu Phenomenology (especially Husserl), Existentialism . Branson, Beau branson.1@nd.edu Metaphysics, Logic. Choi, Isaac ichoi@nd.edu Philosophy of Religion. Coffman, E.J. coffman.11@nd.edu Metaphysics, Philosophy of Action, Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind. DiQuattro, David

24. Notre Dame Philosophy Department Faculty And Staff David, Marian, david.1@nd.edu, philosophy of Language, epistemology. Rea,Michael, rea.3@nd.edu, Metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of Religion. http://www.nd.edu/~ndphilo/faculty_staff.htm

General Information Undergraduate Program ... Program Staff Students Events Online Papers Miscellanea Faculty and Staff Administrative Staff Grundy, Catherine grundy.1@nd.edu Administrative Assistant to Professors Freddoso and Stubenberg. Grams, LinDa L. grams.2@nd.edu Administrative Assistant to Professors Weithman and Holloway. Members of the Department Ameriks, Karl ameriks.2@nd.edu History of Modern Philosophy, Current Continental Philosophy. Bays, Timothy bays.5@nd.edu Logic, Philosophy of Logic, Philosophy of Mathematics. Blanchette, Patricia blanchette.1@nd.edu Philosophy of Logic, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mathematics. Bobik, Joseph bobik.1@nd.edu Philosophy of Religion, Medieval Philosophy, Metaphysics. Burrell, David burrell.1@nd.edu Medieval Philosophy, Philosophical Theology, Metaphysics. David, Marian david.1@nd.edu Philosophy of Language, Epistemology. Delaney, Cornelius delaney.1@nd.edu Pragmatism, Political Philosophy and Legal Philosophy, History of Modern Philosophy. Depaul, Michael depaul.1@nd.edu Ethics, Epistemology Detlefsen, Michael

25. Stanford Philosophy Department: Faculty, Staff And Students Fred Dretske, epistemology, philosophy of Mind. Fourth Year Students, DanielCorbett, epistemology, philosophy of Language, philosophy of Mind. http://www-philosophy.stanford.edu/fss.html

Department members are listed with their respective areas of interest. Visiting scholars, listed under Faculty, are noted as such. Jump directly to Faculty Staff , or Graduate Students Faculty R. Lanier Anderson History of late modern philosophy Andrew Arana Logic, philosophy of mathematics, history of modern philosophy David Barker-Plummer heterogeneous logic, logic education Chris Bobonich Ancient Greek Philosophy Michael Bratman Philosophy of action and moral psychology Mark Collier History of Modern Philosophy (especially Hume) Mark Crimmins Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind Graciela De Pierris Historical Topics in Epistemology, especially Hume and Kant Fred Dretske Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind John Etchemendy Philosophy of logic, philosophy of language Solomon Feferman Mathematical logic, Foundations of mathematics Contemporary Continental Philosophy, Phenomenology, Existentialism Michael Friedman Kant, Philosophy of Science, History of Twentieth Century Philosophy Peter Godfrey-Smith Philosophy of biology, philosophy of mind

26. Philosophy Faculty and Specializations Richard N. Boyd philosophy of science; philosophyof psychology; epistemology; philosophy of language; philosophy of mind. http://www.gradschool.cornell.edu/grad/fields_1/phil.html

Philosophy Course Descriptions Fall '02 Course and Room Roster Spring '03 Course and Room Roster Contact information: 218 Goldwin Smith Hall Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-3201 telephone: 607 255-3687 e-mail: cu_philosophy@cornell.edu Field code: PHIL Degree: Ph.D. This field does not usually accept students into a terminal M.A. or M.S. degree program. Subject: Philosophy Concentration: philosophy Application requirements: all Graduate School Requirements two recommendations writing sample in philosophy Tuition: Endowed tuition Deadline: Fall, January 15; no Spring admission Description: Students whose major interest is in philosophy are required to gain a general knowledge of the whole subject, including its history, and to select some aspect or subdivision of it for intensive study and research. Although there are no fieldwide course requirements, there are field guidelines. Each student's program of study is worked out individually in regular meetings each semester with his or her Special Committee. There are no written comprehensive examinations. Doctoral degree candidates normally spend two years taking courses (usually three courses or seminars each semester) and preparing for the Admission to Candidacy examination, after which work on the dissertation begins. The Admission to Candidacy exam is an oral exam on the student's dissertation proposal and related subjects. Teaching experience is required of all Ph.D. degree candidates.

27. UM Dept. Of Philosophy - Faculty epistemology, philosophy of Mind, philosophy of Psychology, philosophyof Language. Metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of Sexuality. http://www.philosophy.umd.edu/people/faculty/

Department of Philosophy People : Faculty Philosophy Faculty Affiliate Faculty Jeffrey Bub , Professor, Ph.D., University of London. Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Physics, Philosophy of Neuropsychology. (CPaS Chair) Peter Carruthers , Professor, Ph.D., Oxford University. Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Psychology, Philosophy of Language. (Philosophy Chair) Christopher Cherniak , Professor, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Epistemology, Cognitive Science, Philosophy of Neuroscience. Lindley Darden , Professor, Ph.D., University of Chicago. History and Philosophy of Biology, Philosophy of Science, Artificial Intelligence. Mathias Frisch , Assistant Professor, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Physics. Patricia Greenspan , Professor, Ph.D. Harvard University. Moral Psychology, Ethics, Metaethics, Philosophy of Mind. John Horty , Professor, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh. Philosophical Logic, Artificial Intelligence, Decision Theory and Practical Reasoning, Ethics. (Also a member of UMIACS - The University of Maryland Institute for Advanced study in Computer Science) Samuel Kerstein , Associate Professor, Ph.D., Columbia University.

28. People - Department Of Philosophy - University Of Miami Specialties philosophy of Psychology, philosophy of Language, epistemology,philosophy of Science. Office Ashe Bldg., Room 713. http://www.miami.edu/phi/faculty.htm

Home FACULTY Name : Edward Erwin Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University ), Professor. Specialties : Philosophy of Psychology, Philosophy of Language, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science. Office : Ashe Bldg., Room 713 Office Phone # : Office Hours : E-mail : eerwin@miami.edu Name : Simon Evnine Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles ), Assistant Professor. Specialties : Epistemology, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Mind. Office : Bldg. 37 B, Room 2-2 Office Phone # : Office Hours : E-mail : sevnine@mail.as.miami.edu Name : Susan Haack Ph.D., Cambridge University Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, Professor of Philosophy and Law. Specialties : Philosophy of Logic and Language, Epistemology and Metaphysics, Philosophy of Science, Pragmatism, Philosophy and Literature. Office : Ashe Bldg., Room 729 Office Phone # : Office Hours : E-mail : s.haack@miami.edu Dr. Susan Haack Name : Risto Hilpinen (Ph.D., University of Helsinki), Professor. Specialties : Philosophical Logic, Epistemology and Philosophy of

29. Department Of Philosophy Metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of Mind. American philosophy,Pragmatism, epistemology, philosophy of Science, Applied Ethics. http://www.csulb.edu/~philos/faculty.html

Department Events Student Philosophy Association Undergraduate Studies Graduate Studies ... Faculty site password required Department of Philosophy California State University, Long Beach 1250 Bellflower Boulevard McIntosh Humanities Building (MHB) 917 Long Beach, CA 90840-2408 phone: (562) 985-4331 fax: (562) 985-7135 Last updated: January 21, 2003 Philosophy California State University Long Beach Department Directory: Office, Phone, E-mail Faculty Office Hours: Spring 2003 Bookshelf: Faculty Authors D. Kenneth Brown (B.A. University of California, Irvine; M.A. Claremont Graduate University), Lecturer Early Modern Philosophy (Descartes, Locke, Hume); Ancient Philosophy; Wittgenstein and Early Analytic Philosophy http://www.csulb.edu/~dbrown/ David Chadd (B.A. Oklahoma Baptist University; M.A. Claremont Graduate University; M.B.A. Drucker School of Management), Lecturer Applied Ethics, Ethics and Engineering http://www.linkline.com/personal/dchadd/ Betsy Decyk (B.A. Mount Holyoke College; M.A., Ph.D. Claremont Graduate University), Lecturer Kant, Modern Philosophy, Epistemology, Critical Thinking

30. Dictionary Of Philosophy Of Mind - Epistemology epistemology A major branch of philosophy that concerns the forms,nature, and preconditions of knowledge. Most of contemporary http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/epistemology.html

epistemology A major branch of philosophy that concerns the forms, nature, and preconditions of knowledge Most of contemporary anglo-american epistemology is taken up by: the analysis of propositional knowledge (knowing that) as opposed to, e.g., procedural knowledge (knowing how) and acquaintance knowledge (knowing who); the nature, sources, and justification of it's major types, i.e., a priori and empirical; whether the tripartite classical analysis of knowledge as justified true belief is necessary or sufficient (see Gettier problem ); and supplying a theory of the justification of empirical knowledge (foundationalism, coherentism , or other). Pete Mandik References

31. Philosophy At NYU - Faculty Cian Dorr metaphysics; Hartry Field metaphysics, epistemology, philosophyof logic, and philosophy of mathematics; Kit Fine logic http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/

F ACULTY REGULAR FACULTY Gordon Belot : philosophy of science Ned Block : philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, foundations of cognitive science Paul Boghossian : philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, epistemology Cian Dorr : metaphysics Hartry Field : metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of logic, and philosophy of mathematics Kit Fine : logic, metaphysics, philosophy of language Richard Foley : epistemology Elizabeth Harman (beginning fall 2003): ethics, metaphysics Thomas Nagel : philosophy of mind, political philosophy, ethics Christopher Peacocke : philosophy of mind and psychology, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and epistemology John Richardson : 19-20th century continental, ancient philosophy William Ruddick : philosophy of science and medicine, professional and applied ethics Stephen Schiffer : philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, metaphysics Sharon Street : ethics Peter Unger : metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, ethics Roger White : philosophy of science, epistemology, and metaphysics REGULAR VISITING FACULTY Jerry Fodor (beginning 2003 - 2004): philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology

32. Cogprints - Subject Epistemology Area Help. Subject epistemology. Subject Areas (1590) philosophy(514) epistemology (78). Number of records 78. Dennett, Daniel http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/view-phil-epist.html

33. Alvin Goldman Professor Epistemology, Philosophy Of Mind, Alvin Goldman Professor epistemology, philosophy of Mind, Cognitive Science(732) 9326768 Davison Hall, Rm 109 goldman@philosophy.rutgers.edu. http://philosophy.rutgers.edu/FACSTAFF/BIOS/goldman.html

Alvin Goldman Professor Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind, Cognitive Science Davison Hall, Rm 109 goldman@philosophy.rutgers.edu RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH Alvin Goldman's principal research areas are epistemology, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science, and he has also written on metaphysics, political and legal theory, and philosophy of science. In epistemology he has championed the causal theory of knowing, the relevant alternatives approach to knowledge, and reliabilism about justification. Epistemology and Cognition (1986) explores connections between epistemology and cognitive science. Knowledge in a Social World (1999) articulates a truth-oriented conception of social epistemology and shows how the pursuit of truth can be enhanced by good interpersonal argumentation and well-designed technologies and institutions of public communication. These themes are applied to science, law, democracy, and education. Recent papers on epistemic internalism, a priori warrant, philosophical intuitions, and trust in experts are collected in Pathways to Knowledge (2002). He is currently writing a book on the simulation theory of mindreading, combining approaches from philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience.

34. Georgetown Philosophy Department (Faculty Directory) Frank Ambrosio, Associate Professor, Contemporary Continental philosophy,epistemology, philosophy of the Person, Existentialism. Thomas http://www.georgetown.edu/users/acp29/philosophy_new/faculty/directory.htm

Faculty Directory ** If your listing needs to be updated, follow this link . Call (202) 687-7487 for access. NAME TITLE AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Frank Ambrosio Associate Professor Contemporary Continental Philosophy, Epistemology, Philosophy of the Person, Existentialism Thomas Beauchamp Professor Ethical Theory, Philosophy of Psychology, History of Modern Philosophy, Hume, Professional Ethics, Bioethics William Blattner Associate Professor Heidegger, Kant, Phenomenology, Metaphysics, History of Modern Philosophy Denis Bradley Professor Plato, History of German Idealism, Classical Political Philosophy, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Religion, Thomistic Metaphysics and Ethics George Brenkert Professor Business Ethics John Brough Professor History of Modern Philosophy, Phenomenology, Aesthetics Alisa Carse Associate Professor Social and Political Philosophy, Moral Psychology, Ethics, Feminist Theory Cynthia Chance Adjunct Lecturer Social and Political Philosophy Wayne Davis Professor, Philosophy Department Chair

35. Georgetown Philosophy Department (Richard Manning) AOS epistemology, philosophy of Mind, philosophy of Language, philosophyof Science, Modern philosophy. Curriculum Vitae manning_cv.rtf. http://www.georgetown.edu/users/acp29/philosophy_new/faculty/bios/manning.htm

RICHARD MANNING Visiting Associate Professor Telephone: Email: rnm4@georgetown.edu Areas of Specialization: Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Science, Modern Philosophy Curriculum Vitae: manning_cv.rtf Richard N. Manning is currently visiting associate professor of philosophy at Georgetown University. He is Associate Professor and Graduate Supervisor in the Philosophy Department at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. Professor Manning received a BA with honors from Northwestern University in 1981, a JD, cum laude, from Northwestern University School of Law in 1985, and a PhD from Northwestern in 1992. Professor Manning's research is focused by an interest in the metaphysics of normativity, especially epistemic and semantic normativity. He pursues this interest through work in contemporary epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science, as well as the history of modern philosophy, especially the rationalists and Kant. His papers have appeared in such journals as Inquiry, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, The Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Philosophia, and The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. Professor Manning has held teaching positions in the Philosophy Departments at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Oregon, and Ohio University. He has also been Visiting Associate Professor at the University of Victoria. He is currently working on a book on the metaphysics and epistemology of external reasons.

36. EpistemologicalResearch.html Directory of links by Keith Korcz, including online papers.Category Society philosophy epistemology...... pdf. Belief Revision and epistemology pdf Post, John F. Minimalepistemology Beyond Terminal philosophy to Truth . Sic Transitivity http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~kak7409/EpistemologicalResearch.htm

The Epistemology Research Guide My aim here has been to provide a convenient list of resources for those working in contemporary analytic epistemology. I have focused primarily on gathering links to professional papers available online. For links to search engines, philosophy links and other resources, see my Philosophy Links . Please send comments, suggestions, or recommended links to Dr. Keith Korcz at keithk@louisiana.edu My links to online epistemology papers are now also organized by subject. See the Epistemology Research Guide: Subject Index NEW! A section on epistemology bibliographies has been added below. Last Modified: 3/6/03 Links are up to date as of 10/1/02. Table of Contents 1. Some Detailed Epistemology Course Pages 2. Links to Links to Philosophy Papers On the Web 3. Other Sites Devoted to Contemporary Analytic Epistemology 4. Bibliographic Resources in Epistemology ... 5. Buying Philosophy Books Online 1. Some Detailed Epistemology Course Pages The book Teaching Theory of Knowledge , edited by Marjorie Clay and published in 1986, is available online! Michael Tooley's Very Detailed Notes for an Epistemology Course G. J. Mattey's Course Notes On Lehrer's Theory Of Knowledge

37. Rhetoric And Epistemology Resource Page Short introduction by Nathan Floyd.Category Society philosophy epistemology...... New York Macmillan, 1967. Fetzer, James H. Glossary of epistemology;philosophy of Science. New York Paragon House, 1993. Stough http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/terms/epistemology.html

pistemology is derived from the Greek words episteme , which means knowledge, and logos , which means theory. It is the branch of philosophy that addresses the philosophical problems surrounding the theory of knowledge. It answers many questions concerning what knowledge is, how it is obtained, and what makes it knowledge. Many prominent philosophers with ideas on epistemology also dealt with rhetoric. This page will attempt to link epistemology to rhetoric. History of Epistemology In the 5th century BC, the Greek Sophists questioned the possibility of reliable and objective knowledge. A leading sophist, Gorgias , argued that nothing really exists, that if anything did exist it could not be known, and that if knowledge were possible, it could not be communicated. Plato , following his teacher Socrates, believed that there existed a world of unchanging and invisible ideas about which it is possible to have exact and certain knowledge. They believed that tangible things are imperfect copies of the pure forms studied in mathematics and philosophy. Aristotle agreed with Plato in regarding abstract knowledge as superior to any other, but disagreed with him as to the proper method of achieving it . He believed that all knowledge is gained from experience, in accordance with the rules of logic.

38. Department Of Philosophy Current Research. Dr Tim Bayne philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science,epistemology, philosophy of religion and applied ethics. http://handbook.mq.edu.au/p5/pt5f_115.htm

Department of Philosophy Current Research Masters Honours Program Philosophy Requirements The Department of Philosophy is able to offer expert supervision in most of the main areas of philosophy, including philosophical logic, philosophy of science, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, nineteenth and twentieth century European philosophy, aesthetics, feminist philosophy, ethics, political philosophy and social philosophy. Philosophy Requirements A PhD thesis is normally about 70,000 words and should be an original and significant contribution to knowledge. Unlike some other philosophy doctoral programs, there is no formal coursework requirement for the PhD at Macquarie, but students without sufficient formal background in philosophy may be required to take some high level philosophy units in their first year. At the end of the first year of their candidature students will be required to submit a portfolio containing an extended thesis plan and work on the thesis of at least 5,000 words. Work on the thesis will be assessed by two internal markers and the whole portfolio will be assessed by the postgraduate committee. At the end of each subsequent year of his or her candidature the student will have an annual review. The annual review provides an opportunity for the student to discuss his or her supervision with other members of the philosophy staff and it enables the postgraduate committee to ensure work is progressing satisfactorily.

39. Epistemology - Routledge Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Routledge Encyclopedia of philosophy http://www.rep.routledge.com/philosophy/cgi-bin/article.cgi?it=P059

40. Philosophy Of Mind: A Functionalist Primer Computer scientist Brian Holtz provides his personal roadmap of contemporary philosophy Category Society philosophy philosophy of Mind...... 1.2.1.1. philosophy / epistemology / philosophy Of Mind / Essence of Mind. 1.2.1.2.philosophy / epistemology / philosophy Of Mind / Accidence of Mind. http://humanknowledge.net/Philosophy/Epistemology/PhilosophyOfMind.html

Philosophy of Mind: A Functionalist Primer An excerpt from the online hypertext Human Knowledge: Foundations and Limits Philosophy Of Mind : the study of the faculty for thinking and knowing. Essence of Mind Accidence of Mind Relations of Mind Minds and ideas, like all of reality , consist ultimately of matter . Mental states are functional states consisting of causal relations among components for processing information. Theories of Mind Philosophers often divide all phenomena into three kinds: mind (or spirit or soul): that which can think and perceive; ideas (or universals or forms): that which can be thought; and matter (or substance): that which can be perceived. Human theories of mind differ according to how they explain these phenomena in general and the Mind-Body Problem in particular. The Mind-Body Problem is the problem of explaining how mindless unconscious matter can give rise to or interact with mind and consciousness . Human theories of mind include: Idealism is the thesis that reality consists ultimately of mind and ideas rather than matter. Dualism is the thesis that reality consists ultimately of both the material or physical and the ideal or mental.

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